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| {{other uses|Gold rush (disambiguation)}} | |||
| ] | |||
| A '''gold rush''' is a period of feverish migration of workers to an area that has had a dramatic discovery of ] deposits. Major gold rushes took place in the 19th century in ], ], ], ], and the ], while smaller gold rushes took place elsewhere. | |||
| In the 19th and early 20th centuries, there were several major gold rushes. The permanent wealth that resulted was distributed widely because of reduced migration costs and low barriers to entry. While gold mining itself was unprofitable for most diggers and mine owners, some people made large fortunes, and the merchants and transportation facilities made large profits. The resulting increase in the world's gold supply stimulated global trade and investment. Historians have written extensively about the migration, trade, colonization, and environmental history associated with gold rushes.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8446.2010.00296.x|title=Integrating the Historiography of the Nineteenth-Century Gold Rushes|year=2010|last1=Reeves|first1=Keir|last2=Frost|first2=Lionel|last3=Fahey|first3=Charles|journal=Australian Economic History Review|volume=50|issue=2|pages=111}}</ref> | |||
| Gold rushes were typically marked by a general buoyant feeling of a "free for all" in income mobility, in which any single individual might become abundantly wealthy almost instantly, as expressed in the ]. | |||
| Gold rushes helped spur a huge immigration that often led to permanent settlement of new regions and define a significant part of the culture of the Australian and North American ]s. As well, at a time when the world's money supply was based on ], the newly-mined gold provided economic stimulus far beyond the gold fields. | |||
| Gold rushes presumably extend back as far as ], to the ], whose gold mining was described by ] and ], and probably further back to ]. | |||
| ==Life cycle of a gold rush== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] sometime between 1857 and 1870.]] | |||
| Within each mining rush there is typically a transition through progressively higher capital expenditures, larger organizations, and more specialized knowledge. They may also progress from high-unit value to lower unit value minerals (from gold to silver to base metals). | |||
| The rush is started by a discovery of placer gold made by an individual. At first the gold may be washed from the sand and gravel by individual miners with little training, using a gold pan or similar simple instrument. Once it is clear that the volume of gold-bearing sediment is larger than a few cubic metres, the placer miners will build rockers or sluice boxes, with which a small group can wash gold from the sediment many times faster than using gold pans. ''(See ] for details.)'' Winning the gold in this manner requires almost no capital investment, only a simple pan or equipment that may be built on the spot, and only simple organization. The low investment, the high value per unit weight of gold, and the ability of gold dust and gold nuggets to serve as a medium of exchange, allow placer gold rushes to occur even in remote locations. | |||
| After the sluice-box stage, placer mining may become increasingly large scale, requiring larger organizations, and higher capital expenditures. Small claims owned and mined by individuals may need to be merged into larger tracts. Difficult-to-reach placer deposits may be mined by tunnels. Water may be diverted by dams and canals to placer mine active river beds or to deliver water needed to wash dry placers. The more advanced techniques of ], ], and ] may be used. | |||
| Typically the heyday of a placer gold rush would last only a few years. The free gold supply in stream beds would become depleted somewhat quickly, and the initial phase would be followed by prospecting for veins of ] gold that were the original source of the placer gold. Hard rock mining, like placer mining, may evolve from low capital investment and simple technology to progressively higher capital and technology. The surface outcrop of a gold-bearing vein may be oxidized, so that the gold occurs as native gold, and the ore needs only to be crushed and washed (free milling ore). The first miners may at first build a simple ] to crush their ore; later, they may build stamp mills to crush ore more quickly. As the miners dig down, they may find that the deeper part of vein contains gold locked in ] or ] minerals, which will require ]. If the ore is still sufficiently rich, it may be worth shipping to a distant smelter (direct shipping ore). Lower-grade ore may require on-site treatment to either recover the gold or to produce a concentrate sufficiently rich for transport to the smelter. As the district turns to lower-grade ore, the mining may change from underground mining to large open-pit mining. | |||
| Many ]es followed upon gold rushes. As transportation and infrastructure improve, the focus may change progressively from gold to silver to base metals. In this way, ] started as a placer gold discovery, achieved fame as a silver-mining district, then relied on lead and zinc in its later days. ] began mining placer gold, then became a silver-mining district, then became for a time the world’s largest copper producer. | |||
| ==Gold rushes by region== | |||
| ===Australia=== | |||
| {{main|Australian gold rushes}} | |||
| ].]] | |||
| Various gold rushes occurred in Australia over the second half of the 19th century. The most significant of these, although not the only ones, were the ] and ] in 1851,<ref>{{cite book | author=], Simon Balderstone and John Bowan | title=Events That Shaped Australia | publisher=New Holland | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-74110-492-9 }}</ref> and the ] of the 1890s. They were highly significant to their respective colonies' political and economic development as they brought a large number of immigrants, and promoted massive government spending on infrastructure to support the new arrivals who came looking for gold. While some found their fortune, those who did not often remained in the colonies and took advantage of extremely liberal land laws to take up farming. | |||
| Gold rushes happened at or around: | |||
| {{columns-list|3| | |||
| *], ] | |||
| *], ] | |||
| *] ] | |||
| *], ] | |||
| *Canoona, ] | |||
| *], ] | |||
| *], ] | |||
| *] | |||
| *], ] | |||
| *], ] | |||
| *], ] | |||
| *], ] | |||
| }} | |||
| ===New Zealand=== | |||
| In New Zealand the ] from 1861 attracted prospectors from the ] and the ], and many moved on to the ] from 1864. | |||
| ===North America=== | |||
| {{See also|Gold mining in the United States}} | |||
| The first significant gold rush in the United States was in ] (east of Charlotte), in 1799 at today's ].<ref name="The North Carolina Gold Rush">{{cite web|title=The North Carolina Gold Rush|url=http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-newnation/4374|work=Tar Heel Junior Historian 45, no. 2 (Spring 2006) copyright North Carolina Museum of History.}}</ref> Thirty years later, in 1829, the ] in the southern ] occurred. It was followed by the ] of 1848–55 in the ], which captured the popular imagination. The California gold rush led directly to the ] and the rapid entry of that state into the union in 1850. The gold rush in 1849 stimulated worldwide interest in prospecting for gold, and led to new rushes in Australia, South Africa, ] and ]. | |||
| Successive gold rushes occurred in western North America, moving north and east from California: ], the ] district and other parts of British Columbia, and the ]. Resurrection Creek, near ] was the site of Alaska's first gold rush more than a century ago, and ] continues today.<ref>{{cite web|title=Resurrection Creek Restoration Phase II Project Environmental Impact Statement|url=http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/2008/January/Day-28/i347.htm|work=], US|date=2008-01-17|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> Other notable Alaska Gold Rushes were ] and the ]. | |||
| ] | |||
| ==== Klondike ==== | |||
| {{Main|Klondike Gold Rush}} | |||
| One of the last "great gold rushes" was the ] in ]'s ] (1896–99). This gold rush immortalized in the novels of ], and ]'s film '']''. ] depicted with talent in his poetries the dramatic event of the Gold Rush, especially in the book ].<ref>http://robertwservice.blogspot.com/p/biographie.html</ref> The main goldfield was along the south flank of the ] near its confluence with the ] near what was to become ] in Canada's Yukon Territory but it also helped open up the relatively new US possession of Alaska to exploration and settlement and promoted the discovery of other gold finds. | |||
| ===South Africa=== | |||
| In South Africa, the ] in the ] was important to that country's history, leading to the founding of ] and tensions between the ]s and British settlers. | |||
| South African gold production went from zero in 1886 to 23% of the total world output in 1896. At the time of the South African rush, gold production benefited from the newly discovered techniques by Scottish chemists, ], of using ] to extract gold from low-grade ore.<ref name="MicheloudCrime">{{cite web | last=Micheloud | first=François | year=2004 | url=http://www.micheloud.com/FXM/MH/Crime/Gold.htm | title=The Crime of 1873: Gold Inflation this time | work=FX Micheloud Monetary History | publisher=François Micheloud: www.micheloud.com}}</ref> | |||
| i like eggs alot because there good | |||
| ==Mining industry today== | |||
| There are about 10 to 30 million small-scale miners around the world, according to Communities and Small-Scale Mining (CASM). Approximately 100 million people are directly or indirectly dependent on small-scale mining. For example, there are 800,000 to 1.5 million artisanal miners in ], 350,000 to 650,000 in ], and 150,000 to 250,000 in ], with millions more across Africa.<ref>, International Herald Tribune, July 14, 2008 | |||
| </ref> | |||
| ==Notable gold rushes by date== | |||
| {{columns-list|2| | |||
| === Rushes of the 1690s === | |||
| * ], ] (1695)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Gold rush|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-237388/gold-rush |encyclopedia=]|publisher=]|year=2008|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> | |||
| ===Rushes of the 1800s=== | |||
| * ], ], ], US (1799) <ref name="The North Carolina Gold Rush"/> | |||
| === Rushes of the 1820s === | |||
| * ], ], US (1828) | |||
| === Rushes of the 1840s === | |||
| * ], ] (1848–1855) | |||
| === Rushes of the 1850s === | |||
| * ], ], Canada (1850); the first of many ] | |||
| * ], ], Australia | |||
| * ], British Columbia (1858–1861) | |||
| * ], British Columbia (1859–1860s){{Clarify|date=March 2008}}<!--More specific year range needed.--> | |||
| * ], ], Colorado (1859) | |||
| * Northern Nevada Gold Rush (from 1850–1934){{Clarify|date=March 2008}}<!--More specific year range needed.--> | |||
| * ], ], Australia | |||
| === Rushes of the 1860s === | |||
| * Idaho Gold Rush, also known as the ] Gold Rush, near ], ] state (1860) | |||
| * ], California (1860) | |||
| * ], ] (1860) | |||
| * ], New Zealand (1861) | |||
| * ], Idaho (1862) | |||
| * ], British Columbia (1862–65) | |||
| * ], British Columbia (1863) | |||
| * ], Idaho (1863) | |||
| * ], South Island, New Zealand (1864–67) | |||
| * ], British Columbia (1865—66) | |||
| * ], British Columbia (1869) | |||
| * Wild Horse Creek Gold Rush, British Columbia (1860s),{{Clarify|date=March 2008}}<!--More specific year or year range needed.--> | |||
| * Eastern Oregon Gold Rush (1860s–1870s){{Clarify|date=March 2008}}<!--More specific year or year range needed.--> | |||
| * Kildonnan Gold Rush, ], Scotland (1869)<ref></ref> | |||
| === Rushes of the 1870s === | |||
| * Cassiar Gold Rush, British Columbia, 1871 | |||
| * Palmer River Gold Rush, ], Queensland, Australia (1872) | |||
| * ] (1873) | |||
| * ], ] of ] and ] (1874–1878) | |||
| * Bodie Gold Rush, ], California (1876) | |||
| * Kumara Gold Rush, ] and Dillmanstown, New Zealand (1876)<ref name=ENZ1966>Dollimore, Edward Stewart. – . – '']''.</ref> | |||
| * ], ], Germany (1877) | |||
| === Rushes of the 1880s === | |||
| * ] Gold Rush, South Africa (1883) | |||
| * ], ], South Africa (1886); discovery of the ] of gold in the world. The resulting influx of miners was one of the triggers of the ]. | |||
| * ] in ], British Columbia (1884—87) | |||
| * Tulameen Gold Rush near ] British Columbia{{Clarify|date=March 2008}}<!--When?--> | |||
| * ], southernmost ] and ] (1884-1906) | |||
| === Rushes of the 1890s === | |||
| *Cripple Creek Gold Rush, ], Colorado (1891) | |||
| *], ] and ] Western Australia (1893, 1896) | |||
| *], ], ] (1897–1920s) | |||
| *], centered on ], ], Canada (1896–1899) | |||
| *], ], British Columbia (1898) | |||
| *], ] (1899–1909) | |||
| *Fairview Goldrush, Oliver(Fairview), British Columbia Canada | |||
| === Rushes of the 1900s === | |||
| *], ], Alaska (1902–1905) | |||
| *Goldfield Gold Rush, ], Nevada{{Clarify|date=March 2008}}<!--When?--> | |||
| *], 1903-5, ], Canada | |||
| *], 1909–11, ], Canada – little known, but one of the largest in terms of gold mined, 67 million ounces as of 2001 | |||
| === Rushes of the 1930s === | |||
| *], Kenya, 1932 | |||
| === Rushes of the 1970s === | |||
| *Upper Amazon Gold Rush, ] region, ] and ]{{Clarify|date=March 2008}}<!--When?--> | |||
| === Rushes of the 1980s === | |||
| *Amazon Gold Rush, ] region, Brazil{{Clarify|date=March 2008}}<!--When?--><ref>{{cite web|author=Marlise Simons|title=In Amazon Jungle, a Gold Rush Like None Before |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE0D91038F936A15757C0A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |work=]|date=1988-04-25|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> | |||
| *Mount Kare Gold Rush, ], ]<ref>Mount Kare gold rush : Papua New Guinea 1988 – 1994 / Dave Henton and Andi Flower</ref><ref>Black bonanza : a landslide of gold / Peter Ryan</ref> | |||
| === Rushes of the 2000s === | |||
| *Great Mongolian Gold Rush, ] (2001)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2003/12/22/356094/index.htm|title=The Great Mongolian Gold Rush The land of Genghis Khan has the biggest mining find in a very long time. A visit to the core of a frenzy in the middle of nowhere|author=Grainger David|date=December 22, 2003|publisher='']''|accessdate=2011-04-24}}</ref> | |||
| *Apuí Gold Rush, ], ], Brazil (2006);<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,464732,00.html|title=Gold Rush in the Rainforest: Brazilians Flock to Seek their Fortunes in the Amazon|author=Jens Glüsing|date=February 9, 2007|accessdate=2011-04-24|publisher='']''}}</ref> approximately 500,000 miners are thought to work in the Amazon's "garimpos" (gold mines).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/brazil/story/0,,1987511,00.html|title=Brazilian goldminers flock to 'new Eldorado'|author=Tom Phillips|date=January 11, 2007|accessdate=2011-04-24|publisher='']''}}</ref> | |||
| * ] gold rush, ] (2009)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/18/AR2009121804139.html|title=Rising prices spark a new gold rush in Peruvian Amazon|publisher='']''|author=Lauren Keane|date=December 19, 2009|accessdate=2011-04-24}}</ref> | |||
| }} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{Commons and category|Gold rush|Gold rushes}} | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * — Illustrated Historical Essay | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * - New Zealand guide | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Gold Rush}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 17:44, 17 May 2013
{i[Queen Charlottes die in her sleep at 20 o clock rm and got shot with a rpg