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| Everything what was written in Misplaced Pages about the word Bosnian (=Bosniac) is wrong for the simple reason - the word "Bosnian" was an invention of the catholic intelectuals who wanted to weak the Serbs (some 150 years ago). | |||
| '''Bosnian''' (''Bosanci''; sing. Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian ''Bosanac'') is the generic English term for all inhabitants of ]. More specifically, Bosnian can refer to a ], Bosnian ], Bosnian ], or any other individual who permanently resides in Bosnia and Herzegovina, regardless of ethnicity or religion. | |||
| With the aim to create some kind of virtual state (=bosnian State) the serbian people should be devided in "bosnian Serbs" and "Serbs". So, the catholicism would gain! Rome had officially charged the priest Borisic to carry out this duty as well as the priest Grga Martic (1822-1905), who was also a secret agent in Sarajevo. | |||
| There were no Croats in "so called Bosnia" in this period. Rome propagate the hate among the Croatian Catolics towards the orthodox Serbs with the aim to strengthened the owen power at the border of the "catholic world". Since the schism of the church in 1154, it has been a priority and very necessary to protect the "illegal Rome power". There were no the better way as to sow the hate among two brother's slav's people: the orthodox Serbs and catholic Croats. The Moslems who has arrived at the Balkans only in the XIV century, would like today to reserve the notification "Bosnian" exclusivly for their desdentantes and exclude the Serbs and Croates. | |||
| The abstract idea invented by the Vatican, to consider Bosnian as only one country, was adopted by the media. This reflection became monstrous through the ignorance and the incompetence of the media, who used the word "Bosnian" to indicate the Moslems ! From the beginning of the civil war in the Balkans, this unanimous wrong use of words everywhere , gave the impression to the auditors and spectators of the whole world that the Serbs weren't at home in Bosnia, but that they were invaders. This is why, the media made believe, that justice had been done when Sarajevo was given to the Moslems and the Croats, by the Dayton treaty. The actual situation at the Balkan prove that is was wrong, because there is no real, but virtual peace. | |||
| Bosnian langues and Bosnian state has never existed. It couldn't have existed, for the simple reason that on Bosnian soil, there are only Serbs and Croats and those converted to Islam during the 5 centuries of occupation by the Turkish invaders. | |||
| It was the Serbs who founded, lived in and populated all the towns and villages of Bosnia and Herzegovina. They owned and worked on the land until the arrival of the Turkish invaders in the XVth century, who settled in the towns and lived on the taxes imposed on the Serb peasants. In 1990, the Serbs still owned 80% of the land in Bosnia Herzegovina. Today, they are crammed into 49% of the territory and 200.000 Serbs of Sarajevo (half the population of the capital) have never been able to go home. According to the last census of 1990, the Moslem population is in the majority for the first time, because they have a higher birth-rate than the Orthodox Christians and 51% of the territory has been accorded to the Moslems and Croats (6% of the Bosnian population). | |||
| All this tragical injustice is the result of ignorance of the "modern military power"(=America) and historical hate of Vatican towards the Serbs. | |||
| The most original idea of the Vatican, which consisted in aggravating the national antagonisms in Bosnia and Herzegovina, was the creation of a new abstract nationality : the Bosnian one ! It was a pure intellectual invention of the Vatican! This idea of a fictitious nationality (because there were only Serbs, Moslems and Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina) permitted to cut out in an abstract way and all of a sudden the Serbs of Serbia from their compatriots in Bosnia and Herzegovina. By separating them fictitiously, one could weaken the Orthodox of Bosnia, as well as those of Serbia. This policy was put into practice by the Austro-Hungarian government and in particular by its representative Benjamin Kalaj (1830-1903) who propagated these ideas in all his works. He was Consul in Belgrade (1868-1875) and the Minister of Finance of Bosnia and Herzegovina under the Austro-Hungarian occupation. | |||
| In addition, there is a sizable population in Bosnia and Herzegovina who believe that Bosnians are a nation holding a distinct collective ]. By this usage, a Bosnian would be an individual who belonged to this culture. They assert that this collective identity is capable of diminishing or overcoming existing political and ethnic divisions. However, this claim is denied by the majority of Croats and Serbs, and even by some Bosniaks. | |||
| What a pity that the Slavs (Croats and Serbs) don't know those facts! Maybe it could help them to find the lost brotherhood! | |||
| ==History== | |||
| About one hundred years ago, the term "Bosniak" had a similar meaning to the one "Bosnian" has today. Many of the people who lived in Bosnia and Herzegovina once called themselves "Bosniaks" including ], ], ] and ]. This meaning has since been relatively replaced. | |||
| During the ] occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1878 to 1918, the administration of ], the Austria-Hungarian governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina, enforced the idea of a unitary Bosnian nation (Bosanci) that would incorporate the Bosnian Catholics and Bosnian Orthodoxs as well as Muslim Bosnians. Kallay symbolized this nation with the introduction of the Bosnian flag, Bosnian language and coat of arms. In this way the Bosnian distinctiveness was underlined and distanced from Serbian and Croatian national emancipation in Bosnia and Herzegovina.<ref name=plut> Plut, Dijana; (2002) | |||
| “What is Democracy in Textbooks?” pg. 117-118 </ref> | |||
| The idea was fiercely opposed by ] and ], but also by a number of Bosnian Muslims as it came at a time when neighboring ] and ] were reinforcing their national and ethnic identity in the process of building their own ]s. Unlike Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian and Serbian understanding of nationhood in late 19th century was more deeply rooted in religion as in bringing people of same religion together into a single nation. This can explain their interests towards assimilating Catholic and Christian Orthodox population of Bosnia and Herzegovina into unified Croatian and Serbian national identity. This policy further clouded the Bosnian national issue and the official use of the name. | |||
| During the time when Bosnia and Herzegovina was part of ] Bosnians were not recognized as a nation. Bosnians were listed under the category "regional affiliation" by the Yugoslavian statistics. This also applied to the last census in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1991. However, census format in former Yugoslavia was often subject of political manipulation. Bosnians were not allowed to declare themselves as Bosnians in former Yugoslavia even when they requested that option in the constitutional amendments of 1947 and 1973. Instead they had to declare themselves either as Serbs or Croats until 1963, "undecideds" or "Muslim in a national sense" (with lower case m) until 1973, and ] (with capital M) until 1993. | |||
| In 1992 a referendum was held for the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina which was to be founded on a principle of a single Bosnian nation (citizenry of Bosnia and Herzegovina) consisting of several constituent ethnic groups. The referendum was followed by a bloody ]. | |||
| When in 1990 the name ] was re-introduced to replace the term Muslim it was too late for that term to be realistically accepted by non-Muslim Bosnians, as they were already naturalized into Serb and Croat nations and further radicalized by the ethnic animosities among all three ethnic groups. | |||
| ==Bosnians in respect to religion== | |||
| Bosnians are a multi-religious as much as multi-ethnic society but this is not to say that its component religions and ethnicities are homogeneous and independent from each other. | |||
| According to Tone Bringa, an author and anthropologist, in respect to Bosnia and Bosnians she states that "''Neither ], nor ], nor ] identities can be fully understood with reference only to ] or ] respectively but have to be considered in a specific Bosnian context that has resulted in a shared history and locality among Bosnians of Islamic as well as Christian backgrounds.''" According to Bringa, in Bosnia there is a singular, “trans-ethnic culture” that encompassed each ethnicity and makes different faiths, including Christianity and Islam, “] ]”. <ref name=Bringa> Bringa, Tone; Being Muslim the Bosnian Way ISBN 0691001758 </ref> | |||
| A common anthropological trait present among many Bosnians that resulted from influence of religion on history in Bosnia and Herzegovina and which was continually evident among some Bosnians even today is also a preference to mythological method of knowledge transfer. Knowledge transfer was very much dependent on oral tradition given that early ] was not well organised, and even where it was, there were not many written testaments left to the posterity to learn from. As a result collective memory of many historical events among Bosnians in absence of factual information have become the “facts” of collective memory which are not always in line with historical facts. | |||
| Still large numbers of Bosnians are secular which is a trend that has more profoundly found root in last 60 years in Bosnia and Herzegovina as they were part of the ] that rejected, but tolerated, religion. | |||
| ==Bosnians today== | |||
| Recently, the denial of Bosnian nationhood, as a unifying trait of those who stem from Bosnia and Herzegovina, has generally been used by some political factions to drive the constituent ethnicities of ] further apart. | |||
| Because of this pressure and because of its complex history Bosnian national identity today remains a complex issue among its adherents. Variably members of the Bosnian nation, of various ethnic and religious backgrounds who live or stem from Bosnia and Herzegovina, define themselves Bosnians primarily as they feel they belong to the same geographical region which characterizes them with particular cultural and historical traits. However, many choose to declare themselves as Bosnian as a method for overcoming ethnic animosities aroused by the recent war. Due to more recent war and massive relocations of Bosnians they have experienced a significant internationalization of their identity with many considering themselves as having dual identity (one as Bosnians and another of the country where they currently live). As a result in diaspora Bosnians have shown tendencies towards more or less successful organizing into viable Bosnian communities. | |||
| Given heavy involvement of the European community in political integration of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnian nationalization issue is viewed by some as a contemporary European experiment strikingly similar to modern ] movement. | |||
| ==Note on use of term 'Bosnian-Herzegovinian'== | |||
| {{totally disputed}} | |||
| In terms of regional belonging and the use of the regional names, a ] is not a ]. However in international use since the word Bosnian is commonly used as an abbreviation to a correct name of the country Bosnia and Herzegovina similar name convention is applied on both Bosnians and Herzegovinians. The abreviation of the names is used because Herzegovina has historically been considered a region of Bosnia and due to the tongue-twisting nature of the appellation "Bosnian-Herzegovinian" in English. Hence in common discussion Herzegovinians often declare themselves also as Bosnians although it may not be their most desired choice. For this reasons many ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in particular ] from Herzegovina and Central Bosnia prefer to state their ethnic identity, ], over Bosnian one. This was also contributed by the fact that todays connotations of the word "Bosnian" and its meaning, is somewhat different to what it previously had meant prior to the ] name change and due to the aggressive efforts of some ] to monopolize the word Bosnian to imply Bosniak. | |||
| In Bosnia (and Herzegovina), the politically correct way of referring to the country and the politically correct adjective(s) consists of both parts of the name, i.e. Bosnian-Herzegovinian ], ] or ]. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Romantic views of ] on Bosnians | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| ==References== | |||
| <references/> | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| '''Bold text''' | |||
Revision as of 18:14, 28 May 2006
Everything what was written in Misplaced Pages about the word Bosnian (=Bosniac) is wrong for the simple reason - the word "Bosnian" was an invention of the catholic intelectuals who wanted to weak the Serbs (some 150 years ago). With the aim to create some kind of virtual state (=bosnian State) the serbian people should be devided in "bosnian Serbs" and "Serbs". So, the catholicism would gain! Rome had officially charged the priest Borisic to carry out this duty as well as the priest Grga Martic (1822-1905), who was also a secret agent in Sarajevo. There were no Croats in "so called Bosnia" in this period. Rome propagate the hate among the Croatian Catolics towards the orthodox Serbs with the aim to strengthened the owen power at the border of the "catholic world". Since the schism of the church in 1154, it has been a priority and very necessary to protect the "illegal Rome power". There were no the better way as to sow the hate among two brother's slav's people: the orthodox Serbs and catholic Croats. The Moslems who has arrived at the Balkans only in the XIV century, would like today to reserve the notification "Bosnian" exclusivly for their desdentantes and exclude the Serbs and Croates. The abstract idea invented by the Vatican, to consider Bosnian as only one country, was adopted by the media. This reflection became monstrous through the ignorance and the incompetence of the media, who used the word "Bosnian" to indicate the Moslems ! From the beginning of the civil war in the Balkans, this unanimous wrong use of words everywhere , gave the impression to the auditors and spectators of the whole world that the Serbs weren't at home in Bosnia, but that they were invaders. This is why, the media made believe, that justice had been done when Sarajevo was given to the Moslems and the Croats, by the Dayton treaty. The actual situation at the Balkan prove that is was wrong, because there is no real, but virtual peace. Bosnian langues and Bosnian state has never existed. It couldn't have existed, for the simple reason that on Bosnian soil, there are only Serbs and Croats and those converted to Islam during the 5 centuries of occupation by the Turkish invaders. It was the Serbs who founded, lived in and populated all the towns and villages of Bosnia and Herzegovina. They owned and worked on the land until the arrival of the Turkish invaders in the XVth century, who settled in the towns and lived on the taxes imposed on the Serb peasants. In 1990, the Serbs still owned 80% of the land in Bosnia Herzegovina. Today, they are crammed into 49% of the territory and 200.000 Serbs of Sarajevo (half the population of the capital) have never been able to go home. According to the last census of 1990, the Moslem population is in the majority for the first time, because they have a higher birth-rate than the Orthodox Christians and 51% of the territory has been accorded to the Moslems and Croats (6% of the Bosnian population). All this tragical injustice is the result of ignorance of the "modern military power"(=America) and historical hate of Vatican towards the Serbs.
The most original idea of the Vatican, which consisted in aggravating the national antagonisms in Bosnia and Herzegovina, was the creation of a new abstract nationality : the Bosnian one ! It was a pure intellectual invention of the Vatican! This idea of a fictitious nationality (because there were only Serbs, Moslems and Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina) permitted to cut out in an abstract way and all of a sudden the Serbs of Serbia from their compatriots in Bosnia and Herzegovina. By separating them fictitiously, one could weaken the Orthodox of Bosnia, as well as those of Serbia. This policy was put into practice by the Austro-Hungarian government and in particular by its representative Benjamin Kalaj (1830-1903) who propagated these ideas in all his works. He was Consul in Belgrade (1868-1875) and the Minister of Finance of Bosnia and Herzegovina under the Austro-Hungarian occupation.
What a pity that the Slavs (Croats and Serbs) don't know those facts! Maybe it could help them to find the lost brotherhood!