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Revision as of 11:19, 29 May 2013

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (May 2011)

The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Turkey and its predecessors (numbers may be approximate, as estimates vary greatly):

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Constantinople Massacre 1821 Constantinople unknown Ottoman government Greeks Greek Orthodox Patriarch Gregory V and other notables were executed, while local Muslims were encouraged to attack the Greek population.
Massacres of Badr Khan 1840 Hakkari 10,000 Kurdish Emirs of Buhtan, Hakkari Badr Khan, and Noorallah Christians Many who were not killed were sold into slavery
Hamidian massacres 1894–1896 Anatolia, Ottoman Empire 100,000-300,000 Ottoman Empire/Young Turk government Christian Armenians and Assyrians Many women were raped and forced into harems, and many women and children were sold as slaves
Massacres in Erzurum 10/30/1895 Erzurum 1,500-60,000+ Ottoman soldiers and local Muslims Christian Armenians
Massacres of Diyarbakir (1895) 10/25/1895 Diyarbakir 3,000-25,000 Kurdish irregulars, Ottoman governors Christian Armenians and Assyrians
Adana massacre April 13, 1909 Adana Vilayet 15,000-30,000 Ottoman Empire/Young Turk government Armenian Christians
Greek genocide 1914–1923 various 500,000-2,000,000 Ottoman Empire Greek Christians Reports detail systematic massacres, deportations, individual killings, rapes, burning of entire Greek villages, destruction of Greek Orthodox churches and monasteries, drafts for "Labor Brigades", looting, terrorism and other atrocities
Assyrian genocide 1914–1925 Ottoman Empire 270,000 - 750,000 Ottoman Empire/Young Turk government Assyrian Christians
Armenian Genocide 1915–1923 various 600,000-1,800,000 Young Turk government Armenian Christians Denied by the Turkish government; is the second most studied case of genocide after the Holocaust
Menemen massacre June 16–17, 1919 Menemen 100-1,000 Greeks Turks
Iznik-Izmit region 9 June - 27 August 1920 Ortaköy, Geyve, Akhisar, Iznik at least hundreds or 1,520-1,620 Turkish Army Greeks Justin McCarthy "The following are the figures of the Armenian and/or Greek patriarchates. The British warned that they contained "exaggerations."It can be assumed that the actual numbers were lower, but that the massacres actually did take place 9 June, Ortaköy, 270, 10 July, Geyve, 500, 15 July, Akhisar, 350, 27 August, Iznik, 400-500....I have not included some fanciful statements, e.g., "Fouladjik," where 400 were supposedly hanged, or the "village" of Foundouklia," where 1,700 men were supposedly shut up in one village church and many killed, etc"
Gemlik-Yalova Peninsula Massacres 1920-21 Gemlik/Yalova Peninsula 6,000-6,500 Greeks troops, local Greeks and Armenians Turks civilians The perpetrators were Greek troops and local Greek and Armenian gangs, who burned down Orhangazi, Yenişehir, Armutlu. In total 27 villages were razed and their population fled. In Armutlu women were methodically raped.
Izmit 1921 Izmit 300 Greek troops Turks Up to 300 people, mostly men, were executed by Greek troops. There bodies were buried in a mass grave outside the town. Arnold J. Toynbee was a reporter who described these events in the Manchester Guardian.
Bilecik 1921 Bilecik, Sögüt, Bozüyük 208 killed 226 raped. Greeks troops, local Greeks Turks The city and crops were burned down by the retreating Greek army, local people were massacred.In Bilecik 1,800 houses, 8 mosques, 2 madrasa, 330 stores were burned. Sögüt, Bozüyük and dozens of neighboring villages were burned or plundered, thousands of cattle from the locals driven away. In many areas the Greek army had to limit its destruction and retreated quickly for the advancing Turkish army also many people already had fled. In Bilecik were in total 35 killed, 72 women and girls raped, in the surrounding areas were in total 173 killed, 37 girls 117 women raped. Hundreds of people were carried away by the Greeks.

Salihli 1922 Salihli unknown Greeks Turks The city was burned by the retreating Greek army. 65% of the buildings were destroyed.
Turgutlu 1922 Turgutlu 1,000 Greeks Turks The city was burned by the retreating Greek army. 90% of the buildings were destroyed, 1,000 died.
Uşak 1922 Uşak unknown Greeks Turks The city was burned by the retreating Greek army.33% of the buildings were destroyed.
Akhisar 1922 Akhisar 7,000 Turkish Army Greeks As a result of the capture of the city by the Turkish nationalist army, all remaining local Greeks were murdered. Since then there is no Christian community in the city.
Alaşehir 1922 Alaşehir 3,000 Greeks Turks The city was burned by the retreating Greek army.
Ayvalik 1922 Ayvalik 2,977 Turkish Army and paramilitaries Greeks The remaining Greek population, apart from 23 persons, was murdered.
Catastrophe of Smyrna September 13–22, 1922 Smyrna 10,000-100,000 Turkish forces Greek and Armenian Christians Greeks and Armenians were massacred by Turkish forces in the aftermath of a devastating fire that destroyed their quarters in the city
Zilan massacre July 1930 Van Province 4,500-47,000 Turkish government Kurds 5,000 women, children, and the elderly were reportedly killed
Dersim Massacre Summer 1937-Spring 1938 Tunceli Province 13,160-70,000 Turkish government Alevis (Zazas) Kurds The killings have been condemned by some as an ethnocide or genocide
Istanbul Pogrom 6–7 September 1955 Istanbul, Izmir, Hatay 13-30 Turkish government Greek and Armenian Christians, Jews The killings are identified as genocidal by Alfred-Maurice de Zayas. Many of the minorities, mostly Greek Christians, forced to leave Turkey. Several churches are demolished by explosives.
Taksim Square massacre May 1, 1977 Taksim Square in Istanbul 34-42 Turkish security forces Leftist demonstrators
Bahçelievler massacre October 9, 1978 Bahçelievler, Ankara 7 Neo-fascists Leftist students
Maraş Massacre December 19–26, 1978 Kahramanmaraş Province 109 Grey Wolves Alevi Kurds
Çorum Massacre May–July, 1980 Çorum Province 57 Grey Wolves Alevi Turks
Sivas massacre July 2, 1993 Sivas, Turkey 37 Islamists Alevi intellectuals
Başbağlar massacre July 5, 1993 Erzincan 33 PKK Sunni Turks

Gallery

  • Aftermath of the massacres at Erzurum Aftermath of the massacres at Erzurum
  • An Armenian town left pillaged and destroyed, during the Adana massacre An Armenian town left pillaged and destroyed, during the Adana massacre
  • Photo taken after the Smyrna fire. The text inside indicates that the photo had been taken by representatives of the Red Cross in Smyrna Photo taken after the Smyrna fire. The text inside indicates that the photo had been taken by representatives of the Red Cross in Smyrna
  • Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field "within sight of help and safety at Aleppo" Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field "within sight of help and safety at Aleppo"

References

  1. Gaunt & Beṯ-Şawoce 2006, p. 32 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGauntBeṯ-Şawoce2006 (help)
  2. Akçam, Taner. A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006, p. 42. ISBN 0-8050-7932-7.
  3. Erzerum, The Nuttall Encyclopædia, http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Wood-NuttallEncyclopaedia/e/erzerum.html
  4. The Parliamentary Debates - Page 39 by Great Britain Parliament, Great Britain
  5. British Diplomacy and the Armenian Question, Arman Dzhonovich Kirakosian, page 260, 2003
  6. MASSACRE OF CHRISTIANS. - Washington Post (1877-1954) - Washington, D.C.
  7. de Courtois 2004, p. 105 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFde_Courtois2004 (help)
  8. British Diplomacy and the Armenian Question, Arman Dzhonovich Kirakosian, page 260, 2003
  9. Akcam, Taner. A Shameful Act. 2006, page 69–70: "fifteen to twenty thousand Armenians were killed"
  10. "30,000 KILLED IN MASSACRES". The New York Times. April 25, 1909. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  11. Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views By Samuel. Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny
  12. IAGS Resolution on Genocides committed by the Ottoman Empire retrieved via the Internet Archive (PDF), International Association of Genocide Scholars
  13. Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament — full text containing the IAGS resolution and the Swedish Parliament resolution from news.am
  14. Gaunt, David. Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006.
  15. Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820.
  16. The New York Times Advanced search engine for article and headline archives (subscription necessary for viewing article content).
  17. Alexander Westwood and Darren O'Brien, Selected bylines and letters from The New York Times, The Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 2006
  18. Travis, Hannibal. "'Native Christians Massacred': The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I." Genocide Studies and Prevention, Vol. 1, No. 3, December 2006, pp. 327–371. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  19. Armenia: The Survival of A Nation by Christopher J. Walker, Croom Helm (Publisher) London 1980, pp. 200-203
  20. Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922, Justin McCarthy, page 323, 1995
  21. Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922, Justin McCarthy, page 323, 1995
  22. http://e-dergi.atauni.edu.tr/index.php/taed/article/view/1438/1434
  23. Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 111-112, 2009
  24. Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 112, 2009
  25. Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 112, 2009
  26. http://atam.gov.tr/bilecik-ve-cevresinde-yunan-mezalimi/
  27. State-Nationalisms in the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Turkey: Benjamin C. Fortna,Stefanos Katsikas,Dimitris Kamouzis,Paraskevas Konortas, page 64, 2012
  28. http://atam.gov.tr/bilecik-ve-cevresinde-yunan-mezalimi/
  29. ^ U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park to Secretary of State, Smyrna, 11 April 1923. US archives US767.68116/34
  30. ^ Jonsson, David J. (2005). The clash of ideologies : the making of the Christian and Islamic worlds. : Xulon Press. p. 316. ISBN 9781597810395.
  31. Mango, Atatürk, p. 343.
  32. ^ Clark, Bruce (2006). Twice a stranger : the mass expulsion that forged modern Greece and Turkey. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780674023680.
  33. Rudolph J. Rummel, Irving Louis Horowitz (1994). "Turkey's Genocidal Purges". Death by Government. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56000-927-6. {{cite book}}: Check |first= value (help), p. 233.
  34. Naimark. Fires of Hatred, pp. 47-52.
Lists of massacres
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