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| :''For other uses of the term '''Zoo''', see ].'' | |||
| A '''zoological garden''' or '''zoo''' is an institution where mainly ] and ] animals are restricted within enclosures, bred and displayed to the public. The term zoological garden refers to the ] ] ], which derives from ] ''Ζωο'' ("animal"), and ''λογος'' ("study"). The term was first used in 1828 for the '' ]'', soon shortened by the Londoners to the abbreviation “zoo”. | |||
| Most large cities in the world have zoos, though of drastically varying size and quality. Major zoos are important ]. More than 135 million people visit zoos in the ] and ] every year, but most zoos operate at a loss and must find ways to cut costs. Many non-profit zoos, particularly institutions operating in ], ], and ], depend on public funding. | |||
| == Aims == | |||
| Most of today’s non-profit and serious zoological gardens display wild animals not just for the amusement and the entertainment of their visitors but mainly for ''']''' of endangered ], for ''']''' and ] ''']'''. The concern of these institutions is to help save the ] on Earth through applied conservation activities such as breeding endangered species. | |||
| In 1993 the (WAZA), formerly known as the International Union of the Directors of Zoological Gardens, produced its first conservation strategy. In November 2004 WAZA adopted a new strategy paper that sets out the aims and mission of zoological gardens of the twenty-first century: | |||
| * | |||
| The breeding of endangered species is coordinated by special cooperative breeding programmes containing international studbooks and coordinators, who evaluate the roles of individual animals and institutions from a global or regional perspective. There are various regional programmes for the conservation of endangered species: | |||
| *'''America''': Species Survival Plans SSP (, ) | |||
| *'''Europe''': European Endangered Species Program EEP () | |||
| *'''Australasia''': Australasian Species Management Program ASMP () | |||
| *'''Africa''': African Preservation Program APP (African Association of Zoological Gardens and Aquaria PAAZAB) | |||
| *'''Japan''': Conservation activities of Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums JAZA | |||
| *'''South Asia''': Conservation activities of South Asian Zoo Association for Regional Cooperation SAZARC | |||
| *'''South East Asia''': Conservation activities of South East Asian Zoo Association SEAZA | |||
| '''References:''' | |||
| * Colin Tudge: ''Last Animals in the Zoo: How Mass Extinction Can Be Stopped'', London 1991. ISBN 1559631570 | |||
| == History == | |||
| The predecessor of the zoological garden is the ] that has a long history from the ] to modern times. The oldest still existing zoo, the ] in ], evolved from such an aristocratic ] founded in 1752 by the ] monarchy and changed its face as well as its mission throughout the centuries. The first zoo founded primarily just for ] and ]al reasons was the ''Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes'' in ] (1794). The founders and members of the '' ] '' adopted the idea of the early Paris zoo when they initiated and established ] in 1828. | |||
| The success of London Zoo set off a wave of further zoo establishments across the world. The first zoological garden established in ] was ] in 1860. In the same year the first zoo of the ] opened to the public in ] (]), although quite earlier, in 1859, the '' ] '' had made an effort to establish a zoological park, but delayed due to the ]. | |||
| When ] emerged as a matter of public interest through the 1970s, a few zoos began to consider making conservation their central role, with ] of the ], George Rabb of ], and William Conway of the ] (]) leading the discussion. Since then, zoo professionals became increasingly aware of the need to engage themselves in conservation programmes and the ] soon asserted that conservation had become its highest priority. | |||
| '''References:''' | |||
| *Vernon N. Kisling (ed.): ''Zoo and Aquarium History'', Boca Raton 2001. ISBN 084932100x | |||
| *R. J. Hoage, William A. Deiss (ed.): ''New Worlds, New Animals'', Washington 1996. ISBN 0801851106 | |||
| *Elizabeth Hanson: ''Animal Attractions'', Princeton 2002. ISBN 0691059926 | |||
| *David Hancocks: ''A Different Nature'', Berkeley 2001. ISBN 0520218795 | |||
| == Appearance == | |||
| Most modern zoos keep animals in enclosures that attempt to replicate their natural ]s. Many zoos now have special buildings for ] animals, with dim red ] during the day, so the animals will be active when visitors are there, and bright lights at night to ensure that they sleep. Special climate conditions are created for animals living in radical environments, such as ]s. Special enclosures for ]s, ]s, ]es and other aquatic life forms have also been developed and are used in many zoos. | |||
| A '']'' (also called children's farms or children's zoos) features a combination of ]s and some wild species that are docile enough to touch and feed. Petting zoos are extremely popular with small children. In order to ensure the animals' health, the food is supplied by the zoo, either from ]s or a ] nearby. In addition to independent petting zoos, many general zoos contain one within it. | |||
| Many zoos have walk-through exhibits, where visitors enter enclosures of non-aggressive species, like ]s, ]s, ], ], ] etc. Visitors are normally asked to keep to paths, and animals are not tame. | |||
| == Criticism of Zoos == | |||
| Contemporary criticisms relating to the use of zoos during the ] period have been registered, denouncing cases where ] were displayed in cages along others animals in an attempt to illustrate and demonstrate ] thesis. In 1906, socialite and amateur anthropologist ], head of the ], had Congolese ] ] put on display at the ] in New York City alongside the apes and other, as an example of the "missing link" between ] and white man. This phenomenon has been designed as "]s", and lasted until after World War I. Thus, human beings were displayed in cages during the 1931 Parisian ] and a "Congolese village" displayed at ] . | |||
| More recently, most ] activists disapprove of zoos as a matter of principle, because they interpret zoos as human domination over equal creatures and criticize their educational value as being superficial and useless. | |||
| ] groups however do not fundamentally reject the existence of zoological gardens, but they point to the often unnatural and controversial conditions of keeping animals in human captivity, particularly in small cages without any environmental enrichment. Indeed, several zoos are still keeping their animals under not acceptable conditions according to high animal welfare standards, especially those who are primarily commercially orientated and those who suffer from lack of money. Certain behavioural patterns such as pacing, rocking and swaying indicate suffering of animals in unsuitable enclosures. For example, ]s often sway continuously from side to side, or else sometimes rock back and forth. | |||
| The majority of the large non-profit and serious institutions with conservationist, educational as well as scientific orientation are permanently working to improve their animal enclosures, although it remains difficult to create acceptable and sizable artificial environments according to animal welfare for some special species (for example, ]s and other ]s). | |||
| '''References''': | |||
| * Stephen St C. Bostock: ''Zoos and Animal Rights'', London 1993. ISBN 041505057X | |||
| * Bryan G. Norton, Michael Hutchins, Elizabeth F. Stevens, Terry L. Maple (ed.): ''Ethics on the Ark. Zoos, Animal Welfare, and Wildlife Conservation'', Washington, DC 1995. ISBN 1560985151 | |||
| * Randy Malmud: ''Reading Zoos. Representations of Animals and Captivity'', New York 1998. ISBN 0814756026 | |||
| == Special Zoos and Related Institutions == | |||
| Contrary to the classical zoological garden that displays the entire world ], some special zoos concentrate on animals of certain ] regions, on animals of the water or attempt to exhibit their animals in a different way. Some of these institutions, mainly those who evolved from former ]s, connect entertainment elements with exhibiting live animals. | |||
| === Wild Animal Parks === | |||
| Wild animal parks are far more sizeable than the classical zoo. The first of this new kind of animal park was ] opened in 1931 in ], ]. This park owned by the ] covers 600 acres (2.4 km²) and is still one of ]'s largest wildlife conservation parks where animals are kept within sizeable enclosures. Since the early 1970s a 1,800-acre parcel (7 km²) in the Pasqual Valley near ] also accommodates a remarkable new zoo, the ] that is run by the ''Zoological Society of San Diego''. | |||
| === Public Aquaria === | |||
| The first public ] was opened in London Zoo in 1853. This event was followed by the opening of a number of public aquaria from 1853 to 1899 in Europe (for example, Paris 1859, Hamburg 1864, 1868, Berlin 1869, Brighton 1872) and the United States (Boston 1859, Washington 1873, San Francisco 1894, New York 1896). Numerous other public aquaria opened during the twentieth century. In 2005 the non-profit ] with more than 8 million US gallons (30,000 m³; 30,000,000 liters) of marine and fresh water, and more than 100,000 animals of 500 different species opened in ]. The aquarium's notable specimens include ] and ]. | |||
| === Animal Theme Parks === | |||
| An animal theme park is a combination of an ] and a zoo, mainly for entertaining and commercial purposes. Controversially discussed, but even very popular especially in the ] are ]s such as ]. This kind of animal theme park is a more elaborate ] keeping further ] species and containing additional entertainment attractions. Another new kind of animal theme park is 1998 opened ] in ]. This commercial theme park established by the ] is similar to wild animal parks according to size (550 acres, 2 km²), but different to intentions and appearance since it contains far more entertainment and amusement elements than the classical zoo. | |||
| === Center for Elephant Conservation === | |||
| The ] (CEC) is a 200-acre animal sanctuary for elephants in ], opened in 1995 as a home for retired ] animals. The CEC is the only institution of its kind in the world, established for the conservation just for one animal species. It is the largest ] ] outside of ]. | |||
| == Additional Information == | |||
| {{wiktionary}} | |||
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| * An extensive list of zoos, aquariums, animal sanctuaries and wildlife parks worldwide. | |||
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| * features zoo and animal news from all over the world | |||
| * devoted to zoo design | |||
| * with links to some of the species. | |||
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Revision as of 17:53, 30 May 2006
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