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Godzilla (ゴジラ, Gojira) (/ɡɒdˈzɪlə/; Japanese: [ɡoꜜdʑiɽa] ) is a Kaiju (monster), first appearing in Ishirō Honda's 1954 film Godzilla. Since then, Godzilla has gone on to become a worldwide pop culture icon starring in 28 films produced by Toho Co., Ltd.. The monster has appeared in numerous other media incarnations including video games, novels, comic books, and television series. A 1998 American reimagining was produced and a second American version is currently undergoing principal photography.

With the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Daigo Fukuryū Maru incident still fresh in the Japanese consciousness, Godzilla was conceived as a monster created by nuclear detonations and a metaphor for nuclear weapons in general. As the film series expanded, some stories took on less serious undertones portraying Godzilla as a hero while other plots still portrayed him as a destructive monster; sometimes the lesser of two threats who plays the defender by default but is still a danger to humanity.

Name

Gojira (ゴジラ) is a portmanteau of the Japanese words: gorira (ゴリラ, "gorilla"), and kujira (鯨（クジラ）, "whale"), which is fitting because in one planning stage, Godzilla was described as "a cross between a gorilla and a whale", alluding to his size, power and aquatic origin. A popular story is that "Gojira" was actually the nickname of a corpulent stagehand at Toho Studio. The story has not been verified, however, and in the nearly sixty years since the film's original release, no one claiming to be the rumored employee has ever stepped forward and no photographs have ever surfaced. Kimi Honda (the widow of Ishiro Honda) always suspected that the man never existed as she mentioned in a 1998 interview that "the backstage boys at Toho loved to joke around with tall stories".

Godzilla's name was written in man'yōgana as Gojira (呉爾羅), where the kanji are used for phonetic value and not for meaning. Many Japanese books on Godzilla have referenced this curious fact, including B Media Books Special: Gojira Gahô, published by Take-Shobo in three different editions (1993, 1998, and 1999).

The Japanese pronunciation of the name is [ɡodʑiɽa] ; the Anglicized form is /ɡɒdˈzɪlə/, with the first syllable pronounced like the word "god", and the rest rhyming with "gorilla". When Godzilla was created (and Japanese-to-English transliteration was less familiar), it is likely that the kana representing the second syllable was misinterpreted as ; in the Hepburn romanization system, Godzilla's name would have been rendered as "Gojira", whereas in the Kunrei romanization system it would have been rendered as "Gozira".

Attributes

Although Godzilla's appearance has changed over the years, many of his characteristics have remained constant. His roar has remained the same, only changing in pitch. Godzilla's approximate appearance, regardless of the design of the suit utilized for the creature, remains the same general shape, which is instantly recognizable: a giant, bipedal mutant dinosaur with rough, bumpy scales that change color throughout the movies, usually dark gray or black scales, a long powerful tail, and jagged, blue or dark purple dorsal fins. Godzilla's iconic character design is a blended chimera inspired by various prehistoric reptiles, gleaned from children's dinosaur books and illustrations from an issue of Life magazine: Godzilla has the head and lower body of a Tyrannosaurus, a triple row of dorsal plates reminiscent of a Stegosaurus, the neck and forearms of Iguanodon and the tail and skin texture of an alligator, and crocodile. Godzilla's dorsal plates have themselves altered in size and appearance over the years.

Godzilla's body and facial structure changed often from film to film. The first films depicted the creature with a more feral head and facial structure, to indicate his status as a feared threat. As the character became more of a heroic figure—particularly to children, who became a large part of Godzilla's target audience from 1965 until 1978 in the Showa era—the creature's shown as having human or near-human intelligence in most films. Godzilla was originally believed by many to be green when the original black and white film was produced, and promotional artwork in America and other English speaking countries depicted him as such. The creature was also depicted as being green in the Hanna-Barbera cartoon and a number of toys in the United States prior to the Trendmasters toy line, which depicted Godzilla in his actual coloration. Godzilla actually has a greenish hue in Godzilla 2000 and again in Godzilla vs. Megaguirus, but returns to his classic charcoal gray in subsequent films in the Millennium series starting with Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack.

Although his origins vary somewhat from film to film, he is always described as some manner of prehistoric survivor of the order of dinosaurs, who was mutated into his latter form via nuclear radiation, most likely from an atomic weapons test. Non-canonical sources (such as the Universal version of King Kong vs. Godzilla) suggest that Japan is the ancestral home of Godzilla's kind.

The most notable of Godzilla's abilities gained by his mutation is his atomic breath: a powerful heat ray of fire from his mouth. Godzilla is also depicted as being resistant to damage thanks to a tough hide and an advanced healing factor, which itself became a focal point in Godzilla vs. Biollante and Godzilla 2000. He is portrayed as being strong and dexterous, sometimes utilizing martial arts techniques in combat. Described as a transitional form between aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates in the original film, Godzilla is able to survive in the ocean for indefinite periods of time and is as adept a fighter underwater as he is on land.

These particular abilities are portrayed consistently among Godzilla's many incarnations, though he also possesses skills, often employed as weapons of last resort that are only seen on rare occasions to beat certain enemies.

Over the years the fictional mutant dinosaur Godzilla has possessed many powers and abilities to be used against his foes. Godzilla is not necessarily the single most powerful kaiju but is certainly one of the most successful in terms of his fighting history, both against other kaiju and human efforts to destroy him.

Roar

The Godzilla roar is the copyrighted sound that Godzilla makes. What typifies the roar is that it sounds very mechanical and does not resemble any known animal’s sound.

The roar was present in the first Godzilla (1954) and was created by composer Akira Ifukube who produced the sound by rubbing a resin-covered leather glove along the loosened strings of a double bass and then slowing down the playback. Over the years the roar has become a trademark sound of the Godzilla films and is now instantly recognizable worldwide. Its fame can be compared with the Tarzan yell from the Tarzan films. It is often used in comedy when monsters or dinosaurs are featured or when a character gets extremely angry. The distinctive roar, or a parody of it, has been used in numerous non-Godzilla movies and TV shows.

Godzilla usually lets his roar be heard when he makes his first appearance in a film. During destruction and fighting sequences he roars multiple times. Film directors always use the same sound recording, but in more recent years variations on the sound have been made to express Godzilla’s emotions.

In the 1970s animated series The Godzilla Power Hour by the American animation studio Hanna-Barbera Godzilla’s roar was recreated by Ted Cassidy. The American remake Godzilla also created a different, yet similar sounding, roar for their Godzilla monster.

There were several roars recorded by composer Akira Ifukube but one in particular was used in most of the movies from its 1955 sequel through to the 1975 Terror of Mechagodzilla. It was a rather higher pitched, squeakier variant to the ones heard over the opening few seconds of the 1954 film's credits. A remixed variant, slower and far deeper, was then used for 1984's The Return of Godzilla and in all the films until 1992's Godzilla vs. Mothra where the sound editor went back to using the squeakier variant from the 60's. Sound mixing being the complex art it is today, many different sounds are used to make Godzilla vocalise in the movies made in the 2000s, but they're mostly based on, or include, the squeaky roar of the 1960s.

Atomic breath

Godzilla's signature weapon is his atomic breath. Godzilla's dorsal fins glow, and lets loose with a stream of radioactive fire from his jaws. The color of the ray corresponds to the glowing of the fins. Godzilla has been shown apparently being able to adjust the intensity of his breath, varying from a blast of superheated vapor (such as in the 1950s and 1960s) to a beam with explosive and concussive properties (in the 1970s and onward). In most of the films, his breath is neon-blue, although in some films it is reddish-orange.

In Godzilla vs. Megaguirus Godzilla's breath was shown as having incendiary properties and was strong enough to destroy an artificial miniature black hole, while in Godzilla: Final Wars it possessed incredible range, power and pin-point accuracy, able to hit a target in outer space and kill most kaiju with a single shot. In a memorable (and somewhat infamous) scene in Godzilla vs. Hedorah, Godzilla even used his breath to fly by aiming it at the ground and lifting off like a rocket. His breath can also power electrodes, melt steel and rock and evaporate water instantly.

Another variation of the standard blue atomic breath in the Heisei series was the powerful spiral ray which he acquired as a result of absorbing Fire Rodan's life energy. The spiral breath appeared in times when Godzilla was under extreme duress. However in Godzilla vs. Destoroyah the spiral atomic breath completely replaced the normal atomic breath, due to the amounts of power his nuclear heart was giving off. It is so powerful that only one blast of it was sufficient to completely destroy Super Mechagodzilla and SpaceGodzilla, though Destoroyah was barely able to withstand several hits. When Godzilla's dorsal plates began to melt and his heart was nearing the meltdown stage, the radiation increased his blast's power to the point that buildings near the blasts were destroyed. This new red breath was used on Destroyah who took fatal damage. The red spiral atomic breath was used in the Heisei films Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II, Godzilla vs. SpaceGodzilla, Godzilla vs. Destoroyah and the Millennium film Godzilla: Final Wars. The orange atomic breath seen in Godzilla 2000 and Godzilla vs. Megaguirus is not the red spiral ray, but a recoloring of the classic blue ray.

In the TriStar Godzilla, atomic breath was omitted in place of wind breath. Fan backlash led to the filmmakers altering the scenes to make the new Godzilla's breath appear to be flammable. In the subsequent animated series, Godzilla was given green atomic flame breath. As in Final Wars where Gojira almost died regained his power known as his atomic breath. So allowed him to change the color of his atomic breath to red.

Nuclear pulse, magnetic aura and other powers

In addition to his signature atomic breath, Godzilla can also emit atomic energy in all directions from every inch of his body in a short-range pulse called the nuclear pulse. Godzilla used this ability in the Heisei series. He used a more powerful version of it in Godzilla 2000 to kill Orga. In Godzilla: Final Wars, after being surged with Ozaki's energy, Godzilla uses a nuclear pulse to prevent Kaiser Ghidorah from draining any more of his energy.

In Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla Godzilla found a way to generate powerful magnetic fields from his body after being struck several times by lightning, which proved devastating against his metallic foe. This is the only time Godzilla ever used this power.

In the Godzilla cartoon of the late 1970s by Hanna-Barbera, Godzilla was also given the ability to emit high-powered laser beams from his eyes.

Injury resistance and healing

Godzilla has displayed an uncanny ability to resist injury. Not even the pressure and cold of deep sea trenches can kill him. Starting in the first Godzilla film, Godzilla displayed an immunity to conventional weaponry, virtually impervious to the military attack and he is even shown to be resistant to technology from the future. He has demonstrated the ability to survive complete submersion in magma for an extended period of time. He has even survived being at ground zero of asteroid impacts and being buried under tons of ice for years at a time, seemingly cut off from any oxygen source. His hide has been breached only occasionally (usually only by other kaiju like Gigan, Biollante, King Ghidorah, Destoroyah and MechaGodzilla).

In addition, Godzilla possesses an extremely advanced and highly efficient regenerative ability. This power was a crucial plot point in Godzilla vs. Biollante and Godzilla 2000. In Godzilla 2000 it is explained that Godzilla's regenerative abilities may have something to do with his radioactive properties. Organizer G1 (Regenerator G1 in the English version) is the name given to a substance in his cells that is responsible for Godzilla's swift healing. Even neural tissue can be rebuilt by Godzilla's regeneration. In Godzilla vs. Biollante Japanese scientists use samples of Godzilla cells (called G-cells throughout the Heisei series of Godzilla films) to help create the ANEB. This healing factor would be inherited by all creatures spawned from Godzilla's DNA, those being Biollante, SpaceGodzilla and Orga. At the very end of Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack, after Godzilla has been completely obliterated (or so they all think), his heart is seen beating on the ocean floor, suggesting Godzilla's Organizer G1 would allow him to completely regenerate himself from just a heart or even a single amino acid, perhaps indicating how he survived the Oxygen Destroyer in 1954.

His healing abilities have not been entirely consistent through the series. In Godzilla: Tokyo SOS for example he was still recovering from injuries received in the previous film. However, the wound that was not healing was caused by Mechagodzilla's highly powerful Absolute Zero cannon.

Physical abilities

Godzilla has displayed varied levels of physical strength. He has been depicted lifting and throwing monsters in excess of his own weight (such as King Ghidorah, Hedorah, Mechagodzilla and others) and in Godzilla: Final Wars was able to throw Kumonga clearly beyond the horizon. He is shown using various martial arts techniques in a comical fashion during the original Showa series and sprinting with astonishing velocity belying his size such as in Zone Fighter. In the Millennium series he has been able to leap high into the air. However, many of the films show Godzilla preferring to battle his opponents from a distance, particularly in the Heisei series. But it has been shown in virtually all the films that Godzilla is effective battling either at range or close combat. He has also been known to be able to do a flying kick as it was shown in Godzilla vs. Megalon.

Godzilla's long tail is also a formidable weapon. It has been shown to be flexible and powerful, able to lash out quickly and topple over buildings and enemy monsters. In Godzilla vs. Megalon he was able to slide on his tail to deliver a kick, as well as kick himself up with his tail temporarily to kick down King Kong which was seen in King Kong vs. Godzilla. In Godzilla vs. Biollante Godzilla further damaged the Super X-2 with a quick tail swipe after crippling it with his atomic breath. In Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II he used his powerful tail against Mechagodzilla delivering damage that rated level 8.

In all his incarnations he has been shown to have powerful jaws and sharp teeth and claws. Rarely, Godzilla has also used his dorsal fins as weapons, such as in Godzilla vs. Megaguirus, when he uses their jagged tips to slice off Megaguirus' claw and in Godzilla vs. Hedorah where he used them to cut into Hedorah in mid-flight. In Godzilla 2000 and Godzilla vs Megaguirus his dorsal fins creates tremendous heat while his atomic breath and fire is being prepared.

Radiation

Godzilla's body constantly emits its own radiation similar to that of nuclear fission. The exact nature of this radiation is unclear. It has been shown to contaminate water sources, raise ocean temperatures of a limited area and even create mutations; (the giant sea louse in The Return of Godzilla). His footprints as well as objects and people he has had close contact with hold traces that register on a geiger counter, while Godzilla himself will register at a distance of several hundred feet. His radiation, however, doesn't appear to be profusely destructive. In Godzilla an underwater scene showed Godzilla with several fish swimming in his close proximity and they were not visibly affected. Wilderness areas where Godzilla has appeared suffer no visible signs of fallout from his presence and cities he attacks are never abandoned permanently.

In the Showa series Godzilla was carnivorous (it is assumed, though he is never seen to eat anything throughout the series) while in the Heisei series it was insinuated that Godzilla feeds on radiation and the more he absorbs, the larger and more powerful he gets. It has been speculated that his heart is the theoretical equivalent of a power reactor. He is seen attacking submarines and power plants for their reactors and was once revived by a radioactive storm. While nuclear radiation is his preferred sustenance, he can also gain strength from other forms of raw energy. This canon was somewhat carried over to the Millennium series though it was not again pursued as a significant plot point.

Amphibiosity

Godzilla is described in the original film by Doctor Yamane as a transitional form between aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates. He spends most of his time at sea, coming ashore to wreak havoc and/or save the day. He is capable of marching on the sea floor or swimming by undulating his tail like a crocodile or an alligator, sometimes with his dorsal fins breaking the surface. He possesses a biological equivalent of active sonar allowing him to navigate underwater without visual aide. Godzilla is almost certainly able to somehow extract oxygen from water, occasionally remaining in the ocean depths for periods of months or years, though there has been no official explanation or reference to this ability. Godzilla also seems to be able to control his own buoyancy, often staying on the surface of open water in an upright position and maintaining it under extreme duress, and sinking to the bottom without visible effort. Like his ability to breathe underwater this has never been explained. Being submerged apparently does not impede his atomic breath. He is as excellent a fighter underwater as he is on land and engages opponents in the sea on multiple occasions, fighting monsters either beneath or on the surface of the waves.

Intelligence

The extent of Godzilla's intelligence varies throughout the character's history, but Godzilla is generally depicted as a monster with a certain level of intelligence. In the original Godzilla film and its early sequels he is depicted with simple animal cunning, but as the Showa series progressed he is seen as being as intelligent as a human, capable of abstract thought, relating cause and effect, and having a high level of self-awareness. Godzilla was shown to be able to figure out that his atomic breath could be used to power the electrodes needed to dry out Hedorah in Godzilla vs. Hedorah and able to communicate with other monsters. He can even be heard 'talking' to Anguirus in Godzilla vs. Gigan; (in the American release they spoke in distorted English while in the Japanese version they communicated via word balloons). Godzilla has even been depicted as having a sense of humor, as shown when he laughs at Rodan (and apparently using rude language) during Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster. In addition Godzilla appears to converse with Jet Jaguar in Godzilla vs. Megalon.

In the Heisei series Godzilla reacts on animal cunning and instinct more consistently than in his Showa counterpart, as demonstrated by his conditioned response in The Return of Godzilla. He was still capable of independent thought, however and according to Miki Saegusa of human-like sentiments as well. This was corroborated by his mourning the death of Godzilla Junior in Godzilla vs. Destoroyah. In Godzilla vs Mechagodzilla II he seems to destroy Mechagodzilla out of rage at Rodan's death. In Godzilla vs SpaceGodzilla he was the first to figure out that Space Godzilla was using a tower at the central of a field of crystals to draw power, prior to the JSDF. It was insinuated in Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah that he also remembers the distant past. The Heisei Godzilla was psychic on some level, possibly the most powerful in existence. His evasion of the JSDF in Godzilla vs. Biollante seemed to carry implications of precognition. Additionally, he had some manner of psychic link with Godzilla Junior and has several times demonstrated the ability to locate potential opponents from great distances.

In the Millennium series, Godzilla's behavior was again limited to a simplistic animal cunning. He was shown to be capable of abstract, even strategical thinking but displayed little to no anthropomorphism.

Weaknesses

Despite his incredible power, Godzilla has displayed a few weaknesses over the years. In King Kong vs. Godzilla and Mothra vs. Godzilla he is shown to be vulnerable to strong voltages of electricity. As the series progressed, lightning (i.e., electricity found in nature) has been shown to have the opposite effect, at times serving to revitalize him. Godzilla has been shown to be vulnerable to freezing conditions, which can force him into suspended animation. In The Return of Godzilla Godzilla was shown to be vulnerable to cadmium, though Godzilla's immune system was able to overcome it. Later on, Godzilla is revealed to have a second brain in his spine with Super Mechagodzilla being able to paralyze him by destroying it. Nevertheless, he was revived by Fire Rodan and further films seem to ignore this Achilles heel. It was also suggested in Godzilla vs. SpaceGodzilla that Godzilla has a soft spot under each armpit. However, the validity of this claim was highly dubious and this alleged weak point was never successfully exploited. Godzilla's sheer bulk has also been depicted as a disadvantage, making it difficult for him to keep up with the more agile Megaguirus, who was able to outmaneuver him as well as forcing Godzilla to have to rely heavily on his endurance. Also, while he has an endurance level beyond measure, his enemies usually counter by trying to crush and batter him.

To date, the only weapons ever shown to be close to effective against Godzilla were Dr. Serizawa's Oxygen Destroyer and to a lesser degree, Dr. Shiragami's ANEB (Anti-Nuclear Energy Bacteria).

Anti-Godzilla weapons

Due to Godzilla's size, super-strength and regenerative abilities, he is invulnerable to most forms of conventional attack. However, over the years, there have been some weapons that were able to damage even Godzilla. Many weapons used against Godzilla are controversial in nature, creating ethical dilemmas as to whether the use of such weapons are justifiable under any circumstances, and/or by their existence quantify an equal or greater threat as Godzilla himself.

Note: This list is for man-made weapons. Other monsters and forces of nature don't count.

• Oxygen Destroyer - (first appeared in Godzilla) The Oxygen Destroyer was a chemical compound designed to remove all oxygen from water, causing living creatures to die of asphyxiation as their remains are liquefied. The Oxygen Destroyer was the first, and in many ways the only, weapon to come close to defeating Godzilla. However, this was retconned in the Millennium series. In Godzilla vs. Megaguirus, Godzilla survived and retreated from the Oxygen Destroyer, only to return in 1966. In Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack, Godzilla was killed, but its body remained to be possessed by the restless dead of the Pacific War. In Godzilla Against Mechagodzilla, the original Godzilla's bones were not dissolved and were used to make Kiryu to destroy another Godzilla.
• Electricity - (first depicted in King Kong vs. Godzilla) While some electrical sources, such as lightning, has been shown to revitalize Godzilla, electricity of sufficient voltage from a grounded source, such as in high voltage towers, can act as a deterrent to the monster. This was incorporated against Godzilla several times in the Shōwa Series but was largely ignored thereafter.
• Maser Weaponry - (first appeared in The War of the Gargantuas) This form of armament was developed specifically for fighting kaiju by firing concentrated beams of energy from an enlarged lens. Seen in the Shōwa Series and reintroduced in the Heisei and Millennium Series, it was effective against many kaiju though Godzilla, in general, was resistant to maser fire which could do little more than unbalance and irritate him.
• Sonic lure - (appeared in The Return of Godzilla) During an attack on a Nuclear power plant by Godzilla, it was observed that he instinctively followed a flock of seabirds to the ocean. This led to the innovation of artificially duplicating the frequency of the birds' call in the hope that Godzilla would follow it to the source. This was successfully used to lure Godzilla to Izu Ōshima where he fell into the mouth of Mt. Mihara.
• Super X - (first appeared in The Return of Godzilla) The Super X was a hovercraft designed with cadmium missiles, radiation shields and high-intensity lasers to fight Godzilla. Its missiles were able to knock out Godzilla by slowing down the nuclear reactions in his body, but Godzilla was revitalized by a radiation cloud caused by a Russian missile. The Super X proved unable to withstand repeated attacks by Godzilla's Atomic breath and was ultimately destroyed when Godzilla dropped a building on it. Upgrades of the Super X appeared in the later films Godzilla vs. Biollante and Godzilla vs. Destoroyah.
• Anti-Nuclear Energy Bacteria (ANEB) - (appeared in Godzilla vs. Biollante) By utilizing Godzilla's cells, (recovered after the events of The Return of Godzilla), Japanese scientists were able to synthesize a form of bacteria that consumed nuclear energy. The bacteria initially failed to work due to an temperature invariant but later began to take effect. It did not, as hoped, kill the kaiju, but lowered the radioactivity within his body enough to force him into a three-year hibernation. There were apparently no further attempts to use the ANEB.
• Mecha-King Ghidorah - (first appeared in Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah) This mecha was built over the corpse of Godzilla's archenemy, King Ghidorah, and was piloted by Futurian, Emmy Kano. Despite taking heavy damage, Mecha-King Ghidorah was able to grapple with Godzilla for a time, until Godzilla unleashed his atomic breath, slaying Mecha-Ghidorah and sending them both plummeting into the ocean.
• Mechagodzilla - (first appeared Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla) In the Showa series Mechagodzilla was created as a weapon of destruction by the Simians. It was originally covered with a pseudo-flesh covering. Mechagodzilla went on a rampage through Japan and even battled Godzilla's longtime ally, Anguirus. Godzilla eventually showed up and revealed the "evil Godzilla" as a robot imposter. Mechagodzilla's body was constructed of a nearly indestructible alloy known as "Space Titanium", was equipped with a staggering amount of firepower and had rockets for flight. Godzilla defeated it by pulling its head off. Mechagodzilla would later return, along with its new ally, Titanosaurus, in Terror of Mechagodzilla. In the Heisei series Mechagodzilla appeared in Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II. This one was built by the JSDF, as a defensive weapon against Godzilla and other monsters like Rodan. It was designed from Futurian technology from the remains of Mecha-King Ghidorah. It still had a large assortment of weapons and was able to fly. It was even able to join with a shuttlecraft called Garuda to form Super-Mechagodzilla. It was successfully able to repel Godzilla and may have even been able to beat him if Rodan had not sacrificed his life to save Godzilla. Mechagodzilla was then destroyed by Godzilla. In the Millennium series of Mechagodzilla appeared in Godzilla Against Mechagodzilla. This time a manned mech called Kiryu was built around the skeleton of the original Godzilla from 1954. However, DNA in the bones caused Kiryu to remember that it was once Godzilla and it went on a rampage. Once the JSDF was able to get Kiryu under control, it forced Godzilla to retreat. Godzilla and Kiryu would meet again in Godzilla: Tokyo SOS, but this time, Mothra would intervene. Mothra demanded that Godzilla's bones (inside Kiryu) be returned to its grave. The JSDF agreed, but only after Godzilla was defeated. Ultimately, Kiryu made the final decision and returned to the sea of its own will.
• MOGUERA (appeared in Godzilla vs. SpaceGodzilla) After the failure of MechaGodzilla, MOGRUERA (Mobile Operations Godzilla Universal Expert Robot Aero-type) was created by G-Force to replace it. Unlike its predecessor it seemed to be designed more around speed than endurance. Capable of flight and quick movement on its foot treds, it possessed an array of powerful ranged weapons and could attack at close range with its nose drill. It could also divide into two segments, the flying Star Falcon and the tunneling Land MOGUERA. The robot ultimately never fought Godzilla but instead was assigned to fight SpaceGodzilla with Godzilla as its tentative ally. Though successful in shattering SpaceGodzilla's shoulder crystals it was completely destroyed in the climax of the battle.
• Full Metal Missiles - (appeared in Godzilla 2000) Projectiles designed for heavy armor penetration, they were used by the JSDF attempting to repel an attack by Godzilla. While the missiles inflicted significant damage on the kaiju, they failed to halt his advance. Thanks to Godzilla's powerful healing factor, Organizer G1, his injuries were healed within a matter of hours.
• Dimension Tide - (appeared in Godzilla vs. Megaguirus) Dimension Tide was a weapon developed by the G-Graspers unit of the JSDF. Designed to create a "micro-black hole" that could be fired from an orbiting satellite and would vaporize its intended target. Due to the volatile nature of the weapon G-Graspers intended to destroy the technology as soon as Godzilla was defeated. During a test of the weapon, however, a dimensional vortex was created, the result of which was the kaiju Megaguirus. Ultimately the weapon succeeded in halting Godzilla's rampage but ended in failure. Towards the end of the films credits a little boy notices the room shake and Godzilla roars right in front of him.
• D-03 (fist appeared in GMK) Missiles with explosive drills used by the JSDF. The drills would burrow into an intended target before exploding, causing deep internal damage. The JSDF invested heavily in the weapons to put an end to Godzilla. While they were able to wound the kaiju, they did not stop him and the Defense Force took heavy losses. After the combined essence of the three slain guardian monsters forced Godzilla underwater, a D-03 modified into a makeshift torpedo was used to further aggravate his wound. This resulted in a misfire of the monster's atomic breath, nearly (but not completely) destroying him.
• Gotengo (first appeared in Atragon) In Godzilla: Final Wars, Gotengo is a heavily armed combat vehicle capable of both aerial and submersible navigation. Along with two similar craft, it was created by the Earth Defense Force to defend civilization against monster threats. The craft is credited with imprisoning Godzilla in a glacier in Antarctica. Years later it became the last hope to defend Earth against the Xilian invasion. With its sister ships destroyed, Colonel Gordon took the ship to free Godzilla that he might counter the monster horde the Xilians had unleashed. After an unsuccessful assault on the alien mothership, Gotengo was able to provide Godzilla with enough energy to enable him to defeat Keizer Ghidorah. Godzilla disabled Gotengo with his atomic breath in the aftermath but spared its crew due to the intervention of Minilla.

Movie appearances

Television and printed media

In Japan, Godzilla was a frequent guest star on the tokusatsu series Zone Fighter. In it, Godzilla occasionally fought alongside the protagonist against other monsters, including the space monsters King Ghidorah and Gigan.

Godzilla made his American series debut in the 1978 Hanna-Barbera Saturday morning show Godzilla. In this series, Godzilla had a cousin, Godzooky. In addition to his trademark atomic breath, which simply changed to fire, he was given heat vision similar to the DC Comics hero Superman. Godzilla could be summoned by sea-explorers on the USS Calico with a signaling device or by the cry of Godzooky. The series ran until 1981.

A second series, based on TriStar Godzilla, aired on Fox Kids. The series featured the surviving baby Godzilla from the end of the film, which quickly grows to full size. Similar to the original animated series, Godzilla travels around the world with a special anti-monster team called HEAT, including scientist Nick Tatopoulos. Throughout the show the creators intended Godzilla's powers and abilities to reflect those of the Toho version, such as giving him atomic flame breath, which was noticeably absent in the film.

In Japan, Godzilla (along with a plethora of other Toho kaiju) appeared in Godzilla Island, which utilized Bandai action figures to portray the monsters in action. The show ran from 1997 to 1998.

Godzilla has been featured in comic books, most often in American publications. Marvel Comics published the character in their lucrative universe in the late 1970s, Dark Horse Comics sporadically in the 1980s and 1990s, and most recently IDW Publishing in several miniseries and series of miniseries. Japanese manga in Godzilla's home country have also been published, sometimes adaptations of feature films.

Between 1996 and 1998 Random House published four books by Marc Cerasini featuring Godzilla and other kaiju of the Toho franchise: Godzilla Returns, Godzilla 2000 (unrelated to the film of the same name), Godzilla at World's End, and Godzilla vs. the Robot Monsters. The release of a fifth book, Godzilla and the Lost Continent was canceled when Random House's license for Godzilla expired.

On September 23, 2004 Godzilla on My Mind: Fifty Years of the King of Monsters by William M. Tsutsui was released by Palgrave Macmillan. The book was released to mark the fiftieth anniversary of Godzilla and looks into some of the ways Godzilla has become a simple part of everyday life for fans.

In 2010, IDW Publishing announced that they gained the rights for the license to Godzilla, and released a new series titled Godzilla: Kingdom of Monsters in March 2011. Eric Powell and Tracy Marsh co-wrote Kingdom of Monsters, but were replaced with Jason Ciaramella at issue 9. Phil Hester supplied the art, but was replaced with Victor Dos Santos at issue 5. Artist Matt Frank also supplied variant covers for each issue, each focused on a specific monster. Other covers were drawn by Eric Powell, Jeff Zornow, Alex Ross, and David Messina.

The first issue was released in March 2011 and focused on introducing Godzilla, who destroys Japan, and the Japanese Prime Minister even orders for nuclear weapons to be dropped on him, causing his trademark atomic ray. The first issue sold out within its first day, ranking 16th for the month. The series went on for 12 issues, the last being released in February. The series was widely criticized by fans for being unfaithful to the series, as well as having misleading covers, poor art, and too many plot threads to keep track of.

DW began publishing a new series, simply titled "Godzilla" in May 2012, written by Duane Swierczynski and with art by Simon Gane. The current 13-issue ongoing acts as a "soft reboot" of the previous Kingdom of Monsters, showcasing a monster ravaged world where humanity must struggle to survive.

IDW has also released five issue mini-series outside of the main continuity. Godzilla: Gangsters & Goliaths focuses on a disgraced cop trying to rid Tokyo of a gang lord with the help of Mothra and her twin fairies. The anthology Godzilla Legends was done by different writers and artists, with each issue featuring a specific character from Godzilla's vast history. Godzilla: Half Century War chronicles a soldier's fifty year battle against Godzilla and his reluctant acceptance of the monster.

The recently announced Godzilla: Rulers of Earth continues the story began with Kingdom of the Monsters and the simply titled Godzilla.

Cultural impact

Godzilla is one of the most recognizable symbols of Japanese popular culture worldwide and remains an important facet of Japanese films, embodying the kaiju subset of the tokusatsu genre. He has been considered a filmographic metaphor for the United States, as well as an allegory of nuclear weapons in general. The earlier Godzilla films, especially the original, portrayed Godzilla as a frightening, nuclear monster. Godzilla represented the fears that many Japanese held about the nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the possibility of recurrence.

As the series progressed, so did Godzilla, changing into a less destructive and more heroic character as the films became geared towards children. Since then, the character has fallen somewhere in the middle, sometimes portrayed as a protector of the world from external threats and other times as a bringer of destruction. Godzilla remains one of the greatest fictional heroes in the history of film, and is also the second of only three fictional characters to have won the MTV Lifetime Achievement Award, which was awarded in 1996.

The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society christened a vessel Gojira. Its purpose is to target and harass Japanese whalers in defence of whales in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary. The Gojira was renamed MV Brigitte Bardot in May 2011 after complaints of copyright infringement by the owners of the "Gojira" copyright.

Gojira is the name of a French death metal band, formerly known as Godzilla.

References

1. "Godzilla (1954) stats and bio page". www.tohokingdom.com. Retrieved 2013-03-08.
2. "Godzilla (2004) stats and bio page". www.tohokingdom.com. Retrieved 2013-03-08.
3. ^ Takeo Murata (writer) and Ishirō Honda (writer/director) (2006). Godzilla (DVD). Classic Media.
4. ^ Al C. Ward (writer) and Ishirō Honda, Terry Morse (writers/directors) (2006). Godzilla, King of the Monsters! (DVD). Classic Media.
5. Steve Ryfle. Japan's Favorite Mon-Star. ECW Press, 1998. Pg.22
6. "Gojira Media". Godzila Gojimm. Toho Co., Ltd. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
7. Steve Ryfle. Pg.23
8. B Media Books Special: The Godzilla Chronicles Ver. 2: The History of Toho Fantastic Movies, 1935–1998. Japan: Take-Shobo. 1998. ISBN 4-8124-0408-8.
9. William M. Tsutsui (2003). Godzilla on My Mind: Fifty Years of the King of Monsters. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 23.
10. Gojira Classic Media audio commentary
11. David Kravets (2008-11-24). "Think Godzilla's Scary? Meet His Lawyers". Wired.com. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
12. "Biography - Film Composer and Pedagogue". Akiraifukube.Org. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
13. The Voice of Godzilla: The Movie Music of Akira Ifukube
14. J.D. Lees, Marc Cerasini (1998)"The Official Godzilla Compendium" p. 47
15. Godzilla Island. Tohokingdom.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-04.
16. http://www.comichron.com/monthlycomicssales/2011/2011-03.html
17. http://www.comics.org/series/65846/
18. The Monster That Morphed Into a Metaphor, By Terrence Rafferty, May 2, 2004, NYTimes
19. "Godzilla Wins The MTV Lifetime Achievement Award In 1996 – Godzilla video". Fanpop. 1954-11-03. Retrieved 2010-04-13.

External links

• Official Website of Toho (Japanese)
• Template:IMDb character

• Godzilla characters
• Toho Monsters
• Anthropomorphic martial artists
• Fictional characters introduced in 1954
• Film characters
• Fictional mutants
• Fictional characters with accelerated healing
• Fictional characters with superhuman strength
• Science fiction film characters
• King Kong characters
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