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| |10/30/1895 | |10/30/1895 | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |1,500<ref>British Diplomacy and the Armenian Question, Arman Dzhonovich Kirakosian, page 260, 2003</ref>-60,000+{{cn|date=May 2013}} | |1,500<ref name="autogenerated260">British Diplomacy and the Armenian Question, Arman Dzhonovich Kirakosian, page 260, 2003</ref>-60,000+{{cn|date=May 2013}} | ||
| |Ottoman soldiers and local Muslims | |Ottoman soldiers and local Muslims | ||
| |Christian ]<ref>MASSACRE OF CHRISTIANS. - Washington Post (1877-1954) - Washington, D.C. {{Page needed|date=July 2011}}{{date?}}</ref> | |Christian ]<ref>MASSACRE OF CHRISTIANS. - Washington Post (1877-1954) - Washington, D.C. {{Page needed|date=July 2011}}{{date?}}</ref> | ||
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| |10/25/1895 | |10/25/1895 | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |3,000<ref |
|3,000<ref name="autogenerated260"/>-25,000<ref>{{Citation|last=Angold|first=Michael|editor-last=O’Mahony|editor-first=Anthony|title=Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5, Eastern Christianity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vBy7CTYVBeMC|year=2006|page=512|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521811132}}</ref> | ||
| |] irregulars, Ottoman governors | |] irregulars, Ottoman governors | ||
| |Christian ] and ] | |Christian ] and ] | ||
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| |] Christians | |] Christians | ||
| | | | | ||
| |- | |||
| |} | |} | ||
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| !class="unsortable"|Notes | !class="unsortable"|Notes | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |]<ref>{{citation | publisher = International Association of Genocide Scholars | format = |
|]<ref>{{citation | publisher = International Association of Genocide Scholars | format = PDF | url = http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080428051032/http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf| archivedate = 2008-04-28| title = IAGS Resolution on Genocides committed by the Ottoman Empire retrieved via the Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.am/eng/news/16644.html |title=Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament — full text containing the IAGS resolution and the Swedish Parliament resolution from |publisher=news.am |date= |accessdate=2013-06-24}}</ref><ref>Gaunt, David. ''''. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/14623520801950820 | last1 = Schaller | first1 = Dominik J | last2 = Zimmerer | first2 = Jürgen | year = 2008 | title = Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction | url = | journal = Journal of Genocide Research | volume = 10 | issue = 1| pages = 7–14 }}</ref> | ||
| |1914–1923 | |1914–1923 | ||
| |various | |various | ||
| Line 112: | Line 110: | ||
| |1914-1916 | |1914-1916 | ||
| |], ] | |], ] | ||
| |45,000 civilians<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gerwarth|first1=Robert|last2=Horne|first2=John|title=War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe After the Great War|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|ISBN=9780199654918|page=176|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ap94gZsbu6QC&pg=PA176&dq=These+operations+took+the+lives+of+approximately+45,000+civilians+in+the+valley+of+the+Chorukh+river+in+the+South-West+Caucasus&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=eUG0Uau4B4SZ0QWmhIDoDg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=These%20operations%20took%20the%20lives%20of%20approximately%2045%2C000%20civilians%20in%20the%20valley%20of%20the%20Chorukh%20river%20in%20the%20South-West%20Caucasus&f=false}}</ref> | |45,000 civilians<ref name="google176">{{cite book|last1=Gerwarth|first1=Robert|last2=Horne|first2=John|title=War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe After the Great War|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|ISBN=9780199654918|page=176|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ap94gZsbu6QC&pg=PA176&dq=These+operations+took+the+lives+of+approximately+45,000+civilians+in+the+valley+of+the+Chorukh+river+in+the+South-West+Caucasus&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=eUG0Uau4B4SZ0QWmhIDoDg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=These%20operations%20took%20the%20lives%20of%20approximately%2045%2C000%20civilians%20in%20the%20valley%20of%20the%20Chorukh%20river%20in%20the%20South-West%20Caucasus&f=false}}</ref> | ||
| |] army, ] regiments, Armenian paramilitaries. | |] army, ] regiments, Armenian paramilitaries. | ||
| |Local Muslims | |Local Muslims | ||
| |During WWI the Russian army with Armenian paramilitaries launched a scorched earth policy against Muslim settlements in the ] river valley, Muslim villages were destroyed.<ref |
|During WWI the Russian army with Armenian paramilitaries launched a scorched earth policy against Muslim settlements in the ] river valley, Muslim villages were destroyed.<ref name="google176"/> | ||
| |- | |||
| |} | |} | ||
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| | 9 June - 27 August 1920 | | 9 June - 27 August 1920 | ||
| | Ortaköy, Geyve, Akhisar, Iznik | | Ortaköy, Geyve, Akhisar, Iznik | ||
| | at least hundreds or 1,520-1,620<ref>Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922, Justin McCarthy, page 323, 1995</ref> | | at least hundreds or 1,520-1,620<ref name="autogenerated323">Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922, Justin McCarthy, page 323, 1995</ref> | ||
| |Turkish irregulars | |Turkish irregulars | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |Justin McCarthy: "The following are the figures of the Armenian and/or Greek patriarchates. The British warned that they contained "exaggerations."It can be assumed that the actual numbers were lower, but that the massacres actually did take place 9 June, Ortaköy, 270, 10 July, Geyve, 500, 15 July, Akhisar, 350, 27 August, Iznik, 400-500....I have not included some fanciful statements, e.g., "Fouladjik," where 400 were supposedly hanged, or the "village" of Foundouklia," where 1,700 men were supposedly shut up in one village church and many killed, etc"<ref |
|Justin McCarthy: "The following are the figures of the Armenian and/or Greek patriarchates. The British warned that they contained "exaggerations."It can be assumed that the actual numbers were lower, but that the massacres actually did take place 9 June, Ortaköy, 270, 10 July, Geyve, 500, 15 July, Akhisar, 350, 27 August, Iznik, 400-500....I have not included some fanciful statements, e.g., "Fouladjik," where 400 were supposedly hanged, or the "village" of Foundouklia," where 1,700 men were supposedly shut up in one village church and many killed, etc"<ref name="autogenerated323"/> | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| | 1920-21 | | 1920-21 | ||
| |]/] Peninsula | |]/] Peninsula | ||
| | 5,500<ref>{{cite book|last=McNeill|first=William H.|title=Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1989|ISBN=9780199923397|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4POZH7C1AC&pg=PT225&dq=1500+survivors+yalova&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=-wmZUZ7QKciG0AX8joHYAQ&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA|quote=To protect their flanks from harassment, Greek military authorities then encouraged irregular bands of armed men to attack and destroy Turkish populations of the region they proposed to abandon. By the time the Red Crescent vessel arrived at Yalova from Constantinople in the last week of May, fourteen out of sixteen villages in that town's immediate hinterland had been destroyed, and there were only 1500 survivors from the 7000 Moslems who had been living in these communities.}}</ref>-6,500<ref>http://e-dergi.atauni.edu.tr/index.php/taed/article/view/1438/1434</ref> | | 5,500<ref>{{cite book|last=McNeill|first=William H.|title=Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1989|ISBN=9780199923397|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4POZH7C1AC&pg=PT225&dq=1500+survivors+yalova&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=-wmZUZ7QKciG0AX8joHYAQ&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA|quote=To protect their flanks from harassment, Greek military authorities then encouraged irregular bands of armed men to attack and destroy Turkish populations of the region they proposed to abandon. By the time the Red Crescent vessel arrived at Yalova from Constantinople in the last week of May, fourteen out of sixteen villages in that town's immediate hinterland had been destroyed, and there were only 1500 survivors from the 7000 Moslems who had been living in these communities.}}</ref>-6,500<ref>{{cite web|url=http://e-dergi.atauni.edu.tr/index.php/taed/article/view/1438/1434 |title=Oran Arslan |publisher=E-dergi.atauni.edu.tr |date= |accessdate=2013-06-24}}</ref> | ||
| |Greeks troops, local Greeks and Armenians | |Greeks troops, local Greeks and Armenians | ||
| |] civilians | |] civilians | ||
| Line 172: | Line 169: | ||
| | March-April 1921 | | March-April 1921 | ||
| |], ], ] | |], ], ] | ||
| | 208 killed 226 raped.<ref>http://atam.gov.tr/bilecik-ve-cevresinde-yunan-mezalimi/</ref> | | 208 killed 226 raped.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|author=DERGİ |url=http://atam.gov.tr/bilecik-ve-cevresinde-yunan-mezalimi/ |title=Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi | Bilecik ve Çevresinde Yunan Mezalimi |publisher=Atam.gov.tr |date=1917-11-06 |accessdate=2013-06-24}}</ref> | ||
| |Greeks troops, local Greeks | |Greeks troops, local Greeks | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |The town of Bilecik and crops were burned down by the retreating Greek army, local people were massacred.<ref>State-Nationalisms in the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Turkey: Benjamin C. Fortna,Stefanos Katsikas,Dimitris Kamouzis,Paraskevas Konortas, page 64, 2012</ref>Bilecik , ], ] and dozens of neighboring villages were burned or plundered by the hastily retreating Greek army, there haste limited the destruction.<ref |
|The town of Bilecik and crops were burned down by the retreating Greek army, local people were massacred.<ref>State-Nationalisms in the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Turkey: Benjamin C. Fortna,Stefanos Katsikas,Dimitris Kamouzis,Paraskevas Konortas, page 64, 2012</ref> Bilecik , ], ] and dozens of neighboring villages were burned or plundered by the hastily retreating Greek army, there haste limited the destruction.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| Line 248: | Line 245: | ||
| |] and ] Christians | |] and ] Christians | ||
| |Greeks and Armenians were massacred by Turkish forces in the aftermath of a devastating fire that destroyed their quarters in the city | |Greeks and Armenians were massacred by Turkish forces in the aftermath of a devastating fire that destroyed their quarters in the city | ||
| |- | |||
| |} | |} | ||
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| ||] | ||] | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |] said it was "one of the worst attacks involving civilians in Turkey's modern history", declaring that the scale of the attack had shocked the nation.<ref name="Blood feuds, gun violence plague Turkey's southeast">{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE5443G520090505|title=Blood feuds, gun violence plague Turkey's southeast|date=2009-05-05|accessdate=2009-05-05|publisher= |
|] said it was "one of the worst attacks involving civilians in Turkey's modern history", declaring that the scale of the attack had shocked the nation.<ref name="Blood feuds, gun violence plague Turkey's southeast">{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE5443G520090505|title=Blood feuds, gun violence plague Turkey's southeast|date=2009-05-05|accessdate=2009-05-05|publisher=Reuters}}</ref> | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |December 28, 2011 | |December 28, 2011 | ||
| |], ] | |], ] | ||
| |34<ref name=zaman1> |
|34<ref name=zaman1>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-268332-concerns-raised-about-obscuring-evidence-in-uludere-killings.html |title=Concerns raised about obscuring evidence in Uludere killings |publisher=Todayszaman.com |date=2012-01-11 |accessdate=2013-06-24}}</ref> | ||
| |] government | |] government | ||
| |] | |] | ||
Revision as of 16:38, 24 June 2013
 | This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (May 2011) |
The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Turkey and its predecessors (numbers may be approximate, as estimates vary greatly):
Ottoman Empire (till 1914)
| Name | Date | Location | Deaths | Responsible Party | Victims | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constantinople Massacre | 1821 | Constantinople | unknown | Ottoman government | Greeks | Greek Orthodox Patriarch Gregory V and other notables were executed, while local Muslims were encouraged to attack the Greek population. |
| Massacres of Badr Khan | 1840 | Hakkari | 10,000 | Kurdish Emirs of Buhtan, Hakkari Badr Khan, and Noorallah | Christians | Many who were not killed were sold into slavery |
| Hamidian massacres | 1894–1896 | Anatolia, Ottoman Empire | 100,000-300,000 | Ottoman Empire/Young Turk government | Christian Armenians and Assyrians | Many women were raped and forced into harems, and many women and children were sold as slaves |
| Massacres in Erzurum | 10/30/1895 | Erzurum | 1,500-60,000+ | Ottoman soldiers and local Muslims | Christian Armenians | Approximately 90 percent of the Armenians of Erzurum province were killed. |
| Massacres of Diyarbakir (1895) | 10/25/1895 | Diyarbakir | 3,000-25,000 | Kurdish irregulars, Ottoman governors | Christian Armenians and Assyrians | |
| Adana massacre | April 13, 1909 | Adana Vilayet | 15,000-30,000 | Ottoman Empire/Young Turk government | Armenian Christians |
World War I (1914-1918)
| Name | Date | Location | Deaths | Responsible Party | Victims | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greek genocide | 1914–1923 | various | 500,000-2,000,000 | Ottoman Empire | Greek Christians | Reports detail systematic massacres, deportations, individual killings, rapes, burning of entire Greek villages, destruction of Greek Orthodox churches and monasteries, drafts for "Labor Brigades", looting, terrorism and other atrocities |
| Assyrian genocide | 1914–1925 | Ottoman Empire | 270,000 - 750,000 | Ottoman Empire/Young Turk government | Assyrian Christians | Denied by the Turkish government |
| Armenian Genocide | 1915–1923 | various | 600,000-1,800,000 | Young Turk government | Armenian Christians | Denied by the Turkish government; is the second most studied case of genocide after the Holocaust |
| Massacres in the vilayet of Mamuretülaziz | 1915 | Harput, Vilayet of Mamuret-ul-Aziz | more than 1,700 families; at least 6,000 men | Ottoman government | Armenian Christians | Part of Armenian Genocide |
| Massacres in the Chorukh river valley | 1914-1916 | Artvin Province, Ardahan Province | 45,000 civilians | Russian army, Cossack regiments, Armenian paramilitaries. | Local Muslims | During WWI the Russian army with Armenian paramilitaries launched a scorched earth policy against Muslim settlements in the Chorukh river valley, Muslim villages were destroyed. |
Greco-Turkish War (1919-1923)
| Name | Date | Location | Deaths | Responsible Party | Victims | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greek landing at Smyrna | May 15-16, 1919 | Smyrna | 300-600 killed | Greeks | Turks | The orderly landing of the Greek army soon turned into a riot against the local Turkish population by local Greeks and Greek soldiers. Stores and houses were looted, many cases of beatings, rape, killing. Estimates for killed Greeks are between 22-32, for Turks between 300-600. |
| Menemen massacre | June 16–17, 1919 | Menemen | 100-1,000 | Greeks | Turks | |
| Battle of Aydın | June 27- July 4, 1919 | Aydın | 2,000-3,000 | Greeks&Turks | Turks&Greeks | The Greek army occupied the city which was later taken by Turkish irregulars and then again by the Greeks. This resulted in the destruction of most of the city and massacres for both sides. Killed Greeks were estimated as 1,500-2,000, Turks as 1,200-2,000. |
| Iznik-Izmit region | 9 June - 27 August 1920 | Ortaköy, Geyve, Akhisar, Iznik | at least hundreds or 1,520-1,620 | Turkish irregulars | Greeks | Justin McCarthy: "The following are the figures of the Armenian and/or Greek patriarchates. The British warned that they contained "exaggerations."It can be assumed that the actual numbers were lower, but that the massacres actually did take place 9 June, Ortaköy, 270, 10 July, Geyve, 500, 15 July, Akhisar, 350, 27 August, Iznik, 400-500....I have not included some fanciful statements, e.g., "Fouladjik," where 400 were supposedly hanged, or the "village" of Foundouklia," where 1,700 men were supposedly shut up in one village church and many killed, etc" |
| Gemlik-Yalova Peninsula Massacres | 1920-21 | Gemlik/Yalova Peninsula | 5,500-6,500 | Greeks troops, local Greeks and Armenians | Turks civilians | The perpetrators were Greek troops and local Greek and Armenian gangs, who burned down Orhangazi, Yenişehir, Armutlu. In total 27 villages were razed and their population fled. In Armutlu women were methodically raped. |
| Bilecik | March-April 1921 | Bilecik, Sögüt, Bozüyük | 208 killed 226 raped. | Greeks troops, local Greeks | Turks | The town of Bilecik and crops were burned down by the retreating Greek army, local people were massacred. Bilecik , Sögüt, Bozüyük and dozens of neighboring villages were burned or plundered by the hastily retreating Greek army, there haste limited the destruction. |
| Izmit | 24 June 1921 | Izmit | 300 | Greek troops | Turks | Up to 300 people, mostly men, were executed by Greek troops. There bodies were buried in a mass grave outside the town. Arnold J. Toynbee was a reporter who described these events in the Manchester Guardian. |
| Salihli | September 1922 | Salihli | at least 76 | Greeks | Turks | The city was burned by the retreating Greek army, 65% of the buildings were destroyed. |
| Turgutlu | September 1922 | Turgutlu | 1,000 | Greeks | Turks | The city was burned by the retreating Greek army, 90% of the buildings were destroyed,. 1,000 died. |
| Turgutlu | September 1922 | Turgutlu (former Kasaba) | 4,000 | Turks | Greeks | From 8,000 Greek civilians gathered in the town, half of them remained after the evacuation of the Greek Army. They were killed by the advancing Turkish soldiers. |
| Uşak | September 1922 | Uşak | 200 | Greeks | Turks | The city was burned by the retreating Greek army, 33% of the buildings were destroyed. |
| Akhisar | 1922 | Akhisar | 7,000 | Turkish Army | Greeks | As a result of the capture of the city by the Turkish nationalist army, all remaining local Greeks were murdered. Since then there is no Christian community in the city. |
| Alaşehir | September 1922 | Alaşehir | 3,000 | Greeks | Turks | The city was burned by the retreating Greek army. |
| Ayvalik | 1922 | Ayvalik | 2,977 | Turkish Army and paramilitaries | Greeks | The remaining Greek population, apart from 23 persons, was murdered. |
| Catastrophe of Smyrna | September 13–22, 1922 | Smyrna | 10,000-100,000 | Turkish forces | Greek and Armenian Christians | Greeks and Armenians were massacred by Turkish forces in the aftermath of a devastating fire that destroyed their quarters in the city |
Republic of Turkey (1923-present)
| Name | Date | Location | Deaths | Responsible Party | Victims | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zilan massacre | July 1930 | Van Province | 4,500-47,000 | Turkish security forces | Sunni Kurds | 5,000 women, children, and the elderly were reportedly killed |
| Dersim Massacre | Summer 1937-Spring 1938 | Tunceli Province | 13,806-70,000 | Turkish security forces | Alevi Zazas | The killings have been condemned by some as an ethnocide or genocide |
| Istanbul Pogrom | 6–7 September 1955 | Istanbul, Izmir | 13-30 | Turkish government | Greek and Armenian Christians, Jews | The killings are identified as genocidal by Alfred-Maurice de Zayas. Many of the minorities, mostly Greek Christians, forced to leave Turkey. Several churches are demolished by explosives. |
| Taksim Square massacre | May 1, 1977 | Taksim Square in Istanbul | 34-42 | Turkish government | Leftist demonstrators | |
| Bahçelievler massacre | October 9, 1978 | Bahçelievler, Ankara | 7 | Neo-fascists | Leftist students | |
| Maraş Massacre | December 19–26, 1978 | Kahramanmaraş Province | 109 | Grey Wolves | Alevi Kurds | |
| Çorum Massacre | May–July, 1980 | Çorum Province | 57 | Grey Wolves | Alevi Turks | |
| Sivas massacre | July 2, 1993 | Sivas, Turkey | 37 | Islamists | Alevi intellectuals | |
| Gazi Quarter massacre | March 15, 1995 | Istanbul and Ankara | 23 | Turkish government | Alevi Turks | More than 400 injured |
| Mardin engagement ceremony massacre | May 4, 2009 | Bilge, Mardin | 44 | Kurds | Kurds | Reuters said it was "one of the worst attacks involving civilians in Turkey's modern history", declaring that the scale of the attack had shocked the nation. |
| Uludere massacre | December 28, 2011 | Uludere, Sirnak | 34 | Turkish government | Kurds |
Gallery
-
Aftermath of the massacres at Erzurum
-
An Armenian town left pillaged and destroyed, during the Adana massacre
-
Photo taken after the Smyrna fire. The text inside indicates that the photo had been taken by representatives of the Red Cross in Smyrna
-
Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field "within sight of help and safety at Aleppo"
References
- Gaunt & Beṯ-Şawoce 2006, p. 32 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGauntBeṯ-Şawoce2006 (help)
- Akçam, Taner. A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006, p. 42. ISBN 0-8050-7932-7.
- Erzerum, The Nuttall Encyclopædia, http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Wood-NuttallEncyclopaedia/e/erzerum.html
- The Parliamentary Debates - Page 39 by Great Britain Parliament, Great Britain
- ^ British Diplomacy and the Armenian Question, Arman Dzhonovich Kirakosian, page 260, 2003
- MASSACRE OF CHRISTIANS. - Washington Post (1877-1954) - Washington, D.C.
- Hewsen. "Summit of the Earth", p. 60.
- de Courtois 2004, p. 105 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFde_Courtois2004 (help)
- Angold, Michael (2006), O’Mahony, Anthony (ed.), Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5, Eastern Christianity, Cambridge University Press, p. 512, ISBN 978-0521811132
- Akcam, Taner. A Shameful Act. 2006, page 69–70: "fifteen to twenty thousand Armenians were killed"
- "30,000 KILLED IN MASSACRES". The New York Times. April 25, 1909.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views By Samuel. Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny
- IAGS Resolution on Genocides committed by the Ottoman Empire retrieved via the Internet Archive (PDF), International Association of Genocide Scholars, archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-28
- "Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament — full text containing the IAGS resolution and the Swedish Parliament resolution from". news.am. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
- Gaunt, David. Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006.
- Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820.
- The New York Times Advanced search engine for article and headline archives (subscription necessary for viewing article content).
- Alexander Westwood and Darren O'Brien, Selected bylines and letters from The New York Times, The Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 2006
- Travis, Hannibal. "'Native Christians Massacred': The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I." Genocide Studies and Prevention, Vol. 1, No. 3, December 2006, pp. 327–371. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
- Armenia: The Survival of A Nation by Christopher J. Walker, Croom Helm (Publisher) London 1980, pp. 200-203
- ^ Gerwarth, Robert; Horne, John (2012). War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe After the Great War. Oxford University Press. p. 176. ISBN 9780199654918.
- ^ Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922, Justin McCarthy, page 323, 1995
- McNeill, William H. (1989). Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199923397.
To protect their flanks from harassment, Greek military authorities then encouraged irregular bands of armed men to attack and destroy Turkish populations of the region they proposed to abandon. By the time the Red Crescent vessel arrived at Yalova from Constantinople in the last week of May, fourteen out of sixteen villages in that town's immediate hinterland had been destroyed, and there were only 1500 survivors from the 7000 Moslems who had been living in these communities.
- "Oran Arslan". E-dergi.atauni.edu.tr. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
- Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 111-112, 2009
- ^ DERGİ (1917-11-06). "Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi | Bilecik ve Çevresinde Yunan Mezalimi". Atam.gov.tr. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
- State-Nationalisms in the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Turkey: Benjamin C. Fortna,Stefanos Katsikas,Dimitris Kamouzis,Paraskevas Konortas, page 64, 2012
- Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 112, 2009
- Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 112, 2009
- The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 132. Atlantic Monthly Co. 1923. p. 829.
Two thirds of Salihli, with a population of 10,000, only a tenth of whom were Greeks, had been burned over, seventy-six people were known to have burned to death, and a hundred young girls were said to have been taken away by Greek
- ^ U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park to Secretary of State, Smyrna, 11 April 1923. US archives US767.68116/34
- ^ Μπουμπουγιατζή, Ευαγγελία (2009). "Οι διωγμοί των Ελλήνων της Ιωνίας 1914-1922". University of Western Macedonia: 384. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
Από τους 8.000 Έλληνες οι μισοί δεν είχαν διαφύγει με τα ελληνικά στρατεύματα, με αποτέλεσμα να εξοντωθούν από τα κεμαλικά
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Adıvar, Halide Edib (1928). The Turkish Ordeal: Being the Further Memoirs of Halidé Edib. Century Company, University of Virginia. p. 363.
- ^ Jonsson, David J. (2005). The clash of ideologies : the making of the Christian and Islamic worlds. : Xulon Press. p. 316. ISBN 9781597810395.
- Mango, Atatürk, p. 343.
- ^ Clark, Bruce (2006). Twice a stranger : the mass expulsion that forged modern Greece and Turkey. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780674023680.
- Rudolph J. Rummel, Irving Louis Horowitz (1994). "Turkey's Genocidal Purges". Death by Government. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56000-927-6.
{{cite book}}: Check|first=value (help), p. 233. - Naimark. Fires of Hatred, pp. 47-52.
- M. Kalman, Belge, tanık ve yaşayanlarıyla Ağrı Direnişi 1926-1930, Pêrî Yayınları, İstanbul, 1997, ISBN 978-975-8245-01-7, p. 105. Template:Tr icon
- Ahmet Kahraman, ibid, pp. 207-208. Template:Tr icon
- "Dersim massacre monument to open next month". Today's Zaman. 24 October 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
- The Suppression of the Dersim Rebellion in Turkey (1937-38) Excerpts from: Martin van Bruinessen, "Genocide in Kurdistan? The suppression of the Dersim rebellion in Turkey (1937-38) and the chemical war against the Iraqi Kurds (1988)", in: George J. Andreopoulos (ed), Conceptual and historical dimensions of genocide. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994, pp. 141-170.
- İsmail Besikçi, Tunceli Kanunu (1935) ve Dersim Jenosidi, Belge Yayınları, 1990.
- Λιμπιτσιούνη, Ανθή Γ. "Το πλέγμα των ελληνοτουρκικών σχέσεων και η ελληνική μειονότητα στην Τουρκία, οι Έλληνες της Κωνσταντινούπολης της Ίμβρου και της Τενέδου" (PDF). University of Thessaloniki. p. 29.
- Alfred de Zayas publication about the Istanbul Pogrom http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/865v4835x83m3757/
- Özcan, Emine (2006-04-28). "1977 1 Mayıs Katliamı Aydınlatılsın". bianet (in Turkish).
- Mavioglu, Ertugrul (2007-05-02). "30 yıl sonra kanlı 1 Mayıs (4)". Radikal (in Turkish).
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Yalçın, Soner (1997). "The Bahcelievler Massacre". Reis: Gladio’nun Türk Tetikçisi. Su Yayinlari.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ A modern history of the Kurds, By David McDowall, page 415, at Google Books
- Cüneyt Arcayürek: Darbeler ve Gizli Servisler, (Sayfa.221)
- "Turkey commemorates 15th anniversary of Sivas massacre". Hürriyet. 2008-07-02. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
- ^ "Ergenekon zanlısı, Gazi mahallesi provokatörü çıktı -". Star Gazete (in Turkish). 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
- "Reuters article" Reuters. Retrieved 4 May 2009
- "Blood feuds, gun violence plague Turkey's southeast". Reuters. 2009-05-05. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- "Concerns raised about obscuring evidence in Uludere killings". Todayszaman.com. 2012-01-11. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
