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==Residence times==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" align="right"
|+ '''Average reservoir residence times'''
! style="text-align:left" | Reservoir || Average residence time
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Oceans
|3,200 years
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Glaciers
|20 to 100 years
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Seasonal snow cover
|2 to 6 months
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Soil moisture
|1 to 2 months
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Groundwater: shallow
|100 to 200 years
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Groundwater: deep
|10,000 years
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Lakes
|50 to 100 years
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Rivers
|2 to 6 months
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Atmosphere
|9 days
|}


The '''residence time''' is the average time a water molecule will spend in a reservoir. It is a measure of the average age of the water in that reservoir, though some water will spend much less time than average, and some much more. Groundwater can spend over 10,000 years beneath Earth's surface before leaving. Particularly old groundwater is called ]. Water stored in the soil remains there very briefly, because it is spread thinly across the Earth, and is readily lost by evaporation, transpiration, stream flow, or groundwater recharge. After evaporating, water remains in the atmosphere for about 9 days before condensing and falling to the Earth as precipitation.

(''See the adjacent table for residence times for the other reservoirs.'')

Residence times can be estimated in two ways. The more common method relies on ], and may be expressed by the following equation:

<!--
Larger equation is so desired:
<math>\mbox{Residence time} = \frac{\mbox{Volume of reservoir}}{\mathrm{Rate} \mbox{ } \mathrm{water is added to reservoir}}</math>
-->
<math>\mathrm{Residence} \mbox{ } \mathrm{time} =\begin{matrix} \frac{\mathrm{Volume} \mbox{ } \mathrm{of} \mbox{ } \mathrm{reservoir}}{\mathrm{Rate} \mbox{ } \mathrm{water} \mbox{ } \mathrm{is} \mbox{ } \mathrm{added} \mbox{ } \mathrm{to} \mbox{ } \mathrm{reservoir}} \end{matrix}</math>

An alternative method, gaining in popularity particularly for dating groundwater, is the use of isotopic techniques. This is done in the subfield of ].

'''Example: Calculating the residence time of the oceans'''

As an example of how the residence time is calculated, consider the oceans. The volume of the oceans is roughly 1,370{{e|6}}&nbsp;km³. Precipitation over the oceans is about 0.398{{e|6}}&nbsp;km³/year and the flow of water to the oceans from rivers and groundwater is about 0.036{{e|6}}&nbsp;km³/year. By dividing the total volume of the oceans by the rate of water added (in units of volume over time) we obtain the residence time of 3,200 years&mdash;the average time it takes a water molecule that reaches an ocean to evaporate.

<math>\mbox{Residence time }|\mbox{ ocean} = \frac{1370 \times 10^6 \mbox{ km}^3}{(0.398 + 0.036) \times 10^6 \mbox{ km}^3/\mbox{year}} = 3200 \mbox{ years}</math>

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==Climate regulation== ==Climate regulation==

Revision as of 09:53, 2 June 2006

The movement of water around, over, and through the Earth is called the water cycle.

The water cycle — technically known as the hydrologic cycle — is the continuous circulation of water within the Earth's hydrosphere, and is driven by solar radiation. This includes the atmosphere, land, surface water and groundwater. As water moves through the cycle, it changes state between liquid, solid, and gas phases. Water moves from compartment to compartment, such as from river to ocean, by the physical processes of evaporation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and subsurface flow. Movement of water within the water cycle is the subject of the field of hydrology.

Movement of water within the water cycle

There is no definable start or finish to the water cycle. Water molecules move continuously among different compartments, or reservoirs, of the Earth's hydrosphere, by different physical processes. Water evaporates from the oceans, forms clouds, which precipitate and the water falls back to Earth. However, water does not necessarily cycle through each compartment in order. Before reaching the ocean, water may have evaporated, condensed, precipitated, and become runoff multiple times.

Explanation of the Water Cycle.

The water cycle is the process that all water takes. It includes precipitation which is the falling of water in any form to earth, infiltration which is the process in which water is absorbed into the soil (it may also flow off the surface called surface run off)evaporation or transpiration which is either when water is heated and turns into water vapour or when plants use the water and give it off as water vapour, condensation which is when the water vapour cools and forms clouds. This process is then repeated over and over again.



Reservoirs

Volume of water stored in
the water cycle's reservoirs
Reservoir Volume of water
(10 km³)		 Percent
of total
Oceans 1370 97.25
Ice caps & glaciers 29 2.05
Groundwater 9.5 0.68
Lakes 0.125 0.01
Soil moisture 0.065 0.005
Atmosphere 0.013 0.001
Streams & rivers 0.0017 0.0001
Biosphere 0.0006 0.00004

In the context of the water cycle, a reservoir represents the water contained in different steps within the cycle. The largest reservoir is the collection of oceans, accounting for 97% of the Earth's water. The next largest quantity (2%) is stored in solid form in the ice caps and glaciers. The water contained within all living organisms represents the smallest reservoir.

The volume of water in the fresh water reservoirs, particularly those that are available for human use, are important water resources.



Climate regulation

The water cycle is powered from solar energy. 86% of the global evaporation occurs from the oceans, reducing their temperature by evaporative cooling. Without the cooling effect of evaporation the greenhouse effect would lead to a much higher surface temperature of 67 degrees C, and a warmer planet.

Most of the solar energy warms tropical seas. After evaporating, water vapour rises into the atmosphere and is carried by winds away from the tropics. Most of this vapour condenses as rain in the ITCZ, releasing latent heat that warms the air. This in turn drives the atmospheric circulation.

Changes in the water cycle

Over the past century the water cycle has become more intense, with the rates of evaporation and precipitation both increasing. This is an expected outcome of global warming, as higher temperatures increase the rate of evaporation.

Glacial retreat is also an example of a changing water cycle, where the supply of water to glaciers from precipitation cannot keep up with the loss of water from melting and sublimation. Glacial retreat since 1850 has been extensive.

Human activities that alter the water cycle include:

Biogeochemical cycles

The water cycle is biogeochemical cycle. Other notable cycles are the carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle.

As water flows over and beneath the Earth it picks up and transports soil and other sediment, mineral salt and other dissolved chemicals, and pollutants. The oceans are saline because of the movement of mineral salt from the land by the runoff of water, but which remains in the oceans as water evaporates.

External links

Biogeochemical cycles
Cycles
Research groups
Related topics
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