| Revision as of 05:01, 6 August 2013 view sourceWikiain (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users10,382 edits Reverted good faith edits by 59.167.203.103 (talk): Colonisation began in 1788; this term may have been introduced much later, but the date needs a ref. (TW)← Previous edit | Revision as of 23:49, 8 August 2013 view source 203.24.9.99 (talk) ←Replaced content with 'I hate aboriginals'Tag: blankingNext edit → | ||
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| {{About|a specific class of people in Australian law|more general information|Indigenous Australians}} | |||
| {{Use Australian English|date=October 2011}} | |||
| {{infobox ethnic group | |||
| |group = Aboriginal Australians | |||
| ] | |||
| |image= {{image array|perrow=3 | |||
| | image1 = Semi-Transparent.png | caption1 = ] | |||
| | image2 = David Gulpilil.jpg | caption2 = ] | |||
| | image3 = Oodgeroo Noonuccal 1975.jpg | caption3 = ] | |||
| | image4 = David Unaipon.jpg | caption4 = ] | |||
| | image5 = Anthony Mundine.jpg | caption5 = ] | |||
| | image6 = Trugannini 1866.jpg | caption6 = ] | |||
| | image7 = Windradyne, Aust. Aboriginal warrior from the Wiradjuri.jpg | caption7 = ] | |||
| | image8 = Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu in Nov 2012.jpg | caption8 = ] | |||
| | image9 = Namatjira govt house sydney.jpg | caption9 = ] | |||
| }} | |||
| |population = 517,000 (2006)<ref>, ].</ref><br />3% of Australia's population (2011)<ref>. Theage.com.au. Retrieved on 2013-07-16.</ref> | |||
| |region1 = {{flag|Northern Territory}} | |||
| |pop1 = 32.5% | |||
| |ref1 = | |||
| |region2 = {{flag|Western Australia}} | |||
| |pop2 = 4.0% | |||
| |ref2 = | |||
| |region3 = {{flag|Queensland}} | |||
| |pop3 = 3.6% | |||
| |ref3 = | |||
| |region4 = {{flag|New South Wales}} | |||
| |pop4 = 2.5% | |||
| |ref4 = | |||
| |region5 = {{flag|South Australia}} | |||
| |pop5 = 2.3% | |||
| |region6 = {{flag|Victoria}} | |||
| |pop6 = 1.0% | |||
| |rels = Mixture of ], small numbers of other religions, various locally indigenous religions grounded in ] | |||
| |langs = Several hundred ], many no longer spoken, ], ], ] | |||
| |related = ''see'' ] | |||
| }} | |||
| ]]] | |||
| '''Aboriginal Australians''', also referred to as Aboriginals, are people whose ancestors were ] to the ]{{mdash}} that is, to mainland Australia or to the island of ]{{mdash}}before British colonisation of the continent began in 1788. Since 1995, the ] (right), designed in 1971 by the Aboriginal artist ], has been one of the official "Flags of Australia" under section 5 of the '']''.<ref> – statusquo.org. Retrieved 22 November 2011.</ref> About 20% of land in Northern Australia (], ] and ]) is now Aboriginal-owned.<ref>. EnviroNorth. Retrieved on 2013-07-16.</ref> | |||
| ==Legal and administrative definitions== | |||
| The category "Aboriginal Australians" was coined by the British after they began colonising Australia in 1788, to refer collectively to all peoples they found already inhabiting the continent, and later to the descendants of any of those peoples. Until the 1980s, the sole legal and administrative criterion for inclusion in this category was race. | |||
| <blockquote>In the era of colonial and post-colonial government, access to basic human rights depended upon your race. If you were a "full blooded Aboriginal native ... any person apparently having an admixture of Aboriginal blood", a half-caste being the "offspring of an Aboriginal mother and other than Aboriginal father" (but not of an Aboriginal father and other than Aboriginal mother), a "]", or had a "strain" of Aboriginal blood you were forced to live on Reserves or Missions, work for rations, given minimal education, and needed governmental approval to marry, visit relatives or use electrical appliances.<ref name="QUT01"> Accessed 22 November 2011.</ref></blockquote> | |||
| This racial litmus test was assumed in the two references to Aboriginal people that used to exist in the ]. ] gave the Commonwealth parliament power to legislate with respect to "the people of any race" throughout the Commonwealth, except for the people of "the aboriginal race," who were subject to—and only to—the laws of the particular state in which they lived. Section 127 provided that "aboriginal natives shall not be counted" in reckoning the size of the population. After both of these references were removed by a ], there was no longer any explicit reference to Aboriginal peoples in the Australian Constitution. Since that time, there have been a number of proposals to amend the constitution to specifically mention Indigenous Australians.<ref>Gooda, Mick. – smh.com.au. Published 9 July 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2011.</ref><ref>Karvelas, Patricia. – theaustralian.com.au. Published 5 February 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2011.</ref> | |||
| The change to Section 51(xxvi) gave the Commonwealth parliament the power to make laws specifically with respect to Aboriginal peoples as a "race". In the ] of 1983, the ] was asked to determine whether Commonwealth legislation whose application could relate to Aboriginal people{{mdash}}parts of the World Heritage Properties Conservation Act 1983 (Cth) as well as related legislation{{mdash}}was supported by Section 51(xxvi) in its new form. The case concerned an application of that legislation that would preserve cultural heritage of Aboriginal Tasmanians. It was held that Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, together or separately, and any part of either, could be regarded as a "race" for this purpose. As to the criteria for identifying a person as a member of such a "race", the definition by ] has become accepted as current law.<ref name="QUT01" /> Deane J said: | |||
| <blockquote>It is unnecessary, for the purposes of the present case, to consider the meaning to be given to the phrase "people of any race" in s. 51(xxvi). Plainly, the words have a wide and non-technical meaning . The phrase is, in my view, apposite to refer to all Australian Aboriginals collectively. Any doubt, which might otherwise exist in that regard, is removed by reference to the wording of par. (xxvi) in its original form. The phrase is also apposite to refer to any identifiable racial sub-group among Australian Aboriginals. By "Australian Aboriginal" I mean, in accordance with what I understand to be the conventional meaning of that term, a person of Aboriginal descent, albeit mixed, who identifies himself as such and who is recognised by the Aboriginal community as an Aboriginal.<ref name="158CLR">Deane J in ''] (Tasmanian Dam Case)'' (1983) 158 CLR 1 at 273-274.</ref></blockquote> | |||
| While Deane's three-part definition reaches beyond the biological criterion, it has been criticised as continuing to accept the biological criterion as primary.<ref name="QUT01" /> It has been found difficult to apply, both in each of its parts and as to the relations among the parts; biological "descent" has been a fall-back criterion.<ref> FCA 285; (], Full Court). The outcome was to fix the Queensland government with responsibility for an "Aboriginal" death in custody, when the deceased was of Aboriginal descent but had himself denied being of Aboriginal identity.</ref> | |||
| ==Definitions from Aboriginal Australians== | |||
| Eve Fesl, a ] woman, wrote in the ''Aboriginal Law Bulletin'' describing how she and other Aboriginal people preferred to be identified: | |||
| {{quote|The word 'aborigine' refers to an indigenous person of any country. If it is to be used to refer to us as a specific group of people, it should be spelt with a capital 'A', i.e. 'Aborigine'.<ref name="Fesi01"> Accessed 19 August 2011.</ref>}} | |||
| While the term 'indigenous' is being more commonly used by Australian Government and non-Government organisations to describe Aboriginal Australians, ], commenting on the prospect of possible amendments to ], was reported as saying: | |||
| {{quote|I really can't tell you of a time when 'indigenous' became current, but I personally have an objection to it, and so do many other Aboriginal and ] people. This has just really crept up on us ... like thieves in the night. We are very happy with our involvement with indigenous people around the world, on the international forum because they're our brothers and sisters. But we do object to it being used here in Australia.<ref name=theage2010-04-12>{{cite news |title=Don't call me indigenous: Lowitja |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/dont-call-me-indigenous-lowitja/2008/05/01/1209235051400.html |agency=Australian Associated Press |newspaper=The Age |location=Melbourne |date=1 May 2008 |accessdate=12 April 2010}}</ref>}} | |||
| O'Donoghue went on to say that the term ''indigenous'' robbed the traditional owners of Australia of an identity because some non-Aboriginal people now wanted to refer to themselves as indigenous because they were born there.<ref name=theage2010-04-12 /> | |||
| ==Definitions from academia== | |||
| Dean of Indigenous Research and Education at ], Professor MaryAnn Bin-Sallik, has publicly lectured on the ways Aboriginal Australians have been categorised and labelled over time. Her lecture offered a new perspective on the terms ''urban'', ''traditional'' and ''of Indigenous descent'' as used to define and categorise Aboriginal Australians. She said: | |||
| {{quote|Not only are these categories inappropriate, they serve to divide us. Government's insistence on categorising us with modern words like 'urban', 'traditional' and 'of Aboriginal descent' are really only replacing old terms 'half-caste' and 'full-blood' – based on our colouring.<ref name="CDU"> Accessed 13 May 2008.</ref>}} | |||
| She called for a replacement of this terminology by that of "Aborigine" or "Torres Strait Islander"—"irrespective of hue".<ref name="CDU" /> | |||
| ==Origins== | |||
| {{see also|History of Indigenous Australians}} | |||
| The origin of Aboriginal peoples in Australia has been the subject of intense speculation since the nineteenth century. Until recently{{when|date=May 2013}}, no theory of migration had gained wide acceptance. Genetic studies had shown the Aboriginal peoples to be related much more closely to each other than to any peoples outside Australia, but scholars had disagreed whether their closest kin outside Australia were certain South Asian groups, or instead, certain African groups. The latter would imply a migration pattern in which their ancestors passed through South Asia to Australia without intermingling genetically with other populations along the way.<ref>{{cite book|title=An introduction to Aboriginal societies|author=Edwards, W H|publisher=Social Science Press|year=2004|edition=2nd|page=2|isbn=978-1-876633-89-9}}</ref> A 2009 genetic study in India found similarities among Indian archaic populations and Aboriginal people, indicating a Southern migration route, with expanding populations from Southeast Asia migrating to Indonesia and Australia. | |||
| In a genetic study in 2011, researchers found evidence, in DNA samples taken from strands of Aboriginal people's hair, that the ancestors of the Aboriginal population split off from the ancestors of the European and Asian populations between 62,000 and 75,000 years ago—roughly 24,000 years before the European and Asian populations split off from each other. These Aboriginal ancestors migrated into South Asia and then into Australia, where they stayed, with the result that, outside of Africa, the Aboriginal peoples have occupied the same territory continuously longer than any other human populations. | |||
| These findings suggest that modern Aboriginal peoples are the direct descendants of migrants who arrived around 50,000 years ago.<ref>An Aboriginal Australian genome reveals separate human dispersals into Asia. | |||
| Morten Rasmussen, Xiaosen Guo, Yong Wang, Kirk E. Lohmueller, Simon Rasmussen, Anders Albrechtsen, Line Skotte, Stinus Lindgreen, Mait Metspalu, Thibaut Jombart,Science. 2011 October 7; 334(6052): 94–98. Published online 2011 September 22. doi: 10.1126/science.1211177</ref> This finding is supported by earlier ] finds of human remains near ] that date to 45,000 years ago. The same genetic study of 2011 found evidence that Aboriginal peoples carry some of the genes associated with the ] peoples of Asia; the study suggests that there is an increase in allele sharing between the Denisovans and the Aboriginal Australians genome compared to other Eurasians and Africans. The Papuans have more sharing alleles than Aboriginal peoples. The data suggests that modern and archaic humans interbred in Asia before the migration to Australia.<ref name="Callaway.">{{Citation |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110922/full/news.2011.551.html |title=First Aboriginal genome sequenced |publisher=] |date=22 September 2011 |first=Ewen |last=Callaway}}</ref> | |||
| ==Groups of Aboriginal Australians== | |||
| {{Main|List of Indigenous Australian group names}} | |||
| Dispersing across the Australian continent over time, the ancient peoples expanded and differentiated into hundreds of distinct groups, each with its own language and culture.<ref name="] 1997">Lourandos, Harry (1997) "New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory," Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom. ISBN 0-521-35946-5.</ref> More than 400 distinct Australian Aboriginal ] have been identified across the continent, distinguished by unique names designating their ] languages, dialects, or distinctive speech patterns.<ref>Horton, David (1994) ''],'' Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra. ISBN 0-85575-234-3.</ref> Historically, these groups lived in three main cultural areas, known as the Northern, Southern, and Central cultural areas. The Northern and Southern areas, having richer natural marine and woodland resources, were more densely populated than the less resource-rich Central area.<ref name="] 1997" /> | |||
| ==Other names used by Australian Aboriginal people== | |||
| There are a number of other names from ] commonly used to identify groups based on ], including: | |||
| * Bama in north-east Queensland | |||
| *] (or Koorie or Goori or Goorie) in ] and ] | |||
| *] in southern ] | |||
| *] in southern ] | |||
| *] in southern ] | |||
| *] in northern South Australia, and neighbouring parts of Western Australia and ] | |||
| *] (or Pallawah) in ]. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{portal|Aboriginal}} | |||
| *] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{refimprove|date=May 2009}} | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| {{Ethnic groups in Australia}} | |||
| {{Indigenous Australians}} | |||
| {{Indigenous peoples by continent}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 23:49, 8 August 2013
I hate aboriginals