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| == History == | == History == | ||
| According to the most widespread (including Ukraine itself) academic version, the name Ukraine derived from the ] word ''ukraina'' ("оукраина") which had the meaning "borderland" or "]" and was used for different border regions of the ]. The etymology of the word Ukraine is seen this way among Russian<ref>Vasmer Etymological Dictionary</ref> and the most influential Ukrainian and Western historians such as ]<ref>Orest Subtelny. Ukraine: A History. University of Toronto Press, 1988</ref>, ]<ref>A History of Ukraine. University of Toronto Press, 1996 ISBN 0-8020-0830-5</ref>, ]<ref>From Kievan Rus' to modern Ukraine: Formation of the Ukrainian nation (with Mykhailo Hrushevski and John Stephen Reshetar). Cambridge, Mass.: Ukrainian Studies Fund, Harvard University, 1984.</ref>, ]<ref>Грушевський М. Історія України-Руси. Том II. Розділ V. Стор. 4</ref>, ]<ref></ref>, ]<ref>Толочко П. П. «От Руси к Украине» («Від Русі до України». 1997</ref> and others. It's supported by the ]<ref></ref> and the Etymological dictionary of the Ukrainian language<ref>Етимологічний словник української мови: У 7 т. / Редкол. О. С. Мельничук (голов. ред.) та ін. — К.: Наук. думка, 1983 — Т. 6: У — Я / Уклад.: Г. П. Півторак та ін. — 2012. — 568 с. ISBN 978-966-00-0197-8.</ref>. | |||
| The oldest mention of the word ukraina dates back to the year ]. In connection with the death of the ], the ruler of ] which was Kiev's southern shield against the ], the ] says “ukraina groaned for him”, {{Slavonic|ѡ нем же оукраина много постона}} (''o nem že ukraina mnogo postona'').<ref>''] '', published online at ''Izbornyk'', .</ref> In the following decased and centuries this term was applied to different border principalities of Rus' without a specific geographic fixation: ], ], ] etc.<ref name="Пономарёв">Пономарьов А. П. Етнічність та етнічна історія України: Курс лекцій.—К.: Либідь, 1996.— 272 с.: іл. І8ВМ 5-325-00615-0.</ref>{{rp|183}}<ref name="Острась"></ref><ref name="Гайда">Гайда Ф. А. // ]. 2011. № 1, доступ к тексту: </ref> | |||
| The word ''ukraina'' is first recorded in the fifteenth-century ] — a copy of the twelfth and thirteenth-century ] — whose 1187 entry on the death of Prince ] (aka Volodymyr/Vladimir Monomakh) says “ukraina groaned for him”, {{Slavonic|ѡ нем же оукраина много постона}} (''o nem že ukraina mnogo postona'').<ref>''] '', published online at ''Izbornyk'', .</ref> The term is also mentioned for the years 1189, 1213, 1280, and 1282 for various East Slavic lands (for example, ] etc.),<ref>'']'', published online at ''Izbornyk'', , {{Slavonic|И еха и Смоленьска в борзѣ и приѣхавшю же емоу ко Оукраинѣ Галичькои }} (''I exa i Smolen’ska v borzě i priěxavšju že emu ko Ukraině Galičkoi ''), , {{Slavonic|и всю Оукраиноу}} (''i vsju Ukrainu''), , {{Slavonic|города на Въкраини }} (''goroda na Vъkraini ''), , {{Slavonic|село на Въкраиници именемь Воинь}}, (''selo na Vъkrainici Imenem’ Voin’'').</ref> possibly referring to different borderlands (Vasmer 1953–1958, Rudnyc’kyj and Sychynskyj 1949) or to different principalities of ] (cf. Skljarenko 1991, Pivtorak 1998), therefore the 'Ukrayina'/'Ukraina' could be construed to demarcate areas 'within the borders' of ]'. | |||
| In the sixteenth century, both ] and ] sources used the word ''Ukraina'' with specific reference to the large south-eastern ], including the voivodships of ] after 1569 and ] after 1619. | |||
| Seventeenth-century ] used the term in a more poetic sense, to refer to their 'fatherland'. Western cartographers, including ] and ], drew maps of "Ukraine" as the "land of the Cossacks". But the name seems to have been in common use when the Swedish army entered ] in October 1708. The Swedish officers wrote in their diaries that the ] was the border between ] and ''Ukranien'', and further "the city of Baturin, that was the capital of ''Okranien'' and Field Marshal Matzeppa's residence" and when ] entered the Swedish headquarters he brought some "distinguished Ukrainian cossacks".<ref>Peter Englund (ed): ''Minnet av Poltava. Ögonvittnesskildringar från Karl XII:s ryska fälttåg''. Atlantis 1998.</ref> | |||
| After the decline of the ], the word fell into disuse. The Cossack state became the autonomous ] owing fealty to Muscovy, and eventually became the ] ] of ] (''Malorossija''). The name ''Ukraine'' stuck to the Cossack territories near ], alternatively known as the ]. | |||
| ]'', meaning ''outskirts'' or ''borderlands'', was first used to define the ] eastern frontier. The borderlands referred to the eastern frontiers of the ].</ref> under ] of Poland]] | ]'', meaning ''outskirts'' or ''borderlands'', was first used to define the ] eastern frontier. The borderlands referred to the eastern frontiers of the ].</ref> under ] of Poland]] | ||
| As ] tells, after the South-Western Rus' was subordinated to the ] in 1569, a part of its territory from eastern ] to ] became the inofficial name Ukraina due to its border function to the nomadic Tatar world in the south.<ref>Украина // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона: В 86 томах (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907.</ref> The Polish chronist ] who wrote about the ] in 1660 explained the word Ukraine as the land located at the edge of the Polish kingdom.<ref>«Margo enim polonice kray; inde Ukrajna, quasi provincia ad fines regni posita».</ref> This way, in the course of the 16th-18th centuries Ukraine became a concrete geographic name among other historic regions such as ], ], or ]. It was used for the middle Dnieper territory controlled by the ].<ref name="Пономарёв" />{{rp|184}}<ref name="Острась" />. The people of Ukraina were called Ukrainians (''українці, українники'')ref>Русина О. В. Україна під татарами і Литвою. — Київ: Видавничий дім «Альтернативи», 1998. — С. 278.</ref>. This term had no ethnical meaning since it was also used for the Polish soldiers who were on duty in this territory<ref name="Гайда">Гайда Ф. А. // ]. 2011. № 1, доступ к тексту: </ref>. Later, the term Ukraine was used for the ] lands on both sides of the Dnieper although it didn't become the official name of the state<ref name="Острась" />. | |||
| From the 18th century on, the term Ukraine becomes equally well-known in the ] as the official and ecclesiastic term ].<ref name="Пономарёв" />{{rp|183-184}} With the growth of national self-consciosness the significance of the term rose and it was perceived not only as a geographic but also as an ethnic name. In the 1830s, ] and his ] in Kiev started to use the name ''Ukrainians'' (''Ukrajinci''). Their work was suppressed by Russian authorities, and associates including ] were sent into internal exile, but the idea gained acceptance. It was also taken up by ] and the ''Khlopomany'' ('peasant-lovers'), former Polish gentry in Eastern Ukraine, and later by the 'Ukrainophiles' in Galicia, including ]. The evolution of the meaning became particularily obvious at the end of the 19th century<ref name="Пономарёв" />{{rp|186}}. At the turn to the 20th century the term Ukraine became independent and self-sufficient, pushing aside regional self-definitions<ref name="Пономарёв" />{{rp|186}} In the course of the ] between the Little Russian and the Ukrainian identitites it challenged the traditional term Little Russia ("Малороссия") and finally defeated it in the ] during the ] policy of ] and ].<ref name="2ident">] // Отечественные записки. — № 34 (1) 2007. С. 84-96</ref><ref>Martin T. The Affirmative Action Empire. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001</ref>. | |||
| During the nineteenth century a cultural and political debate arose among Ukrainians and others about their national status, in both Imperial Russia and Austro-Hungarian ]. The ']', who saw Moscow and St. Petersburg as the centres of East Slavic culture considered themselves ethnic Little Russians (''Malorossy''), part of the "Russian" (i.e. ]) people. The 'Old Ruthenians' in Galicia saw themselves as inheritors of the heritage of Kievan Rus’ through the ]. They stuck to the traditional self-appellation ] (''Rusyny'', as opposed to ''Russkije'' 'Russians', both words being ]). | |||
| However, others saw themselves as an independent nation of East Slavs, south of Russia and stretching between Poland and the Caucasus. In the 1830s, ] and his ] in Kiev started to use the name ''Ukrainians'' (''Ukrajinci''). Their work was suppressed by Russian authorities, and associates including ] were sent into internal exile, but the idea gained acceptance. It was also taken up by ] and the ''Khlopomany'' ('peasant-lovers'), former Polish gentry in Eastern Ukraine, and later by the 'Ukrainophiles' in Galicia, including ]. By the beginning of the twentieth century, ''Ukrajina'' superseded ''Malorossija'' in popularity and came to be applied to the whole of modern-day Ukraine, minus the ]. | |||
| After the ], the word ''ukraina'' finally became a country name by being applied to a specific geographic territory. The ] (later incorporating the ]), the ] under Skoropadsky's Hetmanate, and the Bolshevik Party which created the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic by 1920 (helping found the ] in 1922, and renamed ], transposing the second and third word, in 1936), each named their state ''Ukraine''. In 1991, ] became an independent state. | |||
| == Etymology == | == Etymology == | ||
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The name "Ukraine" (Template:Lang-uk Ukrayina [ukraˈjina]) has been used in a variety of ways since the twelfth century. Today, it is the official name of Ukraine, the country in Eastern Europe.
History
According to the most widespread (including Ukraine itself) academic version, the name Ukraine derived from the Old East Slavic word ukraina ("оукраина") which had the meaning "borderland" or "march" and was used for different border regions of the Rus'. The etymology of the word Ukraine is seen this way among Russian and the most influential Ukrainian and Western historians such as Orest Subtelny, Paul Magocsi, Omeljan Pritsak, Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, Ivan Ohiyenko, Petro Tolochko and others. It's supported by the Encyclopedia of Ukraine and the Etymological dictionary of the Ukrainian language.
The oldest mention of the word ukraina dates back to the year 1187. In connection with the death of the Vladimir Glebovich, the ruler of Principality of Pereyaslavl which was Kiev's southern shield against the Wild Fields, the Hypatian Codex says “ukraina groaned for him”, ѡ нем же оукраина много постона (o nem že ukraina mnogo postona). In the following decased and centuries this term was applied to different border principalities of Rus' without a specific geographic fixation: Halych-Volhynia, Pskov, Ryazan etc.
As Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary tells, after the South-Western Rus' was subordinated to the Polish Crown in 1569, a part of its territory from eastern Podolia to Zaporozhie became the inofficial name Ukraina due to its border function to the nomadic Tatar world in the south. The Polish chronist Samuel Grądzki who wrote about the Khmelnytsky Uprising in 1660 explained the word Ukraine as the land located at the edge of the Polish kingdom. This way, in the course of the 16th-18th centuries Ukraine became a concrete geographic name among other historic regions such as Podolia, Severia, or Volhynia. It was used for the middle Dnieper territory controlled by the Cossacks.. The people of Ukraina were called Ukrainians (українці, українники)ref>Русина О. В. Україна під татарами і Литвою. — Київ: Видавничий дім «Альтернативи», 1998. — С. 278.</ref>. This term had no ethnical meaning since it was also used for the Polish soldiers who were on duty in this territory. Later, the term Ukraine was used for the Hetmanate lands on both sides of the Dnieper although it didn't become the official name of the state.
From the 18th century on, the term Ukraine becomes equally well-known in the Russian Empire as the official and ecclesiastic term Little Russia. With the growth of national self-consciosness the significance of the term rose and it was perceived not only as a geographic but also as an ethnic name. In the 1830s, Nikolay Kostomarov and his Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Kiev started to use the name Ukrainians (Ukrajinci). Their work was suppressed by Russian authorities, and associates including Taras Shevchenko were sent into internal exile, but the idea gained acceptance. It was also taken up by Volodymyr Antonovych and the Khlopomany ('peasant-lovers'), former Polish gentry in Eastern Ukraine, and later by the 'Ukrainophiles' in Galicia, including Ivan Franko. The evolution of the meaning became particularily obvious at the end of the 19th century. At the turn to the 20th century the term Ukraine became independent and self-sufficient, pushing aside regional self-definitions In the course of the Kulturkampf between the Little Russian and the Ukrainian identitites it challenged the traditional term Little Russia ("Малороссия") and finally defeated it in the 1920s during the Bolshevik policy of Korenization and Ukrainization..
Etymology
During the period of Romantic nationalism it was popular to trace the origin of the country name to an ancient ethnonym. After this pseudo-historical view was discarded, two main versions of the etymology emerged. Naturally, the versions have different implications from a nationalist point of view. They are also based on different possible or certain meanings of the lexeme ukraina as occurring in historical sources (see above) – "borderland", "homeland", "country", "region" or simply "land".
Derivations and interpretations
Historical interpretation as ‘borderland’
The traditional theory (which was widely supported by historians and linguists in the 19–20th centuries, see e.g. Max Vasmer's etymological dictionary of Russian) is that the modern name of the country is derived from the term "ukraina" in the sense ‘borderland, frontier region, marches’ etc. These meanings can be derived from the Proto-Slavic noun *krajь, meaning ‘edge, border’. Contemporary parallels for this are Russian okráina ‘outskirts’ and kraj ‘border district’.
This suggests that it was being used as a semantic parallel to -mark in Denmark, which originally also denoted a border region (in this case of the Holy Roman Empire, cf. Marches).
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In the sixteenth century, the only specific ukraina mentioned very often in Polish and Ruthenian texts was the south-eastern borderland around Kiev, and thus ukraina came to be synonymous with ‘the voivodship of Kiev’ and later ‘the region around Kiev’. In the nineteenth century, when Ukrainian romanticism and nationalism came into existence this name was adopted as the name of the country.
This version is supported by the fact that in some medieval Latin maps and documents, the word Ukraine is explained or translated as Marginalia. On a map of Russia, published in Amsterdam in 1645, the sparsely inhabited region to the north of the Azov sea is called Okraina and is characterized to the proximity to the Dikoia pole (Wild Fields), a posing a constant threat of raids of Turkic nomads (Crimean Tatars and the Nogai Horde). There is, however, also a specialised map published in 1648 of the Lower Dnieper region by Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan called "Delineatio Generalis Camporum Desertorum vulga Ukraina" (General illustration of desert planes, in common speech Ukraine), attesting to the fact that the term Ukraina was also in use.
Historical interpretation as ‘region, country’
Some Ukrainian scholars, such as Hryhoriy Pivtorak, Fedir Shevchenko, Mykola Andrusyak, Serhiy Shelukhin believe that the name is derived from ukraina in the sense of ‘region, principality, country’ (an alternative etymology would be to derive this meaning from the previously mentioned one by generalization). Many medieval occurrences of the word can be interpreted as having that meaning. In this sense, the word can be associated with contemporary Ukrainian krajina, Belarusian kraina and Russian and Polish kraj, all meaning ‘country’ (see Translations, 'region of land').
Pivtorak starts with the meaning of kraj as ‘land parcel, territory’, attested to in many Slavic languages and states of having acquired the meaning ‘a tribe's territory’ from early in Slavic morphology; *ukraj and *ukrajina would then mean "a separated land parcel, a separate part of a tribe's territory". Later, as Kievan Rus' disintegrated in the 12th century, its ukrainas would become independent principalities, hence the new (and earliest attested) meaning of ukraina as ‘principality’. Still later, lands that became part of Lithuania (Chernigov and Seversk Principalities, Kiev Principality, Pereyaslav Principality and the most part of the Volyn Principality) were sometimes called Lithuanian ukraina, while lands that became part of Poland (Halych Principality and part of the Volyn Principality) were called Polish Ukrayina. Simultaneously, Pivtorak and other scholars claim that the words Okraina and Ukraine always had strictly separate meanings, which has been countered by other historical sources.
The same meaning, being ‘region, principality, country’, can additionally be understood to be derived from another meaning of the word *kraj-, namely ‘to cut’ — as in Church Slavonic кроити (kroiti), краяти (krajati) — that is, ‘the land someone carved out for themselves’.
Syntax
"Ukraine" versus "The Ukraine"
In English, the definite article was always used with the name of the country in the past, that is, the Ukraine (as in the Netherlands, the Gambia, the Bronx, the Congo, and the Sudan). This usage implies the borderland etymology (see above). However, usage without the article is now more frequent. This approach has also become established in journalism and diplomacy since the country's independence (for example, within the style guides of The Guardian and The Times). Since November 1991, several American journalists started to refer to Ukraine as Ukraine instead of the Ukraine. The Associated Press dropped the article 'the' on 3 December 1991.
The use of the definite article is standard in some other languages such as French ( Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) or German ( Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), but this is not a marked feature, since the article in French is required for all countries, and in German, for all non-neuter countries.
Conventional name
Ukraine is both the conventional short and long name of the country. This name is stated in the Ukrainian Declaration of Independence and Constitution. Before independence in 1991, Ukraine was a republic of the Soviet Union known as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.
Preposition usage in Ukrainian, Russian and other Slavic languages
In the Ukrainian language, there was an official change in the way of saying "in Ukraine" following the country's independence. Traditional usage is na Ukrajini (with the preposition na, "on"), but recently Ukrainian authorities have begun using v Ukrajini (with the preposition v, "in", which is also used with most other country names). Linguistic prescription in Russian dictates usage of na. Russian-language media in Ukraine are increasingly using the parallel form v Ukraine. However, the media in Russia continue to use the standard na Ukraine. Note that the preposition na is also used for some regions of Russia as well as with Rus, the historical homeland of Eastern Slavs (na Rusi). The na preposition implies the borderland etymology (and in general, a description rather than a proper name), in this context similarly to the use of the definite article in English (see above).
The preposition na continues to be used with Ukraine (and with Rus') in other Slavic languages, including Polish, Czech and Slovak. This is a usage typically found with lands that have not always been considered distinct political entities (for example, Polish also uses na with its names for Hungary, Latvia, Belarus and Lithuania, but also the regions of Masovia, Masuria or Podlachia).
Phonetics and orthography
Among the western European languages, there is inter-language variation (and even sometimes intra-language variation) in the phonetic vowel quality of the ai of Ukraine, and its written expression. It is variously:
- Treated as a diphthong (for example, English Ukraine /juːˈkreɪn/) or /ˈjuːkreɪn/)
- Treated as a pure vowel (for example, French Ukraine [ykʁɛn])
- Transformed in other ways (for example, Spanish Ucrania [uˈkɾanja])
- Treated as two juxtaposed vowel sounds, with some phonetic degree of an approximant between that may or may not be recognized phonemically: German Ukraine [ukʀaˈiːnə] (although the realisation with the diphthong is also possible: [uˈkʀaɪ̯nə]). This version of pronunciation is represented orthographically with a dieresis, or tréma, in Dutch Oekraïne or Ukraïne, an often-seen Latin-alphabet transliteration of Україна that is an alternative to Ukrayina). This version most closely resembles the vowel quality of the Ukrainian version of the word.
See also
- Etymology of Rus’ and derivatives
- List of etymologies of country subdivision names: "Ukraine"
- History of Kiev's name in English
- Toponymy
Notes
- Vasmer Etymological Dictionary
- Orest Subtelny. Ukraine: A History. University of Toronto Press, 1988
- A History of Ukraine. University of Toronto Press, 1996 ISBN 0-8020-0830-5
- From Kievan Rus' to modern Ukraine: Formation of the Ukrainian nation (with Mykhailo Hrushevski and John Stephen Reshetar). Cambridge, Mass.: Ukrainian Studies Fund, Harvard University, 1984.
- Грушевський М. Історія України-Руси. Том II. Розділ V. Стор. 4
- Історія української літературної мови. Київ — 2001 (Перше видання Вінніпег — 1949)
- Толочко П. П. «От Руси к Украине» («Від Русі до України». 1997
- Енциклопедія українознавства. У 10-х томах. / Головний редактор Володимир Кубійович. — Париж; Нью-Йорк: Молоде життя, 1954—1989.
- Етимологічний словник української мови: У 7 т. / Редкол. О. С. Мельничук (голов. ред.) та ін. — К.: Наук. думка, 1983 — Т. 6: У — Я / Уклад.: Г. П. Півторак та ін. — 2012. — 568 с. ISBN 978-966-00-0197-8.
- PSRL , published online at Izbornyk, 1187.
- ^ Пономарьов А. П. Етнічність та етнічна історія України: Курс лекцій.—К.: Либідь, 1996.— 272 с.: іл. І8ВМ 5-325-00615-0.
- ^ Е. С. Острась. ЗВІДКИ ПІШЛА НАЗВА УКРАЇНА //ВІСНИК ДОНЕЦЬКОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ, СЕР. Б: ГУМАНІТАРНІ НАУКИ, ВИП.1, 2008
- ^ Гайда Ф. А. От Рязани и Москвы до Закарпатья. Происхождение и употребление слова «украинцы» // Родина. 2011. № 1, доступ к тексту:
- The term Ukraina, or Kresy, meaning outskirts or borderlands, was first used to define the Polish eastern frontier. The borderlands referred to the eastern frontiers of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
- Украина // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона: В 86 томах (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907.
- «Margo enim polonice kray; inde Ukrajna, quasi provincia ad fines regni posita».
- Миллер А. И. Дуализм идентичностей на Украине // Отечественные записки. — № 34 (1) 2007. С. 84-96
- Martin T. The Affirmative Action Empire. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001
- Старинные карты России из фондов Государственного Исторического Музея. Из собрания А. Д. Черткова. — Москва, ГИМ, отдел картографии, 2000 год.
- Постников А. В. Карты земель российских: очерк истории географического изучения и картографирования нашего отечества. — Москва, «Наш Дом — L’Age d’Homme», 1996.
- Рыбаков Б. А. Русские карты Московии XV- начала XVI века. — Москва, Наука, 1974.
- Чекин Л. С. Картография христианского Средневековья VIII—XIII вв. — Москва,аи Восточная литература, 1999.
- Rerum moscoviticarum commentarii. Basiliae, 1556.
- Katalog dawnych map Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w kolekcji Emeryka Hutten Czapskiego i w innych zbiorach. — Wroclaw, Warszawa, Krako’w, Gdan’sk: Wyd. Polskiej Akademii Nauk. Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania. Ossolineum. 1978. N.1. Mapy XV—XVI wieku.
- Аннинский С. А. Известия венгерских миссионеров XIII—XIV веков о татарах в Восточной Европе. //Исторический Архив. Институт Истории АН СССР. Изд-во АН СССР. Москва-Ленинград, 1940.
- General illustration of desert planes, in common speech Ukraine
- Ф. Шевченко: термін "Україна", "Вкраїна" має передусім значення "край", "країна", а не "окраїна": том 1, с. 189 в Історія Української РСР: У 8 т., 10 кн. — К., 1979.
- Андрусяк, М. Назва «Україна»: «країна» чи «окраїна». Прага, 1941; Історія козаччини, кн. 1—3. Мюнхен
- Шелухін, С. Україна — назва нашої землі з найдавніших часів. Прага, 1936
- ^ Григорій Півторак. Походження українців, росіян, білорусів та їхніх мов.
- Олександр Палій. Стаття для періодичного видання «Обозреватель»
- As an example can serve С. М. Середонин. Наказ кн. М. И. Воротынскому и роспись полкам 1572 года, “Записки имп. Русского археологического общества”, т. VIII, вып. 1 и 2, полая серия. “Труды отделения русской и славянской археологии”, кн. первая, 1895, СПб., 1896; см. предисловие, стр. 49 - 53, публикация, стр. 54 - 62. http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Russ/XVI/1560-1580/Schlacht_Molodi/frametext.htm
- "Ukraine". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
- "The Guardian Style Guide: Section 'U'". London. 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
- "The Times Style Guide: Section 'U'". London. 2005-12-16. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
- ^ The "the" is gone, The Ukrainian Weekly (8 December 1991)
- http://www.gramota.ru/spravka/buro/hot10/
References
- Andrusjak, M. (1951). Nazva Ukrajina. Chicago.
- Balušok, Vasyl’ (2005). "Jak rusyny staly ukrajincjamy (How Rusyns became Ukrainians)". Dzerkalo tyžnja (in Ukrainian). 27.
- Borschak, E. (1984). "Rus, Mala Rossia, Ukraina". Revue des Etudes Slaves. 24.
- Dorošenko, D. (1931). "Die Namen "Rus", "Russland" und "Ukraine" in ihrer historischen und gegenwärtigen Bedeutung". Abhandlungen des Ukrainischen Wissenschaftlichen Institutes (Berlin) (in German).
- Gregorovich, Andrew (1994). "Ukraine or 'the Ukraine'?". Forum Ukrainian Review. 90 (Spring/Summer).
- Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996). "The name 'Ukraine'". A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 171–72. ISBN 0-8020-7820-6.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|coauthors=and|month=(help) - Ohijenko, Ivan (2001) . "Naši nazvy: Rus' – Ukrajina – Malorosija (Our names: Rus' – Ukraine – Little Russia)". Istorija ukrajins’koji literaturnoji movy (History of the Ukrainian standard language) (in Ukrainian). Kiev: Naša kul’tura i nauka. pp. 98–105. ISBN 966-7821-01-3.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Pivtorak, Hryhorij Petrovyč (1998). Pochodžennja ukrajinciv, rosijan, bilorusiv ta jichnich mov (The origin of Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians and their languages) (in Ukrainian). Kiev: Akademia. ISBN 966-580-082-5..
- Rudnyc’kyj, Jaroslav B. (1949). "Nazva Ukraïna (The name Ukraine)". Ent͡syklopedii͡a ukraïnoznavstva (Encyclopedia of Ukrainian studies). Vol. 1. Munich/New York. pp. 12–16.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Rudnyt͡s′kyĭ, I͡a. B. (1951), “Slovo ĭ nazva ‘Ukraïna’” in Onomastica, v 1, Winnipeg: UVAN.
- Šerech , Yury (1952). "An important work in Ukrainian onomastics". Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S. 2 (4).
- Sičyns’kyj, V. (1944/1948). Nazva Ukrajiny. Terytorija Ukrajiny (The name of Ukraine. The territory of Ukraine). Prague/Augsburg.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|year=(help)CS1 maint: year (link) - Skljarenko, Vitalij (1991). "Zvidky pochodyt' nazva Ukrajina? (What is the origin of the name Ukraine?)". Ukrajina (in Ukrainian). 1.
- Vasmer, Max (1953–58). Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German). Vol. 1–3. Heidelberg: Winter. Russian translation: Fasmer, Maks (1964–73). Ėtimologičeskij slovar’ russkogo jazyka. Vol. 1–4. transl. Oleg N. Trubačev. Moscow: Progress.
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