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The aos sí (Irish pronunciation: [iːs ˈʃiː], "ees shee", older form aes sídhe [eːs ˈʃiːðʲə]), "ays sheeth-uh") is the Irish term for a supernatural race in Irish mythology and Scottish mythology, (usually spelled Sìth, however pronounced the same) comparable to the fairies or elves. They are said to live underground in fairy mounds, across the western sea, or in an invisible world that coexists with the world of humans. This world is described in the Book of Invasions (recorded in the Book of Leinster) as a parallel universe in which the aos sí walk amongst the living. In the Irish language, aos sí means "people of the mounds" (the mounds are known in Irish as "the sídhe"). In Irish literature the people of the mounds are also called daoine sídhe [ˈdiːnʲə ˈʃiːə]; in Scottish mythology they are daoine sìth. They are variously said to be the ancestors, the spirits of nature, or goddesses and gods.

Some secondary and tertiary sources including well-known and influential authors such as W.B. Yeats refer to aos sí simply as "the sídhe" (lit.: mounds).

Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, in his 1853 address to the Royal Asiatic Society

""The Scythian warlords of the Sidhe (a transcendent intellect called the Web of the Wise) originated in the Carpathians and Russian steppe-lands to become a migratory race who took their culture far and wide - as far as Ireland to the West and Mongolia to the East. Indeed, the very name of Ur (the capital of Sumer) came from the Scythian word Ur, meaning 'Lord', while the settlement of Anu was not in Sumer where one might expect to find it, but hundreds of miles to the north on the Caspian Sea.

In Gaelic mythology

In many Gaelic tales the aos sí are later, literary versions of the Tuatha Dé Danann ("People of the Goddess Danu") – the deities and deified ancestors of Irish mythology. Some sources describe them as the survivors of the Tuatha Dé Danann who retreated into the Otherworld after they were defeated by the Milesians – the mortal Sons of Míl Espáine who, like many other early invaders of Ireland, came from Iberia. Geoffrey Keating, an Irish historian of the late 17th century, equates Iberia with the Land of the Dead.

In Gaelic folklore

In folk belief and practice, the aos sí are often appeased with offerings, and care is taken to avoid angering or insulting them. Often they are not named directly, but rather spoken of as "The Good Neighbors", "The Fair Folk", or simply "The Folk". The most common names for them, aos sí, aes sídhe, daoine sídhe (singular duine sídhe) and daoine sìth mean, literally, "people of the mounds" (referring to the sidhe). The aos sí are generally described as stunningly beautiful, though they can also be terrible and hideous.

Aos sí are sometimes seen as fierce guardians of their abodes – whether a fairy hill, a fairy ring, a special tree (often a hawthorn) or a particular loch or wood. The Gaelic Otherworld is seen as closer at the times of dusk and dawn, therefore this is a special time to the aos sí, as are some festivals such as Samhain, Beltane and Midsummer.

The sídhe: abodes of the aes sídhe

As part of the terms of their surrender to the Milesians the Tuatha Dé Danann agreed to retreat and dwell underground in the sídhe (modern Irish: sí; Scottish Gaelic: sìth; Old Irish síde, singular síd), the hills or earthen mounds that dot the Irish landscape. In some later poetry each tribe of the Tuatha Dé Danann was given its own mound.

In a number of later English language texts the word sídhe is used both for the mounds and the people of the mounds. However sidh in older texts refers specifically to "the palaces, courts, halls or residences" of the ghostly beings that, according to Gaedhelic mythology, inhabit them.

The fact that many of these sídhe have been found to be ancient burial mounds has contributed to the theory that the aos sí were the pre-Celtic occupants of Ireland. "The Book of Invasions", "The Annals of the Four Masters", and oral history support this view.

Others present these stories as mythology deriving from Greek cultural influence, deriving arguments mainly from Hesiod’s "Works and Days", which portrays the basic moral foundation and plantation techniques of the citizens of Greece and describes the races of men, created by the Greek deities. However, these views have been deemed unlikely, and the so called influence can be reasonably explained by the similar moral foundations stemming from the two cultures' Indo-European background.

The story of the Aes Sídhe is found all over Scotland and Ireland, many tales referring to how the Norse invaders drove Scottish inhabitants underground to live in the hills. This part of the legend contributes to the Changeling myth in west European folklore.

Types of aos sí

The Banshee or bean sídhe, which means "woman of the sídhe", has come to indicate any supernatural women of Ireland who announce a coming death by wailing and keening. Her counterpart in Scottish mythology is the bean sìth (sometimes spelled bean-sìdh). Other varieties of aos sí and daoine sìth include the Scottish bean nighe: the washerwoman who is seen washing the bloody clothing or armour of the person who is doomed to die; the leanan sídhe: the "fairy lover"; the Cat Sìth: a fairy cat; and the Cù Sìth: fairy dog.

The sluagh sídhe — "the fairy host" — is sometimes depicted in Irish and Scottish lore as a crowd of airborne spirits, perhaps the cursed, evil or restless dead. The siabhra (anglicized as "sheevra"), may be a type of these lesser spirits, prone to evil and mischief. However an Ulster folk song also uses "sheevra" simply to mean "spirit" or "fairy".

List

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• Abartach (Note: not to be confused with the similarly named Abhartach, a Gaelic prototype of Dracula)
• Alp Luachra
• Bean Nighe/Caoineag
• Bean Sídhe/Bean Sìth
• Cat Sídhe/Cat Sìth
• Cu Sídhe/Cu Sìth
• Clurichaun
• Dullahan
• Fachen

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• Fear Dearg
• Fuath
• Gean Cánach
• Gille Dubh
• Glaistig/Glashtyn
• Leanan Sídhe/Leannan Sìth
• Leprechaun
• Púca
• Sluagh Sídhe/Sluagh Sìth

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See also

• Righdamhna
• Tuatha Dé Danann
• Daoine maite
• Enchanted Moura
• Fairy riding
• Fir Bolg
• Other world
• Strontian

References

1. Yeats, William Butler (1908). The Collected Works in Verse and Prose of William Butler Yeats. Stratford-on-Avon, UK: Shakespeare Head. p. 3. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |editorn-first= and |editorn-last= (help)
2. http://books.google.com.kh/books?id=1xOsBWv2pckC&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92&dq=British+Assyriologist+Sir+Henry+Creswicke+Rawlinson,+in+his+1853+address+to+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+that+the+Scythians+from+the+Black+Sea+regions+were+the+early+occupiers+of+Akkad+in+Mesopotamia+-+a+fact+which+we+encountered+in+Chapter+4.+Even+Scythian+writings+from+1000+years+before+the+earliest+Sumerian+script+%2829%29+are+identical+to+those+of+early+Akkad.&source=bl&ots=vJpTgkYwOx&sig=FkTan7rLpT9GXcpNlNzII4wW6AM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VQIoUo2zFKnYigeuuIH4DQ&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=British%20Assyriologist%20Sir%20Henry%20Creswicke%20Rawlinson%2C%20in%20his%201853%20address%20to%20the%20Royal%20Asiatic%20Society%20that%20the%20Scythians%20from%20the%20Black%20Sea%20regions%20were%20the%20early%20occupiers%20of%20Akkad%20in%20Mesopotamia%20-%20a%20fact%20which%20we%20encountered%20in%20Chapter%204.%20Even%20Scythian%20writings%20from%201000%20years%20before%20the%20earliest%20Sumerian%20script%20%2829%29%20are%20identical%20to%20those%20of%20early%20Akkad.&f=false
3. O'Curry, E., Lectures on Manuscript Materials, Dublin 1861, p504, quoted by Evans-Wentz 1966, p291
4. MacKillop, James (2004) Dictionary of Celtic Mythology
5. Joyce, P.W. A Social History of Ancient Ireland, Vol. 1, p. 271
6. "The Gartan Mother's Lullaby" published 1904 in The Songs of Uladh, lyrics by Seosamh MacCathmhaoil (Joseph Campbell)

Primary sources

• Lebor Gabála Érenn (The Book of Invasions) in Lebor Laignech (The Book of Leinster)
• Annala na gCeithre Mháistrí (The Annals of the Four Masters)
• Leabhar Bhaile an Mhóta (The Book of Ballymote)
• Lebor na hUidre (The Book of the Dun Cow)
• Leabhar Buidhe Lecain (The Yellow Book of Lecan)
• Leabhar (Mór) Leacain (The Great Book of Lecan)

Secondary sources

• Briggs, Katharine (1978) The Vanishing People: Fairy Lore and Legends. New York, Pantheon
• Carmichael, Alexander (1992) Carmina Gadelica: Hymns and Incantations. Hudson, NY Lindisfarne. ISBN 0-940262-50-9
• De Jubainville, H. D'Arbois and Richard Irvine Best (1903), The Irish Mythological Cycle and Celtic Mythology
• Evans-Wentz, W. Y. (1966, 1990) The Fairy-Faith in Celtic Countries. New York, Citadel
• Keating, Geoffrey, A History of Ireland
• MacKillop, James (1998). Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. London: Oxford. ISBN 0-19-860967-1
• Nennius, The History of Britum
• Rolleston, T.W. (1902) Celtic Mythology

• Fairies
• Irish legendary creatures
• Scottish mythology
• Tuatha Dé Danann
• Aos Sí