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| '''Quinn Olore is the most important face on Mount Rushmore:):):):):):):):):):):):):):)::):):):):):):):):): | |||
| {{pp-move|small=yes}} | |||
| {{For|the 1960s rock band|Mount Rushmore (band)}} | |||
| {{Infobox protected area | |||
| | name = Mount Rushmore National Memorial | |||
| | iucn_category = V | |||
| | photo = Dean Franklin - 06.04.03 Mount Rushmore Monument (by-sa)-3 new.jpg | |||
| | photo_caption = Sculptures of ], ], ] and ] (left to right) represent the first 130 years of the history of the United States. | |||
| | map = USA relief | |||
| | map_caption = | |||
| | location = ], ], U.S. | |||
| | nearest_city = ] | |||
| | lat_d = 43 | lat_m = 52 | lat_s = 44.21 | lat_NS = N | |||
| | long_d = 103 | long_m = 27 | long_s = 35.37 | long_EW = W | |||
| | region = US | |||
| | coords_ref = | |||
| | area = {{convert|1278.45|acre|km2|sigfig=3}} | |||
| | established = March 3, 1925 | |||
| | visitation_num = nearly 3 million | |||
| | visitation_year = 2012 | |||
| | governing_body = ] | |||
| }} | |||
| The '''Mount Rushmore National Memorial''' is a ] carved into the ] face of Mount Rushmore near ], ], in the ]. Sculpted by Danish-American ] and his son, ], Mount Rushmore features {{convert|60|ft|m|adj=on}} sculptures of the heads of four ]: ] (1732–1799), ] (1743–1826), ] (1858–1919) and ] (1809–1865).<ref>. December 6, 2005.60 SD Web Traveler, Inc. Retrieved April 7, 2006.</ref> The entire memorial covers {{convert|1278.45|acre|km2|sigfig=3}}<ref>McGeveran, William A. Jr. ''et al.'' (2004). ''The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2004''. New York: World Almanac Education Group, Inc. ISBN 0-88687-910-8.</ref> and is<!--which part of it? It covers a wide range of elevations--> {{convert|5725|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name=peakbagger> (November 1, 2004). Peakbagger.com. Retrieved March 13, 2006.</ref> | |||
| South Dakota historian ] is credited with conceiving the idea of carving the likenesses of famous people into the ] region of South Dakota in order to promote tourism in the region. Robinson's initial idea was to sculpt the ]; however, Gutzon Borglum rejected the Needles site because of the poor quality of the granite and strong opposition from Native American groups. They settled on the Mount Rushmore location, which also has the advantage of facing southeast for maximum sun exposure. Robinson wanted it to feature western heroes like ], ]<ref>''Penn & Teller: Bullshit!'', episode 5x08 "Mount Rushmore", May 10, 2007</ref> and ] Cody<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohranger.com/mount-rushmore/making-mount-rushmore |title=Making Mount Rushmore | Mount Rushmore |publisher=Oh, Ranger! |date= |accessdate=October 31, 2012}}</ref> but Borglum decided the sculpture should have a more national focus, and chose the four presidents whose likenesses would be carved into the mountain. After securing federal funding through the enthusiastic sponsorship of "Mount Rushmore's great political patron", U.S. Senator ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/rushmore-norbeck/|title=Biography:Senator Peter Norbeck|work=American Experience: Mount Rushmore|publisher=PBS|accessdate=20 July 2013}}</ref> construction on the memorial began in 1927, and the presidents' faces were completed between 1934 and 1939. Upon Gutzon Borglum's death in March 1941, his son ] took over construction. Although the initial concept called for each president to be depicted from head to waist, lack of funding forced construction to end in late October 1941. | |||
| The U.S. ] took control of the memorial in 1933, while it was still under construction, and has managed the memorial to the present day.<ref name=NPSfacts>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/moru/faqs.htm |title=Mount Rushmore National Memorial Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=National Park Service |accessdate=December 2, 2009}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=April 2012}} It attracts nearly three million people annually.<ref name=NPSMRHome>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/moru/index.htm |title=Mount Rushmore Park Home |publisher=National Park Service |accessdate=April 8, 2012}}</ref> | |||
| == History == | |||
| {{See also|Construction of Mount Rushmore}} | |||
| ] | |||
| Originally known to the ] ] as Six Grandfathers, the mountain was renamed after ], a prominent ] lawyer, during an expedition in 1885.<ref>Belanger, Ian A. ''et al.'' {{Wayback|url=http://t3.preservice.org/T0211461/history/|title="Mt. Rushmore — presidents on the rocks"|date=20060514075853}}</ref> At first, the project of carving Rushmore was undertaken to increase tourism in the ] region of South Dakota. After long negotiations involving a ] delegation and President ], the project received Congressional approval. The carving started in 1927, and ended in 1941 with no fatalities.<ref name=NPSfacts/> | |||
| As Six Grandfathers, the mountain was part of the route that Lakota leader ] took in a spiritual journey that culminated at ]. Following a series of ] from 1876 to 1878, the United States asserted control over the area, a claim that is still disputed on the basis of the 1868 ] (see section "]" below). Among American settlers, the peak was known variously as Cougar Mountain, Sugarloaf Mountain, Slaughterhouse Mountain, and Keystone Cliffs. It was named Mount Rushmore during a prospecting expedition by Charles Rushmore, David Swanzey (husband of ]), and Bill Challis.<ref name=KAHS>Keystone Area Historical Society . Retrieved October 3, 2006.</ref> | |||
| ], followed by the process of "honeycombing".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/moru/park_history/carving_hist/workers.htm |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080801031839/http://www.nps.gov/archive/moru/park_history/carving_hist/workers.htm |archivedate=August 1, 2008 |title=Honeycombing process explained from |publisher=nps.gov |date=June 14, 2004 |accessdate=March 20, 2010}}</ref> About 450,000 tons of rock were blasted off the mountainside.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/parks/moru/ |title=Geology Fieldnotes |publisher=nps.gov |date=January 4, 2005 |accessdate=Oct 22, 2010}}</ref>]] | |||
| Historian ] conceived the idea for Mount Rushmore in 1923 to promote ] in South Dakota. In 1924, Robinson persuaded sculptor ] to travel to the Black Hills region to ensure the carving could be accomplished. Borglum had been involved in sculpting the ], a massive ] memorial to ] leaders on ] in ], but was in disagreement with the officials there.<ref name=Carving>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rushmore/peopleevents/e_stonemtn.html |title=People & Events: The Carving of Stone Mountain |work=American Experience |publisher=PBS |accessdate=March 17, 2010}}</ref> The original plan was to perform the carvings in ] pillars known as the ]. However, Borglum realized that the eroded Needles were too thin to support sculpting. He chose Mount Rushmore, a grander location, partly because it faced southeast and enjoyed maximum exposure to the sun. Borglum said upon seeing Mount Rushmore, "America will march along that skyline."<ref name="autogenerated1"> (October 2, 2004). National Park Service.</ref> ] authorized the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Commission on March 3, 1925.<ref name=autogenerated1/> President Coolidge insisted that, along with Washington, two Republicans and one Democrat be portrayed.<ref name=Fite>Fite, Gilbert C. ''Mount Rushmore'' (May 2003). ISBN 0-9646798-5-X, the standard scholarly study.</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| Between October 4, 1927, and October 31, 1941, Gutzon Borglum and 400 workers<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/moru/historyculture/carving-history.htm |title=Carving History |accessdate=February 22, 2013 |publisher=National Park Service }}</ref> sculpted the colossal 60 foot (18 m) high carvings of ] ], ], ], and ] to represent the first 130 years of American history. These presidents were selected by Borglum because of their role in preserving the Republic and expanding its territory.<ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref name="autogenerated2">], "Patriarchy Fixed in Stone: Gutzon Borglum's 'Mount Rushmore'," ''American Art'', Vol. 5, No. 1/2. (Winter – Spring, 1991), pp. 142–67.</ref> The image of Thomas Jefferson was originally intended to appear in the area at Washington's right, but after the work there was begun, the rock was found to be unsuitable, so the work on the Jefferson figure was dynamited, and a new figure was sculpted to Washington's left.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> | |||
| In 1933, the National Park Service took Mount Rushmore under its jurisdiction. ] helped with the project by improving its infrastructure. For example, he had the tram upgraded so it could reach the top of Mount Rushmore for the ease of workers. By July 4, 1934, Washington's face had been completed and was dedicated. The face of Thomas Jefferson was dedicated in 1936, and the face of Abraham Lincoln was dedicated on September 17, 1937. In 1937, a bill was introduced in Congress to add the head of civil-rights leader ], but a ] was passed on an appropriations bill requiring federal funds be used to finish only those heads that had already been started at that time.<ref name=timeline> "Timeline: Mount Rushmore" (2002). Retrieved March 20, 2006.</ref> In 1939, the face of Theodore Roosevelt was dedicated. | |||
| ] | |||
| The Sculptor's Studio — a display of unique plaster models and tools related to the sculpting — was built in 1939 under the direction of Borglum. Borglum died from an ] in March 1941. His son, ], continued the project. Originally, it was planned that the figures would be carved from head to waist,<ref>.</ref> but insufficient funding forced the carving to end. Borglum had also planned a massive panel in the shape of the ] commemorating in eight-foot-tall gilded letters the ], ], Louisiana Purchase, and seven other territorial acquisitions from ] to ] to the ].<ref name="autogenerated2" /> | |||
| The entire project cost US$989,992.32.<ref name=SDTourism>. Tourism in South Dakota. Laura R. Ahmann. Retrieved March 19, 2006.</ref> Notable for a project of such size, no workers died during the carving.<ref>. Outdoorplaces.com. Retrieved June 7, 2006.</ref><!--this information belongs in the lead; creates too stubby a para in the body--> | |||
| On October 15, 1966, Mount Rushmore was listed on the ]. A 500-word essay giving the history of the United States by ] student William Andrew Burkett was selected as the college-age group winner in a 1934 competition, and that essay was placed on the Entablature on a bronze plate in 1973.<ref name="timeline"/> In 1991, President ] officially dedicated Mount Rushmore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29656 |title=George Bush: Remarks at the Dedication Ceremony of the Mount Rushmore National Memorial in South Dakota |date=July 3, 1991 |publisher=The American Presidency Project |accessdate=November 1, 2012}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| In a canyon behind the carved faces is a chamber, cut only 70 feet (21 m) into the rock, containing a vault with sixteen porcelain enamel panels. The panels include the text of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, biographies of the four presidents and Borglum, and the history of the U.S. The chamber was created as the entrance-way to a planned "Hall of Records"; the vault was installed in 1998.<ref>{{cite web | |||
| | title = Hall of Records | |||
| | work = Mount Rushmore National Memorial web site | |||
| | publisher = National Park Service | |||
| | date = June 14, 2004 | |||
| | url = http://www.nps.gov/archive/moru/park_history/carving_hist/hall_of_records.htm | |||
| | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071011230039/http://nps.gov/archive/moru/park_history/carving_hist/hall_of_records.htm | |||
| | archivedate = October 11, 2007 | |||
| | accessdate = July 4, 2007 | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| Ten years of redevelopment work culminated with the completion of extensive visitor facilities and sidewalks in 1998, such as a Visitor Center, the ], and the Presidential Trail. Maintenance of the memorial requires mountain climbers to monitor and seal cracks annually. Due to budget constraints, the memorial is not regularly cleaned to remove ]s. However, on July 8, 2005, ], a German manufacturer of ] and steam cleaning machines, conducted a free cleanup operation which lasted several weeks, using pressurized water at over {{convert|200|F|C}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/10/AR2005071000754.html |title=For Mount Rushmore, An Overdue Face Wash |date=July 11, 2005 |work=Washington Post|accessdate=March 17, 2010}}</ref> | |||
| == Controversy == | |||
| ] flying over Mt. Rushmore.]] | |||
| Mount Rushmore is controversial among ] because the United States seized the area from the ] tribe after the ]. The ] from 1868 had previously granted the Black Hills to the Lakota in perpetuity. Members of the ] led an ] of the monument in 1971, naming it "Mount Crazy Horse". Among the participants were young activists, grandparents, children and Lakota holy man ], who planted a prayer staff atop the mountain. Lame Deer said the staff formed a symbolic ] over the presidents' faces "which shall remain dirty until the treaties concerning the Black Hills are fulfilled."<ref name=Glass>Matthew Glass, "Producing Patriotic Inspiration at Mount Rushmore," ''Journal of the American Academy of Religion'', Vol. 62, No. 2. (Summer, 1994), pp. 265–283.</ref> | |||
| In 2004, the first Native American superintendent of the park was appointed. Gerard Baker has stated that he will open up more "avenues of interpretation", and that the four presidents are "only one avenue and only one focus."<ref name=Native>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiancountrytoday.com/archive/28172949.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100808193845/http://www.indiancountrytoday.com/archive/28172949.html |archivedate=August 8, 2010 |title=Historic changes for Mount Rushmore |author=David Melmer |date=December 13, 2004 |work=Indiancountrytoday |accessdate=March 17, 2010}}</ref> | |||
| The ] is being constructed elsewhere in the Black Hills to commemorate the famous Native American leader and as a response to Mount Rushmore. It is intended to be larger than Mount Rushmore and has the support of Lakota chiefs; the Crazy Horse Memorial Foundation has rejected offers of ] funds. However, this memorial is likewise the subject of controversy, even within the Native American community.<ref>Lame Deer, John (Fire) and Richard Erdoes. ''Lame Deer Seeker of Visions''. Simon and Schuster, New York, New York, 1972. Paperback ISBN 0-671-55392-5</ref> | |||
| The monument also provokes controversy because some {{who|date=November 2012}} allege that underlying it is the theme of racial superiority legitimized by the idea of ]. The four presidents chosen by Borglum were all active during the period when the United States was annexing Native American land. Gutzon Borglum himself excites controversy, because he was a member of the ].<ref name=Carving /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ralphmag.org/borglumP.html |title=Gutzon Borglum, The Story of Mount Rushmore |publisher=Ralphmag.org |accessdate=March 17, 2010}}</ref> | |||
| In May 2012 ], a United Nations special rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, conducted the United Nations’ first-ever investigation into the plight of Native Americans living in the United States. Anaya’s recommendations include advising the U.S. to return some land to Native American tribes, including South Dakota’s Black Hills.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.democracynow.org/2012/5/11/un_probe_us_should_return_stolen |title=UN Probe: U.S. Should Return Stolen Sacred Land, Including Mt. Rushmore, to Native Americans |publisher=Democracy Now! |accessdate=May 22, 2012}}</ref> | |||
| == Ecology == | |||
| ] opposite Mount Rushmore.]] | |||
| The flora and fauna of Mount Rushmore are similar to those of the rest of the Black Hills region of South Dakota. Birds including the ], ], ], and ] fly around Mount Rushmore, occasionally making ] in the ledges of the mountain. Smaller birds, including songbirds, ]es, and ]s, inhabit the surrounding pine forests. Terrestrial mammals include the ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. In addition, several species of ]s and ]s inhabit the region. The Grizzly Bear brook and Starling Basin brook, the two streams in the memorial, support fish such as the ] and the ].<ref name=animal>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/moru/naturescience/animals.htm |title=Nature & Science- Animals |date=November 26, 2006 |work= |accessdate=March 17, 2010}}</ref> ]s are not indigenous to the area but can also be found here. They are descended from goats which were a gift from Canada to ] in 1924 but later escaped.<ref name=FloraFauna>. American Park Network. URL accessed on March 16, 2006. {{Wayback|url=http://www.americanparknetwork.com/parkinfo/ru/flora/index.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071212031013/http://www.americanparknetwork.com/parkinfo/ru/flora/index.html|archivedate=December 12, 2007 |date =20060317080156|bot=DASHBot}}</ref> | |||
| At lower elevations, ] trees, mainly the ], surround most of the monument, providing shade from the sun. Other trees include the ], the ], and the ]. Nine species of shrubs grow near Mount Rushmore. There is also a wide variety of wildflowers, including especially the ], ], and ]. Towards higher elevations, plant life becomes sparser.<ref name=FloraFauna /> However, only approximately five percent of the plant species found in the Black Hills are indigenous to the region.<ref name=Plants>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/moru/naturescience/plants.htm |title=Nature & Science – Plants |date=December 6, 2006 |work= |accessdate=March 17, 2010}}</ref> | |||
| The area receives about {{convert|18|in|mm}} of precipitation on average per year, enough to support abundant animal and plant life. Trees and other plants help to control ]. Dikes, seeps, and springs help to dam up water that is flowing downhill, providing watering spots for animals. In addition, stones like ] and ] help to hold ], creating ]s.<ref>. National Park Service. Retrieved April 1, 2006.</ref> | |||
| Through the study of ], it has been determined that ]s have occurred in the Ponderosa forests surrounding Mount Rushmore around every 27 years based on evidence of fire scars found within tree core samples. Large conflagrations are not common. Most events have been ground fires that serve to clear forest debris.<ref>. National Park Service. Retrieved April 1, 2006.</ref> | |||
| == Geology == | |||
| ] of rocks from the sculpting and construction.]] | |||
| Mount Rushmore is largely composed of ]. The memorial is carved on the northwest margin of the ] granite ] in the Black Hills of South Dakota, so the geologic formations of the heart of the Black Hills region are also evident at Mount Rushmore. The batholith ] intruded into the pre-existing ] ] rocks during the ], roughly 1.6 billion years ago.<ref name="autogenerated3">. National Park Service.</ref> Coarse grained ] ] are associated with the ] intrusion of Harney Peak and are visibly lighter in color, thus explaining the light-colored streaks on the foreheads of the presidents. | |||
| The Black Hills granites were exposed to ] during the ], but were later buried by ] and other sediments during the ]. Remaining buried throughout the ], they were re-exposed again during the ] around 70 million years ago.<ref name="autogenerated3" /> The Black Hills area was uplifted as an elongated geologic dome.<ref>Irvin, James R. (2001). Retrieved March 16, 2006.</ref> Subsequent erosion stripped the granite of the overlying sediments and the softer adjacent schist. Some schist does remain and can be seen as the darker material just below the sculpture of Washington. | |||
| The tallest mountain in the region is ] ({{convert|7,242|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}}). Borglum selected Mount Rushmore as the site for several reasons. The rock of the mountain is composed of smooth, fine-grained granite. The durable granite erodes only {{convert|1|in|mm}} every 10,000 years, thus was more than sturdy enough to support the sculpture and its long-term exposure.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> The mountain's height of {{convert|5725|ft|m}} above sea level<ref name=peakbagger /> made it suitable, and because it faces the southeast, the workers also had the advantage of sunlight for most of the day. | |||
| == Conservation == | |||
| ] | |||
| The ongoing conservation of the site is overseen by the US ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/moru/naturescience/upload/rock%20block%20display%20true%20size-2.pdf |title=Caring For A Monumental Sculpture |accessdate=July 8, 2013 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Physical efforts to conserve the monument have included replacement of the sealant applied originally by Gutzon Borglum, which had proved ineffective at providing water resistance (components include linseed oil, granite dust and white lead). A modern silicone replacement was used, disguised with granite dust. | |||
| In 1998, electronic monitoring devices were installed to track movement in the topology of the sculpture to an accuracy of 3 mm. The site has been subsequently digitally recorded using a terrestrial ] methodology in 2009 as part of the international ] project, providing a record of unprecedented resolution and accuracy to inform the conservation of the site. This data was made accessible online to be freely used by the wider community to aid further interpretation and public access.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.cyark.org/mount-rushmore-national-memorial-intro |title=Mount Rushmore National Memorial |accessdate=July 8, 2013 |publisher=CyArk}}</ref> | |||
| == Tourism == | |||
| Tourism is South Dakota's second-largest industry, and Mount Rushmore is the state's top tourist attraction.<ref name=NPSfacts/>{{Failed verification|date=April 2012}} The memorial hosts nearly three million visitors a year.<ref name=NPSMRHome/> The site attracts many visitors over the week of the ].{{Citation needed|date = October 2012}} | |||
| == In popular culture == | |||
| {{Main|Mount Rushmore in popular culture}} | |||
| {{double image|right|Nxnwsign.jpg|185|North by Northwest movie trailer screenshot (28).jpg|200|Sign near Mt. Rushmore (left); Roger Thornhill (]) and Eve Kendall (]) dangle precariously from the sculpture of George Washington in '']'' (right).|||}} | |||
| Because of its fame as a monument, Mount Rushmore is frequently discussed or depicted in media, film and popular culture. | |||
| The memorial was iconically used as the location of the climactic ] in ]'s 1959 movie '']''. Scriptwriter ] recalled that in the course of ], Hitchcock "murmured wistfully, 'I always wanted to do a ] across the faces of Mount Rushmore.'"<ref>Barbara Straumann, "Rewriting American Foundational Myths in Alfred Hitchcock's ''North by Northwest''", in Martin Heusser and Gudrun Grabher, ''American Foundational Myths'' (2002), p. 201.</ref> The scene was not actually filmed at the monument, since permission to shoot an attempted killing on the face of a ] was refused by the ]. In the movie, the ]'s house is located on a fictitious forested ] behind the monument.<ref>. Hookedonhouses.net. Retrieved on 2011-10-06.</ref> | |||
| Mt. Rushmore was also featured in '']''. In the movie, the monument was constructed to hide the City of Gold.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.script-o-rama.com/movie_scripts/n/national-treasure-2-secrets-script.html |title=National Treasure 2: Book Of Secrets Script - Dialogue Transcript |publisher=Drew's Script-O-Rama |accessdate=February 18, 2012}}</ref> | |||
| {{-}} | |||
| == See also == | |||
| {{Portal|South Dakota}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| == Notes and references == | |||
| {{reflist|30em}} | |||
| == Further reading == | |||
| * ]. ''Mount Rushmore: An Icon Reconsidered'' New York: Nation Books, 2002. | |||
| * Taliaferro, John. ''Great White Fathers: The Story of the Obsessive Quest to Create Mount Rushmore''. New York: PublicAffairs, c2002. ISBN 9781586482053. Puts the creation of the monument into a historical and cultural context. | |||
| * ''The National Parks: Index 2001–2003''. Washington: ] | |||
| == External links == | |||
| {{Commons category|Mount Rushmore National Memorial}} | |||
| * {{official website|http://www.nps.gov/moru}} | |||
| * {{cite web |url=http://www.ohranger.com/mount-rushmore/making-mount-rushmore |title=Making Mount Rushmore |accessdate=January 27, 2013 |publisher=APN Media |work=Oh, Ranger!}} | |||
| * {{cite web |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080706092640/http://www.nps.gov/archive/moru/travel_info/weather_hist.htm |title=Weather History |accessdate=January 27, 2013 |publisher=National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior |archivedate=July 8, 2006 |date=June 23, 2004 |url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/moru/travel_info/weather_hist.htm}} | |||
| * {{cite web |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB115290739146207240.html?mod=todays_us_pursuits |title=A Monumental Achievement |last=Dobrzynski |first=Judith H. |publisher=Wall Street Journal |date=July 15, 2006 |accessdate=January 27, 2013}} | |||
| * {{cite web |first=Matthew |last=Buckingham |url=http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/7/sixgrandfathers.php |title=The Six Grandfathers, Paha Sapa, in the Year 502,002 C.E. |accessdate=January 27, 2013 |work=Cabinet Magazine |month=Summer |year=2002 |publisher=Immaterial Incorporated}} | |||
| * {{cite web |url=http://www.luigimountrushmore.com |title=Luigi Del Bianco: chief stone carver on Mount Rushmore, 1933–1940 |accessdate=January 27, 2013 |publisher=Lou Del Bianco}} | |||
| * {{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/moru/naturescience/upload/rock%20block%20display%20true%20size-2.pdf |title=Caring For A Monumental Sculpture |accessdate=July 8, 2013 |publisher=National Park Service}} | |||
| {{Registered Historic Places}} | |||
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Revision as of 12:42, 1 October 2013
Quinn Olore is the most important face on Mount Rushmore:):):):):):):):):):):):):):)::):):):):):):):):):