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:''"Lord Rutherford" redirects here; not to be confused with ] or with ].''
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{{Infobox scientist
|name = The Lord Rutherford of Nelson <br/> {{post-nominals|country=NZL-cats|OM|FRS}}
|image = Ernest Rutherford cropped.jpg
|image_size = 220px
|caption = Lord Rutherford of Nelson
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1871|8|30}}
|birth_place = ], ]
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1937|10|19|1871|8|30}}
|death_place = ], ], UK
|residence = New Zealand, UK, ]
|citizenship = New Zealand, ]
|nationality = <!-- He had both NZ and UK citizenship -->
|fields = ] and ]
|workplaces = ]<br>]
|alma_mater = ]<br>]
|doctoral_advisor = <!--There was no PhD at Cambridge until 1919-->
|academic_advisors = ]<br>]
|doctoral_students = ]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br> ]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]
|notable_students = ]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]
|known_for = ]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>{{nowrap|]}}
|influences =
|influenced = ]<br>]<br>]
|awards = ] (1905)<br>] (1908) <br> ] (1910) <br> ] (1913)<br>] (1922)<br>] (1924)
|signature = ernest_rutherford_sig.jpg
|footnotes =
}}

'''Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson''', {{post-nominals|country=NZL-cats|OM|FRS}}<ref>{{cite doi|10.1098/rsbm.1938.0025}}</ref> (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937) was a New Zealand-born ] and ] who became known as the father of ].<ref name="eb">
{{cite web
|url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/514229/Ernest-Rutherford-Baron-Rutherford-of-Nelson-of-Cambridge
|title = Ernest Rutherford: British-New Zealand physicist
|work = Encyclopædia Britannica
}}</ref> He is considered the greatest experimentalist since ] (1791–1867).<ref name="eb" />

In early work he discovered the concept of radioactive ], proved that radioactivity involved the transmutation of one chemical element to another, and also differentiated and named alpha and beta radiation.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Discovery of Radioactivity|url=http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/03/4.html}}</ref> This work was done at ] in Canada. It is the basis for the ] he was awarded in 1908 ''"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances"''.<ref name=nobelprize />

Rutherford moved in 1907 to the ] (today ]) in the UK, where he and ] proved that alpha radiation was ] ions.<ref name=rutherford.org.nz>{{cite web|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Rutherford – A Brief Biography|url=http://www.rutherford.org.nz/biography.htm|work=Rutherford.org.nz|accessdate=4 March 2013}}</ref><ref>E. Rutherford and T. Royds (1908) ''Philosophical Magazine'', Series 6, vol. 16, pages 313-317.</ref> Rutherford performed his most famous work after he became a Nobel laureate.<ref name=nobelprize /> In 1911, although he could not prove that it was positive or negative,<ref name=charge>
{{cite book
|title = The scattering of alpha and beta particles by matter and the structure of the atom
|author = Ernest Rutherford
|publisher = Taylor & Francis
|year = 1911
|page = 688
|url = http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/rutherford/rutherford688.html
}}</ref>
he theorized that atoms have their charge concentrated in a very small ],<ref>
{{cite book
|title = Theoretical concepts in physics: an alternative view of theoretical reasoning in physics
|author = M. S. Longair
|publisher = Cambridge University Press
|year = 2003
|isbn = 978-0-521-52878-8
|pages = 377–378
|url = http://books.google.com/?id=bA9Lp2GH6OEC&pg=PA377&dq=rutherford+positive+charge+concentrated+nucleus&q=rutherford%20positive%20charge%20concentrated%20nucleus
}}</ref>
and thereby pioneered the ] of the ], through his discovery and interpretation of ] in his ]. He is widely credited with first "splitting the atom" in 1917 in a ] between nitrogen and alpha particles, in which he also discovered (and named) the ].<ref>. Nzhistory.net.nz (1937-10-19). Retrieved on 2011-01-26.</ref>

Rutherford became Director of the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University in 1919. Under his leadership the ] was discovered by ] in 1932 and in the same year the first experiment to split the nucleus in a fully controlled manner, performed by students working under his direction, ] and ]. After his death in 1937, he was honoured by being interred with the greatest scientists of the United Kingdom, near ]'s tomb in ]. The chemical element ] (element 104) was named after him in 1997.

==Biography==
===Early life and education===
Ernest Rutherford was the son of James Rutherford, a farmer, and his wife Martha Thompson, originally from ], ], England.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first=A.H.|last=McLintock|encyclopedia=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand|title=Rutherford, Sir Ernest (Baron Rutherford of Nelson, O.M., F.R.S.)|edition=1966|date=18 September 2007|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/rutherford-sir-ernest/1|publisher=Te Ara – The Encyclopaedia of New Zealand| isbn=978-0-478-18451-8|accessdate=2008-04-02}}</ref> James had emigrated to New Zealand from ], Scotland, "to raise a little flax and a lot of children". Ernest was born at Spring Grove (now ]), near ], New Zealand. His first name was mistakenly spelled 'Earnest' when his birth was registered.<ref>{{DNZB|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Rutherford, Ernest 1871–1937|id=3R37|accessdate=4 April 2011}}</ref>

He studied at ] and then ] and won a ] to study at ], ] where he participated in the ] and played ].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first=John|last=Campbell|encyclopedia=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand|title=Rutherford, Ernest|date=30 October 2012|url=http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/3r37/rutherford-ernest|publisher=Te Ara – The Encyclopaedia of New Zealand|accessdate=2013-10-01}}</ref> After gaining his BA, ] and BSc, and doing two years of research during which he invented a new form of radio receiver, in 1895 Rutherford was awarded an "]" to travel to England for postgraduate study at the ], ].<ref>{{Venn|id=RTRT895E|name=Rutherford, Ernest}}</ref> He was among the first of the 'aliens' (those without a Cambridge degree) allowed to do research at the university, under the inspiring leadership of ], and the newcomers aroused jealousies from the more conservative members of the Cavendish fraternity. With Thomson's encouragement, he managed to detect radio waves at half a mile and briefly held the world record for the distance over which electromagnetic waves could be detected, though when he presented his results at the ] meeting in 1896, he discovered he had been outdone by another lecturer, by the name of ].

In 1898 Thomson offered Rutherford the chance of a post at ] in ], Canada. He was to replace ] who held the ] and was coming to Cambridge.<ref>
{{cite book|first=Robin|last=McKown|title=Giant of the Atom, Ernest Rutherford|year=1962|publisher=Julian Messner Inc, New York|page=57|ref=harv}}
</ref> Rutherford was accepted, which meant that in 1900 he could marry Mary Georgina Newton (1876–1945) to whom he had become engaged before leaving New Zealand; they had one daughter, Eileen Mary (1901–1930), who married ]. In 1900 he gained a ] from the University of New Zealand. In 1907 Rutherford returned to Britain to take the ] of physics at the ].

===Later years and honours===
He was ] in 1914. During ], he worked on the practical problems of submarine detection. In 1916 he was awarded the ]. In 1919 he returned to the Cavendish succeeding J. J. Thomson as the Cavendish professor and Director. Under him, Nobel Prizes were awarded to ] for discovering the neutron (in 1932), ] and ] for an experiment which was to be known as ''splitting the atom'' using a ], and ] for demonstrating the existence of the ]. Between 1925 and 1930 he served as ], and later as president of the ] which helped almost 1,000 university refugees from Germany.<ref>
{{cite book|title=Rutherford|journal=Encyclopedia Britannica|edition=15th|year=1996|volume=26}}
</ref> He was admitted to the ] in 1925 and raised to the peerage as '''Baron Rutherford of Nelson''', in 1931,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33683 |date=23 January 1931 |startpage=533}}</ref> a title that became extinct upon his unexpected death in 1937.

For some time beforehand, Rutherford had a small hernia, which he had neglected to have fixed, and it became strangulated, causing him to be violently ill. Despite an emergency operation in London, he died four days afterwards of what physicians termed "intestinal paralysis", at Cambridge.<ref name=compeerage>{{cite book|title=The Complete Peerage, Volume XIII – Peerage Creations, 1901–1938|year=1949|publisher=St Catherine's Press|page=495}}</ref> After cremation at ],<ref name=compeerage /> he was given the high honour of burial in ], near ] and other illustrious British scientists.<ref> Accessed 3 January 2012.</ref>

==Scientific research==
]
At Cambridge, Rutherford started working with J. J. Thomson on the conductive effects of X-rays on gases, work which led to the discovery of the ] which Thomson presented to the world in 1897. Hearing of ]'s experience with ], Rutherford started to explore its ], discovering two types that differed from X-rays in their penetrating power and continuing his research in Canada. He coined the terms ] and ] in 1899 to describe the two distinct types of ]. He then discovered that ] gave off a gas which produced an emanation which was itself radioactive and would coat other substances. He found that a sample of this radioactive material of any size invariably took the same amount of time for half the sample to decay – its "]" (11½ minutes in this case).

From 1900 to 1903, he was joined at McGill by the young chemist ] (], 1921) for whom he set the problem of identifying the thorium emanations. Once he had eliminated all the normal chemical reactions, Soddy suggested that it must be one of the inert gases, which they named ] (later found to be an isotope of ]). They also found another type of thorium they called Thorium X, and kept on finding traces of helium. They also worked with samples of "Uranium X" from ] and ] from ].

In 1902, they produced a "Theory of Atomic Disintegration" to account for all their experiments. Up till then atoms were assumed to be the indestructable basis of all matter and although Curie had suggested that radioactivity was an atomic phenomenon, the idea of the atoms of radioactive substances breaking up was a radically new idea. Rutherford and Soddy demonstrated that radioactivity involved the spontaneous disintegration of ]s into other types of atoms (one element spontaneously being changed to another).

In 1903, Rutherford considered a type of radiation discovered (but not named) by French chemist ] in 1900, as an emission from ], and realised that this observation must represent something different from his own alpha and beta rays, due to its very much greater penetrating power. Rutherford therefore gave this third type of radiation the name of ]. All three of Rutherford's terms are in standard use today – other types of ] have since been discovered, but Rutherford's three types are among the most common.

In Manchester, he continued to work with alpha radiation. In conjunction with ], he developed zinc sulfide ] and ionisation chambers to count alphas. By dividing the total charge they produced by the number counted, Rutherford decided that the charge on the alpha was two. In late 1907, Ernest Rutherford and ] allowed alphas to penetrate a very thin window into an evacuated tube. As they ], the spectrum obtained from it changed, as the alphas accumulated in the tube. Eventually, the clear spectrum of helium gas appeared, proving that alphas were at least ionised helium atoms, and probably helium nuclei.

===Rutherford and the Gold Foil Experiment===
]s passing through the ] of the atom undisturbed.<br>
''Bottom:'' Observed results: a small portion of the particles were deflected, indicating ]. Note that the image is not to scale; in reality the nucleus is vastly smaller than the electron shell.]]
Rutherford remains the only science Nobel Prize winner to have performed his most famous work ''after'' receiving the prize.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} <!-- <ref>cite: http://www.encyclopediabritanica.com/nucleus (atom)</ref> not a proper link or website--> Along with ] and ] in 1909, he carried out the ], which demonstrated the nuclear nature of atoms. Rutherford was inspired to ask Geiger and Marsden in this experiment to look for ] with very high deflection angles, of a type not expected from any theory of matter at that time. Such deflections, though rare, were found, and proved to be a smooth but high-order function of the deflection angle. It was Rutherford's interpretation of this data that led him to formulate the ] of the atom in 1911 – that a very small ] <ref name=charge /> ], containing much of the atom's mass, was ]ed by low-mass ].

Before leaving Manchester in 1919 to take over the Cavendish laboratory in Cambridge, Rutherford became, in 1919, the first person to deliberately transmute one ] into another.<ref name=nobelprize>{{cite web|title=Ernest Rutherford – Biography|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/rutherford.html|publisher=NobelPrize.org|accessdate=21 February 2013}}</ref> In this experiment, he had discovered peculiar radiations when alphas were projected into air, and narrowed the effect down to the nitrogen, not the oxygen in the air. Using pure nitrogen, Rutherford used alpha radiation to convert ] into ] through the ] <sup>14</sup>N + α → <sup>17</sup>O + proton. The proton was not then known. In the products of this reaction Rutherford simply identified hydrogen nuclei, by their similarity to the particle radiation from earlier experiments in which he had bombarded hydrogen gas with alpha particles to knock hydrogen nuclei out of hydrogen atoms. This result showed Rutherford that hydrogen nuclei were a part of nitrogen nuclei (and by inference, probably other nuclei as well). Such a construction had been suspected for many years on the basis of atomic weights which were whole numbers of that of hydrogen; see ]. Hydrogen was known to be the lightest element, and its nuclei presumably the lightest nuclei. Now, because of all these considerations, Rutherford decided that a hydrogen nucleus was possibly a fundamental building block of all nuclei, and also possibly a new fundamental particle as well, since nothing was known from the nucleus that was lighter. Thus, Rutherford postulated hydrogen nuclei to be a new particle in 1920, which he dubbed the '']''.

In 1921, while working with ] (who postulated that electrons moved in specific orbits), Rutherford theorized about the existence of ]s, (which he had christened in his 1920 ]), which could somehow compensate for the repelling effect of the positive charges of ]s by causing an attractive ] and thus keep the nuclei from flying apart from the repulsion between protons. The only alternative to neutrons was the existence of "nuclear electrons" which would counteract some of the proton charges in the nucleus, since by then it was known that nuclei had about twice the mass that could be accounted for if they were simply assembled from hydrogen nuclei (protons). But how these nuclear electrons could be trapped in the nucleus, was a mystery.

Rutherford's theory of ]s was proved in 1932 by his associate ], who recognized neutrons immediately when they were produced by other scientists and later himself, in bombarding beryllium with alpha particles. In 1935, Chadwick was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery.

==Legacy==
], Manchester]]

===Nuclear physics===
Rutherford's research, and work done under him as laboratory director, established the nuclear structure of the atom and the essential nature of radioactive decay as a nuclear process. Rutherford's team, using natural alpha particles, demonstrated ''induced'' ] and transmutation, and later, using protons from an accelerator, demonstrated ''artificially-induced'' nuclear reactions and transmutation. He is known as the father of nuclear physics. Rutherford died too early to see ]'s idea of controlled ]s come into being. However, a speech of Rutherford's about his artificially-induced transmutation in lithium, printed in the 12 September 1933 London paper ], was reported by Szilárd to have been his inspiration for thinking of the possibility of a controlled energy-producing ]. Szilard had this idea while walking in London, on the same day.

Rutherford's speech touched on the 1932 work of his students ] and ] in "splitting" lithium into alpha particles by bombardment with protons from a particle accelerator they had constructed. Rutherford realized that the energy released from the split lithium atoms was enormous, but he also realized that the energy needed for the accelerator, and its essential inefficiency in splitting atoms in this fashion, made the project an impossibility as a practical source of energy (accelerator-induced fission of light elements remains too inefficient to be used in this way, even today). Rutherford's speech in part, read:

{{quote|We might in these processes obtain very much more energy than the proton supplied, but on the average we could not expect to obtain energy in this way. It was a very poor and inefficient way of producing energy, and anyone who looked for a source of power in the transformation of the atoms was talking moonshine. But the subject was scientifically interesting because it gave insight into the atoms.<ref>, 12 September 1933, "The British association – breaking down the atom"</ref>}}

===Items named in honour of Rutherford's life and work===
].]]
; Scientific discoveries
* the element ], Rf, Z=104. (1997)<ref>{{cite news|author=Michael Freemantle |title=ACS Article on Rutherfordium|url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/80th/print/rutherfordium.html|work=Chemical & Engineering News|publisher=American Chemical Society|year=2003|accessdate=2008-04-02}}</ref>
; Institutions
* ], a scientific research laboratory near ], Oxfordshire.
* ], a school in ], New Zealand
* ], a college at the ] in ], England
* Rutherford Institute for Innovation at the ]
* Rutherford Intermediate School, ]
* Rutherford Hall, a hall of residence at ]
; Awards
* ], the highest science medal awarded by the ]
* Rutherford Award at ] for excellence in ] ], Australia.
* ] is an award for research in the fields of physics and chemistry by the ].
* ] is awarded once every two years by the ] for "distinguished research in nuclear physics or nuclear technology".
* ] is an international lecture tour under the auspices of the ] created under the Rutherford Memorial Scheme in 1952.

; Buildings
* Rutherford building at Bedford Modern School.
* A building of the modern ] at the ]
* The Ernest Rutherford Physics Building at ], ]<ref>{{cite web|title=ErnestRutherford Physics Building|url=http://cac.mcgill.ca/campus/buildings/Rutherford_Physics.html|work=Virtual McGill|publisher=McGill University|date=24 January 2000|accessdate=2008-04-02}}</ref>
* Rutherford house, a boarding house at ]<ref>{{cite web|title=Rutherford House|url=http://www.nelsoncollege.ac.nz/rutherford|work=Nelson College|publisher=Nelson College|accessdate=2012-03-16}}</ref>
* Rutherford House, the primary building of ]'s Pipitea Campus, originally the headquarters of the New Zealand Electricity Department, in ].
* The physics and chemistry building at the ], New Zealand
* The Coupland Building at the ], where Rutherford worked, was renamed "The Rutherford Building" in 2006.
* The Rutherford lecture theatre in the Schuster Laboratory at the ]
; Major streets
* Rutherford Close, a residential street in ]
* Lord Rutherford Road in ] (near his birthplace)
* Rutherford Road in the biotechnology district of ]
* Rutherford Street in ]
* ], Nelson's largest hotel, which incorporates the Rutherford Cafe and Bar

; Other
* Rutherford House, at Hillcrest High School, ]
* Rutherford House, at Rotorua Intermediate School, ]
* The Rutherford Memorial at Brightwater, New Zealand
* The crater ] on the Moon, and the crater Rutherford on the planet ]
* His image on the obverse of the New Zealand $100 note (since 1992).
* Ernest Rutherford was the subject of a play by Stuart Hoar.
* On the side of the Mond Laboratory on the site of the original ] in Cambridge, there is an engraving in Rutherford's memory in the form of a ], this being the nickname given to him by its commissioner, his colleague ].
* The Rutherford Foundation, a charitable trust set up by the ] to support research in science and technology.<ref>. Royalsociety.org.nz. Retrieved on 2011-01-26.</ref>

==Publications==
* , ISBN 978-1-60355-058-1
* , ISBN 978-1-60355-054-3
*
* ''The Electrical Structure of Matter'' (1926)
* ''The Artificial Transmutation of the Elements'' (1933)
* ''The Newer Alchemy'' (1937)

==Famous statements==
{{copy section to wikiquote}}
* "The energy produced by the breaking down of the atom is a very poor kind of thing. Anyone who expects a source of power from the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine." – 1933<ref>{{cite book|author = Hendee, William R.; Ritenour, E. Russell|title = Medical imaging physics|url = http://books.google.co.za/books?id=55lh1B82SLsC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher = ]|year = 2002|isbn = 0-471-38226-4|page=21 |accessdate=2010-09-07}}</ref>
* "It was almost as if you fired a 15 inch shell into a piece of tissue paper and it came back and hit you.” (describing the ])
* "All science is either physics or stamp collecting" (though he was in 1908 awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry)
* "We haven't the money, so we've got to think."<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/beautifulminds/learning.html
|title = Alexander Fleming learning enquiry
|work = Beautiful Minds capture the spirit of Nobel achievement
|publisher = British Library
|accessdate = 2011-07-22}}</ref>
* "If your experiment needs statistics, you ought to have done a better experiment."<ref name="quote">{{cite web|url = http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/e/ernest_rutherford.html#ixzz1nHlEsxLW|title = Ernest Rutherford Quotes|accessdate = 2012-02-24}}</ref>
* "You should never bet against anything in science at odds of more than about 1012 to 1."<ref name="quote" />
* "An alleged scientific discovery has no merit unless it can be explained to a barmaid."<ref>{{cite web|url = http://izquotes.com/author/ernest-rutherford|title = Quotes by Ernest Rutherford|accessdate = 2013-03-21}}</ref>

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
|image = Ernest Rutherford Arms.svg
|bannerimage =
|badgeimage =
|notes = The arms of Ernest Rutherford consist of:<ref>{{cite book|last=Pais|first=Abraham |authorlink=Abraham Pais|title=Line of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|location= Oxford|isbn=0-19-851997-4|page=216}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.numericana.com/arms/rutherford.htm|title = Coat-of-Arms of Ernest Rutherford
|work = Escutcheons of Science|publisher = Numericana}}</ref>
|crest = A baron's coronet. On a helm wreathed of the Colors, a kiwi Proper.
|escutcheon = Per saltire arched Gules and Or, two inescutcheons voided of the first in fess, within each a martlet Sable.
|supporters = Dexter, Hermes Trismegistus (mythological patron of knowledge and alchemists). Sinister, a Maori warrior.
|compartment =
|motto = Primordia Quaerere Rerum ("To seek the first principles of things." Lucretius.)
}}

==See also==
* '']''

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite doi|10.1039/RR9710400129}}
* J. Campbell (1999) Rutherford: Scientist Supreme, AAS Publications, Christchurch
* {{cite doi|10.1098/rspa.1954.0254}}
* Reeves, Richard (2008). ''A Force of Nature: The Frontier Genius of Ernest Rutherford''. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-33369-8
* Rhodes, Richard (1986). ''The Making of the Atomic Bomb''. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-44133-7
* Wilson, David (1983). ''Rutherford. Simple Genius'', Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN 0-340-23805-4

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|s=Ernest Rutherford|author=yes}}
* from Nobel prize official website
* ''The Chemical Nature of the Alpha Particles from Radioactive Substances''
*
*
*
*
*
* in 1966 '']''
* from ]
* Article on Rutherford's contribution to dating the Age of the Earth
*
*
* – includes link to short biography and other sources (NZHistory.net.nz)
* {{cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Bruce|title=Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment|url=http://www.backstagescience.com/videos/rutherford_gold_foil.html|work=Backstage Science|publisher=]}}
{{s-start}}
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{{s-ttl
|title = ]
|years = 1931–1937
}}
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{{s-end}}

{{Copley Medallists 1901–1950}}
{{Nobel Prize in Chemistry Laureates 1901–1925}}
{{Royal Society presidents 1900s}}

{{Authority control|PND=118750488|LCCN=n/50/24959|VIAF=66546175}}

{{Persondata
|NAME=Rutherford, Ernst
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=New Zealander nuclear physicist
|DATE OF BIRTH=30 August 1871
|PLACE OF BIRTH=Spring Grove, near Nelson, New Zealand
|DATE OF DEATH=19 October 1937
|PLACE OF DEATH=Cambridge, England
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rutherford, Ernest}}
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Revision as of 14:58, 3 October 2013

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