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'''''Physalis''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|aɪ|s|əl|ɪ|s}}, sometimes {{IPAc-en|f|aɪ|'|s|eɪ|l|ɪ|s}})<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'' online, http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50178256</ref> is a ] of ] in the ] ] (]), native to warm ] and ] regions of the world. All but one species are native to the ], and most species occur in ] in particular.<ref name=whit>Whitson, M. and P. S. Manos. (2005). ''Systematic Botany'' 30(1), 216-30.</ref> At least 46 species are ] to the country.<ref name=vargas>Vargas, O., et al. (2001). ''Brittonia'' 53(4), 505-10.</ref> The genus is characterised by the small orange ] similar in size, shape and structure to a small ], but partly or fully enclosed in a large papery husk derived from the ]. Many ''Physalis'' species are called '''groundcherries'''.<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=30587 |taxon=''Physalis'' |accessdate=2011-05-21}}</ref> One name for '']'' is '''cape gooseberry''', not to be confused with the true ], which are of the genus '']'' in the family Grossulariaceae. | '''''Physalis''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|aɪ|s|əl|ɪ|s}}, sometimes {{IPAc-en|f|aɪ|'|s|eɪ|l|ɪ|s}})<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'' online, http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50178256</ref> is a ] of ] in the ] ] (]), native to warm ] and ] regions of the world. All but one species are native to the ], and most species occur in ] in particular.<ref name=whit>Whitson, M. and P. S. Manos. (2005). ''Systematic Botany'' 30(1), 216-30.</ref> At least 46 species are ] to the country.<ref name=vargas>Vargas, O., et al. (2001). ''Brittonia'' 53(4), 505-10.</ref> The genus is characterised by the small orange ] similar in size, shape and structure to a small ], but partly or fully enclosed in a large papery husk derived from the ]. Many ''Physalis'' species are called '''groundcherries'''.<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=30587 |taxon=''Physalis'' |accessdate=2011-05-21}}</ref> One name for '']'' is '''cape gooseberry''', not to be confused with the true ], which are of the genus '']'' in the family Grossulariaceae. | ||
They are ] plants growing to 0.4 to 3 |
They are ] plants growing to 0.4 to 3 metres tall, similar to the common tomato, a plant of the same family, but usually with a stiffer, more upright stem. They can be either annual or ]. Most require full sun and fairly warm to hot temperatures. Some species are sensitive to frost, but others, such as the Chinese lantern, '']'', tolerate severe cold when dormant in winter. | ||
==Cultivation and uses== | ==Cultivation and uses== | ||
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These plants grow in most soil types and do very well in poor soils and in pots. They require moisture until fruiting. Plants are susceptible to many of the common ], and other pests such as ]s, ], ]s, and the ] (''Leptinotarsa juncta'') also attack them. Propagation is by seed. Some species are ] and require ] from other plants to bear fruit. | These plants grow in most soil types and do very well in poor soils and in pots. They require moisture until fruiting. Plants are susceptible to many of the common ], and other pests such as ]s, ], ]s, and the ] (''Leptinotarsa juncta'') also attack them. Propagation is by seed. Some species are ] and require ] from other plants to bear fruit. | ||
Not all ''Physalis'' bear edible fruit. Select species are cultivated for their edible fruit, however; the typical ''Physalis'' fruit is similar to a firm tomato in texture, and like ] or ] in |
Not all ''Physalis'' bear edible fruit. Select species are cultivated for their edible fruit, however; the typical ''Physalis'' fruit is similar to a firm tomato in texture, and like ] or ] in flavour, with a mild acidity. Some species, such as the cape gooseberry and ] have been bred into many ]s with varying flavours, from tart to sweet to savoury. ''Physalis'' fruit and are rich in ]. | ||
The fruit can be used like the tomato. Once extracted from its husk, it can be eaten raw and used in ]s. Some varieties are added to desserts, used as |
The fruit can be used like the tomato. Once extracted from its husk, it can be eaten raw and used in ]s. Some varieties are added to desserts, used as flavouring, made into ], or dried and used like ]s. They contain ] and can be used in ]. | ||
The cape gooseberry is native to the ], but is commonly in many subtropical areas. Its use in ] near the ] inspired its common name. Other species of commercial importance include the tomatillo (''P. philadelphica''). Some nations, such as ], have a significant economic trade in ''Physalis'' fruit. | The cape gooseberry is native to the ], but is commonly in many subtropical areas. Its use in ] near the ] inspired its common name. Other species of commercial importance include the tomatillo (''P. philadelphica''). Some nations, such as ], have a significant economic trade in ''Physalis'' fruit. |
Revision as of 11:48, 9 October 2013
For the software framework, see Physalis (software). For the mobile suit from Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: Stardust Memory, see Gundam Development Project.
Physalis | |
---|---|
cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) leaves and fruit | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
(unranked): | Angiosperms |
(unranked): | Eudicots |
(unranked): | Asterids |
Order: | Solanales |
Family: | Solanaceae |
Subfamily: | Solanoideae |
Tribe: | Physaleae |
Subtribe: | Physalinae |
Genus: | Physalis L. |
Species | |
About 75-90, see text | |
Synonyms | |
Alkekengi Mill. |
Physalis (/ˈfaɪsəlɪs/, sometimes /faɪˈseɪlɪs/) is a genus of plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), native to warm temperate and subtropical regions of the world. All but one species are native to the New World, and most species occur in Mexico in particular. At least 46 species are endemic to the country. The genus is characterised by the small orange fruit similar in size, shape and structure to a small tomato, but partly or fully enclosed in a large papery husk derived from the calyx. Many Physalis species are called groundcherries. One name for Physalis peruviana is cape gooseberry, not to be confused with the true gooseberries, which are of the genus Ribes in the family Grossulariaceae.
They are herbaceous plants growing to 0.4 to 3 metres tall, similar to the common tomato, a plant of the same family, but usually with a stiffer, more upright stem. They can be either annual or perennial. Most require full sun and fairly warm to hot temperatures. Some species are sensitive to frost, but others, such as the Chinese lantern, P. alkekengi, tolerate severe cold when dormant in winter.
Cultivation and uses
These plants grow in most soil types and do very well in poor soils and in pots. They require moisture until fruiting. Plants are susceptible to many of the common tomato diseases and pests, and other pests such as aphids, whiteflies, spider mites, and the false potato beetle (Leptinotarsa juncta) also attack them. Propagation is by seed. Some species are self-incompatible and require pollen from other plants to bear fruit.
Not all Physalis bear edible fruit. Select species are cultivated for their edible fruit, however; the typical Physalis fruit is similar to a firm tomato in texture, and like strawberries or pineapple in flavour, with a mild acidity. Some species, such as the cape gooseberry and tomatillo have been bred into many cultivars with varying flavours, from tart to sweet to savoury. Physalis fruit and are rich in cryptoxanthin.
The fruit can be used like the tomato. Once extracted from its husk, it can be eaten raw and used in salads. Some varieties are added to desserts, used as flavouring, made into fruit preserves, or dried and used like raisins. They contain pectin and can be used in pie filling.
The cape gooseberry is native to the Americas, but is commonly in many subtropical areas. Its use in South Africa near the Cape of Good Hope inspired its common name. Other species of commercial importance include the tomatillo (P. philadelphica). Some nations, such as Colombia, have a significant economic trade in Physalis fruit.
Some species are grown as ornamental plants. For example, the hardy Physalis alkekengi is popular for its large, bright orange to red husks.
In Chinese medicine, Physalis species are used as remedies for such conditions as abscesses, coughs, fevers, and sore throat. Smooth groundcherry (P. subglabrata) is classified as a hallucinogenic plant, and its cultivation for other than ornamental purposes is outlawed in the US state of Louisiana under State Act 159.
The extinct Dacian language has left few traces, but in De Materia Medica by Pedanius Dioscorides, a plant called Strychnos alikakabos (Στρύχνος άλικακάβος) is discussed, which was called kykolis (or cycolis) by the Dacians. Some have considered this plant to be Physalis alkekengi, but the name more likely refers to ashwagandha (Withania somnifera).
Diversity
As of 2005 there were about 75 to 90 species in the genus.
Species include:
- Physalis acutifolia (Miers) Sandw. – sharp-leaved groundcherry, Wright groundcherry
- Physalis alkekengi L. – Chinese lantern, Japanese lantern, bladder-cherry, winter-cherry, hōzuki (Japanese)
- Physalis angulata L. – cut-leaved groundcherry, lance-leaved groundcherry, camapu
- Physalis angustifolia Nutt. – coastal groundcherry
- Physalis arenicola Kearney – cypress-headed groundcherry
- Physalis carpenteri Riddell ex Rydb. – Carpenter's groundcherry
- Physalis caudella Standl. – southwestern groundcherry
- Physalis cinerascens (Dunal) A.S. Hitchc. – small-flowered groundcherry
- Physalis clarionensis
- Physalis cordata Mill. – heart-leaved groundcherry
- Physalis coztomatl Moc. & Sessé ex Dunal
- Physalis crassifolia Benth. – thick-leaved groundcherry, yellow nightshade groundcherry
- Physalis foetens Poir. – tropical groundcherry
- Physalis grisea (Waterfall) Martínez – strawberry-tomato
- Physalis hederifolia A.Gray – ivy-leaved groundcherry
- Physalis heterophylla Nees – clammy groundcherry
- Physalis hispida (Waterfall) Cronq. – prairie groundcherry
- Physalis latiphysa Waterfall – broad-leaved groundcherry
- Physalis longifolia Nutt. – common groundcherry, long-leaved groundcherry
- Physalis longiloba
- Physalis mimulus
- Physalis minima L. – pygmy groundcherry, native gooseberry (Australia)
- Physalis missouriensis Mackenzie & Bush – Missouri groundcherry
- Physalis mollis Nutt. – field groundcherry
- Physalis noronhae
- Physalis peruviana L. – cape gooseberry, Peruvian groundcherry, Inca berry, uchuva (Colombia), poha
- Physalis philadelphica Lam. (syn. P. ixocarpa) – tomatillo, Mexican groundcherry, jamberry, Mexican tomato, tomate de cáscara, tomate de fresadilla, tomate milpero, tomate verde
- Physalis pruinosa L. – strawberry groundcherry
- Physalis pubescens L. – golden strawberry, Chinese lantern
- Physalis pumila Nutt. – dwarf groundcherry
- Physalis subulata Rydb. – Chihuahuan groundcherry
- Physalis tamayoi
- Physalis turbinata Medik. – thicket groundcherry
- Physalis virginiana Mill. – Virginia groundcherry
- Physalis viscosa L. – grape groundcherry, star-haired groundcherry
- Physalis walteri Nutt. – Walter's groundcherry
Formerly placed here
- Deprea orinocensis (Kunth) Raf. (as P. orinocensis Kunth)
- Leucophysalis grandiflora (Hook.) Rydb. (as P. grandiflora Hook.)
- Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf. (as P. lobata Torr.)
- Salpichroa origanifolia (Lam.) Baill. (as P. origanifolia Lam.)
- Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (as P. somnifera L.)
References
- ^ "Genus: Physalis L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-09-01. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
- Oxford English Dictionary online, http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50178256
- ^ Whitson, M. and P. S. Manos. (2005). Untangling Physalis (Solanaceae) from the physaloids: a two-gene phylogeny of the Physalinae. Systematic Botany 30(1), 216-30.
- ^ Vargas, O., et al. (2001). Two new species of Physalis (Solanaceae) endemic to Jalisco, Mexico. Brittonia 53(4), 505-10.
- ^ "Physalis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2011-05-21.
- Duke, J. A. (1985). Reference Publications, Inc. (ed.). Medicinal Plants of China. ISBN 0-917256-20-4. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
{{cite book}}
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suggested) (help) - Berendes, J. (ed.) Arzneimittellehre in fünf Büchern des Pedanios Dioskurides aus Anazarbos. Stuttgart. 1902. 405-08.
- ^ "GRIN Species Records of Physalis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-05-21.
External links
- "Groundcherries, (cape-gooseberries or poha), raw". Nutrition Facts. Self Nutrition Data.
- Names in Databases: