| Revision as of 05:46, 26 October 2013 editAdrian J. Hunter (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers20,335 edits Reverted good faith edits by 199.116.64.11 (talk): Don't see why you'd expect "illegal" to be defined in the Immigration and Nationality Act. (TW)← Previous edit | Revision as of 18:18, 26 October 2013 edit undo71.255.171.42 (talk) This was made by Anthony TeixeraTag: blankingNext edit → | ||
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| Alright everyone knows how people dont like mexicans | |||
| '''Illegal immigration''' refers to the migration of people across national ]s in a way that violates the ]s of the destined country. | |||
| Illegal immigration is overwhelmingly upward, from a poorer to a richer country.,<ref>{{cite journal|first=Mark|last=Taylor|title=The Drivers of Immigration in Contemporary Society: Unequal Distribution of Resources and Opportunities|work=Human Ecology|volume=35|number=6|date=December 2007|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/3194641502768341|accessdate=2009-12-10}}</ref> and one measurable factor is the ‘push-pull’ incentive - the quality of life in the host country against the home country. But it is also noted that illegal immigrants tend not to be the poorest within their populations. | |||
| Some countries have millions of illegal immigrants.<ref> | |||
| {{cite web |url=http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/04/11/17691515-by-the-numbers-how-america-tallies-its-111-million-undocumented-immigrants?lite |title= By the numbers: How America tallies its 11.1 million undocumented immigrants | publisher= NBC News|accessdate=3 September 2013}}</ref> | |||
| When potential immigrants believe that the chances of successfully migrating upwards are greater than the risks/costs, illegal immigration becomes an option. The benefits taken into account include not only expected improvements in income and living conditions, but also expectations in relation to potential future residential permits,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cis.org/Kephart/Cecilia-Munoz-Embraces-Amnesty|title=White House Embraces Administrative Amnesty After Failing to Get Congress on Board|first=Janice|last=Kephart|date=August 19, 2011|accessdate=2012-03-04|work=Center for Immigration Studies}}</ref> where illegal immigrants are given a path to ] or ].<ref name=feere>{{cite web|url=http://www.cis.org/birthright-citizenship|title=Birthright Citizenship in the United States: A Global Comparison|first=John|last=Feere|date=August 2010|accessdate=2012-03-04|work=Center for Immigration Studies}}</ref> The costs may include restrictions on living as an illegal immigrant in the destination country, leaving family and ways of life behind, and the probability of being detained and resulting sanctions.<ref>{{cite journal|first=V. M.|last=Briggs|title=The State of U.S. Immigration Policy: The Quandary of Economic Methodology and the Relevance of Economic Research to Know|work=Journal of Law, Economics and Policy|volume=5|number=1|year=2009|pages=177–193|url=http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/articles/256|accessdate=2009-12-10}}</ref> | |||
| == Terminology == | |||
| Advocates of unrestricted or less restricted immigration policy tend to use the term "undocumented immigrant" instead of "illegal immigrant" to refer to persons who stay in a country illegally. Likewise, those advocates and some others dislike the term "illegal alien," although the term "alien" is defined in the United States ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-29/0-0-0-101.html |title=INA: ACT 101 - DEFINITIONS |publisher=Uscis.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref> | |||
| ==Economic models of illegal immigration== | |||
| {{Main|Human_migration#Theories for migration for work in the 21st century}} | |||
| ===Neoclassical model=== | |||
| The neoclassical economic model looks only at the probability of success in immigrating and finding employment, and the increase in real income that can be expected. This explanation would account for the economies of the two states, including how much of a "pull" the destination country has in terms of better-paying jobs and improvements in quality of life. It also describes a "push" that comes from negative conditions in the home country like lack of employment or economic mobility. | |||
| Neoclassical theory posits that factors such as geographic proximity, border enforcement, probability and consequences of arrest, ease of illegal employment, and chances of future legal status govern the likelihood of "successful" illegal immigration.<ref name="logic">{{cite web|first=Gordon H.|last=Hanson|title=The Economic Logic of Illegal Immigration. Report to the Council on Foreign Relations|work=Council on Foreign Relations (CSR No. 26)|date=April 2007|url=http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/ImmigrationCSR26.pdf|accessdate=2009-12-11}}</ref> This model also assumes that illegal workers tend to add to, and compete with, the receiving countries' pool of unskilled laborers. Illegal workers in this model find employment by accepting lower wages than native-born workers, sometimes below the ] and "off-the-books." Economist ] supports aspects of this model, calculating that real wages of US workers without a high school degree declined by 9% from 1980–2000 due to competition from illegal immigrants.<ref>{{cite journal|first=George|last=Borjas|title=The Labor Demand Curve is Downward Sloping: Reexamining the Impact of Immigration on the Labor Market|work=The Quarterly Journal of Economics|volume=118|number=4|pages=1335–1374|year=2003|url=http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/content/118/4/1335.abstract?sid=5feab49f-e35b-4d0f-b20f-ca6280580e35|accessdate=2009-12-11}}</ref> | |||
| Large-scale economic evidence supports neoclassical theory, as may be seen in the long-term correlation of relative wages and unemployment with illegal immigration from Mexico to the US. However, migration scholars such as Gordon Hanson and ] have criticized the model for being oversimplified and not accounting for contradictory evidence, such as low net illegal immigration from Mexico to the US before the 1980s despite significant economic disparity.<ref name="logic"/> Numerous refinements have been suggested to account for other factors, as seen below. | |||
| ====Trade liberalization==== | |||
| In recent years, developing states have pursued the benefits of ] by adopting measures to liberalize trade. But rapid opening of domestic markets may lead to displacement of large numbers of agricultural or unskilled workers, who are more likely to seek employment and a higher quality of life by illegal immigration. This is a frequently cited argument to explain how the ] may have impoverished Mexican farmers who were unable to compete with the higher productivity of US subsidized agriculture, especially for corn. NAFTA may have also unexpectedly raised educational requirements for industrial jobs in Mexico, since the new '']s'' produced export products requiring skills and education that many unskilled workers did not have.<ref name="pietro">Giorgio di Pietro. Trade, Legal, and Illegal Immigration. University of Westminster. Available at http://www.epriee.ncl.ac.uk/dipietro.pdf{{dead link|date=March 2012}} Accessed December 11, 2009</ref>{{dubious|date=March 2012}} | |||
| ====Structural demand in developed states==== | |||
| ] argues that a bifurcating labor market in so called developed countries creates a '''structural demand''' for unskilled immigrant labor to fill undesirable jobs that native-born citizens do not seek, regardless of wages.<ref name="massey">{{cite book|first1=Douglas|last1=Massey|first2=Jorge|last2=Durand|first3=Nolan J.|last3=Malone|title=Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Mexican Immigration in an Era of Economic Integration|publisher=Russell Sage Foundation|location=New York|year=2003}}</ref> He postulates that ] economies have a widening gap between well-paying, white-collar jobs that require ever higher levels of education ("human capital"), for which native-born citizens and legal immigrants can qualify, and bottom-tier jobs that are ] and require no education. These "underclass" jobs include harvesting crops, unskilled labor in landscaping and construction, house-cleaning, and maid and busboy work in hotels and restaurants, all of which have a disproportionate number of illegal immigrants. Research indicates that the advantage to firms from employing illegal immigrants increases as more firms in the industry do so, decreases with the skill level of the firm's workers, increases with the breadth of a firm's market, and increases with the labor intensity of the firm's production process.<ref></ref> | |||
| Since the decline of middle-class ] jobs in manufacturing and industry, younger native-born generations have acquired higher education. The majority of new blue-collar jobs qualify as Massey's "underclass" work, and suffer from unreliability, subservient roles and, critically, a lack of potential for advancement. Entry-level white-collar and service jobs offer advancement opportunities for people with work permits and citizenship. | |||
| In a developed country like the US, only 12% of the labor force has less than a high school education. Illegal immigrants are believed to have lower levels of education, and it has been reported that about 70% of illegal workers in the US from Mexico lack a high school degree.<ref name="logic"/> Even "underclass" jobs have higher relative wages than those in home countries. Since many illegal immigrants often anticipate working only temporarily in the destination country, the lack of opportunity for advancement is seen by many as less of a problem. Some support for this claim can be seen in a Pew Hispanic Center poll of over 3,000 illegal immigrants from Mexico in the US, which found that 79% would voluntarily join a ] program that allowed them to work legally for several years but then required them to leave.<ref name="pew survey">{{cite web|first=Roberto|last=Suro|title=Survey of Mexican Migrants, Part One: Attitudes about Immigration and Major Demographic Characteristics|work=Pew Hispanic Center|date=March 2, 2005|url=http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/41.pdf|accessdate=2009-12-11}}</ref> | |||
| The structural demand theory posits that willingness to take undesirable jobs is what gives illegal immigrants their employment.<ref name="Massey") Evidence for this may be seen in the average wages of illegal day laborers in California, between $10 and $12 per hour in a 2005 study, was higher than many entry-level white collar work or service jobs.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Abel|last1=Valenzuela, Jr.|first2=Nik|last2=Theodore|first3=Edwin|last3=Meléndez|first4=Ana Luz|last4=Gonzalez|title=On the Corner: Day Labor in the US|work=UCLA Center for the Study of Urban Poverty|date=January 2006|accessdate=2009-12-11|url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/issr/csup/uploaded_files/Natl_DayLabor-On_the_Corner1.pdf}}</ref> | |||
| Structural demand theory argues that cases like this show that there is no direct competition between illegal immigrants and native-born workers. This is the concept that illegal immigrants "take jobs that no one else wants." Massey argues that this has certain policy implications, as it may refute claims that illegal immigrants are "lowering wages" or stealing jobs from native-born workers.<ref name="massey"/> | |||
| ====Poverty==== | |||
| While economic models do look at relative wealth and income between home and destination countries, they do not necessarily imply that illegal immigrants are always impoverished by standards of the home country. The poorest classes in a developing country may lack the resources needed to mount an attempt to cross illegally, or the connections to friends or family already in the destination country. Studies from the Pew Hispanic Center have shown that the education and wage levels of illegal Mexican immigrants in the US are around the median for Mexico, and that having family who have immigrated or being from a community with many immigrants is a much better predictor of one's choice to immigrate.<ref name="pew survey"/> | |||
| Other examples do show that increases in poverty, especially when associated with immediate crises, can increase the likelihood of illegal migration. The ], subsequent to the start of the ] (NAFTA), was associated with widespread poverty and a lower valuation for the peso relative to the dollar.<ref name="pietro"/> It also marked the start of a massive swell in Mexican immigration, in which net illegal migration to the US increased every year from the mid-1990s until the mid-2000s. | |||
| There are also examples where ] and ] can amplify ]-driven migration flows.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=59616|title=ETHIOPIA: High population growth could slow development - gov't|date=July 11, 2006|accessdate=2012-03-04|work=IRIN}}</ref> | |||
| ===Overpopulation=== | |||
| ] that exceeds the ] of an area or environment results in ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.donellameadows.org/archives/poverty-causes-population-growth-causes-poverty|title=Poverty Causes Population Growth Causes Poverty|first=Donella|last=Meadows|year=1986|work=Donella Meadows Institute|accessdate=2012-03-04}}</ref> Spikes in human population can cause problems such as ], ],<ref>{{cite news|first=Alex|last=Kirby|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1234244.stm|title=World warned on water refugees|date=March 21, 2001|accessdate=2012-03-04|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earth-policy.org/Alerts/Alert4.htm|title=Plan B Updates: Population Growth Sentencing Millions to Hydrological Poverty|first=Lester R.|last=Brown|date=June 21, 2000|accessdate=2012-03-04|work=Earth Policy Institute}}</ref> and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/sd/WPdirect/WPre0087.htm|title=Population and Poverty: the Policy Issues, Part 1|first=Geoffrey|last=McNicoll|date=January 1999|accessdate=2012-03-04|work=Sustainable Development Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}} | |||
| </ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2002/english/ch1/index.htm|title=UNFPA State of World Population 2002|accessdate=2012-03-04|work=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> ] has grown from 1.6 billion in 1900 to an estimated 7 billion today. In Mexico alone, population has grown from 13.6 million in 1900 to 107 million in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|title=From Traitors to Heroes: 100 Years of Mexican Migration Policies |url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=203|date=March 2004|first=Jorge|last=Durand|accessdate=2012-03-04|work=Migration Policy Institute}}</ref> Virginia Abernethy notes that immigration is a road that provides a "relief valve" to overpopulation that stops a population from addressing the consequences of its overpopulation and that exports this overpopulation to another location or country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://culturechange.org/issue10/overpopulation.html|title=The Road to Overpopulation is Roads|first1=Virginia|last1=Abernethy|first2=Jan C.|last2=Lundberg|accessdate=2012-03-04|work=Culture Change}}</ref> | |||
| In 2000, the ] estimated that the world's population was growing at the rate of 1.14% (or about 75 million people) per year. According to data from the CIA's ], the world human population currently increases by 145 every minute.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|title=People and Society:WORLD:Population growth rate|accessdate=2012-03-04|work=The World Factbook}}</ref> The United States ] issued a revised forecast for world population that increased its projection for the year 2050 to above 9.4 billion people, up from 9.1 billion people. We are adding a billion more every 12 years. Almost all growth will take place in the less developed regions.<ref>{{cite web|first=Jonette|last=Christian|date=October 9, 1999|title=Population, Immigration, and Global Ethics|url=http://www.susps.org/ibq1998/discuss/jchristian.html|work=Support U.S. Population Stabilization (SUSPS)|accessdate=2012-03-04}}</ref> | |||
| ===Family reunification=== | |||
| Some illegal immigrants seek to live with loved ones, such as a spouse or other family members.<ref name="washpost1">{{cite news|first=N. C.|last=Aizenman|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/27/AR2006082700771.html|title=Young Migrants Risk All to Reach U.S.|work=The Washington Post|date=August 28, 2006|accessdate=2007-10-03}}</ref><ref name="lamigra">{{cite web|first=Rosario|last=Vital|url=http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=b2579269c3c901ad0ae85bd42dd2920d|title=Love Unites Them, La Migra Separates Them|work=New America Media|date=November 30, 2006|accessdate=2007-10-03}}</ref><ref name="haaretz1">{{cite news|first=Lily|last=Galili|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=533868|title=After such respect, such humiliation: A former soccer star from Lod was accused recently of harboring an illegal alien - his wife of four years|work=Haaretz|date=January 31, 2005|accessdate=2012-03-04}}</ref> Family reunification visas may be applied for by legal residents or naturalized citizens to bring their family members into a destination state legally, but these visas may be limited in number and subject to yearly quotas. This may force their family members to enter illegally to reunify. From studying Mexican migration patterns, Douglas Massey finds that the likelihood that a Mexican national will emigrate illegally to the US increases dramatically if they have one or more family members already residing in the United States, legally or illegally.<ref name="massey"/> | |||
| Due to inability to marry, same-sex couples in which one member has an expiring visa may face an "unpalatable choice between leaving and living with the person they love in violation of U.S. immigration laws".<ref name="hrw1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/us0506/index.htm|title=Family, Unvalued Discrimination, Denial, and the Fate of Binational Same-Sex Couples under U.S. Law|work=Human Rights Watch|date=May 2, 2006|quote=Faced with the unpalatable choice between leaving and living with the person they love in violation of U.S. immigration laws, foreign-born partners may become illegal—staying after their visa expires.|accessdate=2012-03-04}}</ref> | |||
| ===Wars and asylum=== | |||
| Illegal immigration may be prompted by the desire to escape civil war or ] in the country of origin. Non-economic push factors include ] (religious and otherwise), frequent ], ], ], and ], and risks to civilians during ]. Political motives traditionally motivate ] flows – to escape ] for instance. | |||
| The status of "illegal immigrant" may coincide with or be replaced by the status of "]" for emigrants who have escaped a war or repression and have unlawfully crossed into another state. If they are recognized as "legitimate" asylees by the destination state, they will then gain status. However, there may be numerous potential asylums in a destination state who are unwilling to apply or have been denied asylum status, and hence are categorized as "illegal immigrants" and may be subject to punishment or deportation. However, Article 31 of the ] prohibits the Contracting States from imposing penalties on refugees for their illegal enter or presence, who come directly from a territory where their life or freedom are threatened. | |||
| There are numerous cases of mass emigration from poor or war-stricken states. These include examples from Africa,<ref>{{cite news|first=Lucy|last=Fleming|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5383080.stm|title=Gambia – new front in migrant trade|work=BBC News|date=October 10, 2006|accessdate=2012-03-04}}</ref> Colombia, and El Salvador. | |||
| After decades of armed conflict, roughly one of every 10 Colombians now lives abroad.<ref name="mis1">{{cite web |url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=344 |title=Colombia: In the Crossfire| accessdate=2007-01-22 |author= Myriam Bérubé |date=November 2005|publisher=Migration Policy Institute}}</ref> | |||
| For example, Colombians emigrating to Spain have "grown exponentially, from a little over 7,000 in 1993 to more than 80,000 in 2002 and 244,000 in 2003."<ref name="imdiversity">{{cite web|first=Pilar|last=Marrero|url=http://www.imdiversity.com/Villages/Hispanic/world_international/pns_immigration_shift_1204.asp|title=Immigration Shift: Many Latin Americans Choosing Spain Over U.S.|work=IMDiversity.com|date=December 9, 2004|accessdate=2008-09-02}}</ref> | |||
| Also, figures from the ] indicate that ] is the fourth-leading source country of illegal ]. According to its ], the number of illegal Colombian residents in the United States almost tripled from 51,000 in 1990 to 141,000 in 2000.<ref name=ins>{{cite web|work=Office of Policy and Planning U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service|url=http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/publications/Ill_Report_1211.pdf|title=Estimates of the illegal immigrant population residing in the United States: 1990 to 2000|accessdate=2012-03-04}}</ref> According to the US Census Bureau, the number of ] Colombian immigrants in the United States in 2000{{Citation needed|reason=Is this not the estimated figure for 2006? Check the dataset please.|date=February 2010}} was 801,363.<ref>U.S. Census Bureau, | |||
| U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved on 2008-02-07. "S0201. Selected Population Profile in the United States; Population Group: Colombian; | |||
| Data Set: 2006 American Community Survey; | |||
| Survey: 2006 American Community Survey. | |||
| (Via: Main>Data Sets>American Community Surveys>Selected Population Profiles (Geographic Type=Nation, Ethnic Group=Colombian)".</ref> Census data are important because, as the Department of Homeland Security states, "census data are more complete and reliable because of the national scope of the data collection, the vastly larger data sample, and the extensive preparation and follow-up activities involved in conducting the decennial census."<ref name=ins/> | |||
| ] is another country which experienced substantial emigration as a result of civil war and repression. The largest per-capita source of immigrants to the United States comes from El Salvador. Up to a third of the world's Salvadoran-born population lives outside the country, mostly in the United States.{{citation needed|date=March 2012}} | |||
| ===Deprivation of citizenship=== | |||
| In a 2012 news story, the ] reported, "The estimated 750,000 ], one of the most miserable and oppressed minorities in the world, are deeply resentful of their almost complete absence of civil rights in ]. In 1982, the military junta stripped the Rohingya of their Myanmar citizenship, classing them as undocumented immigrants and rendering them ]."<ref>{{cite web|author=Peter Ford |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2012/0612/Why-deadly-race-riots-could-rattle-Myanmar-s-fledgling-reforms |title=Why deadly race riots could rattle Myanmar's fledgling reforms |publisher='']'' |date=June 12, 2012}}</ref> | |||
| {{See also|Denaturalization}} | |||
| ==Problems== | |||
| Some perceived problems with illegal immigration can be divided into dangers faced by illegal immigrants and problems faced by the host or receiving country. illegal immigrants may expose themselves and citizens of the countries they enter to dangers while entering into another country. Aside from the possibility that they may be intercepted and deported, some considerably more dangerous outcomes have been known to result from their activity. As an example, illegal immigrants may be ] for exploitation including ] and some illegal immigrants, like other people, are involved in criminal activity. | |||
| ===Slavery=== | |||
| After the end of the legal international ] by the European countries and the United States in the early 19th century, the illegal importation of ]s has continued, albeit at much reduced levels. Although not as common as in Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America, some women are undoubtedly smuggled into the United States and Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/09/23_16691.shtml|title=Modern slavery thriving in the U.S.|first=Janet|last=Gilmore|date=September 23, 2004|work=UC Berkeley News|accessdate=2012-03-04}}</ref> | |||
| People have been kidnapped or tricked into slavery to work as laborers, for example in factories. Those trafficked in this manner often face additional barriers to escaping slavery, since their status as illegal immigrants makes it difficult for them to gain access to help or services. For example ] women trafficked into Thailand and forced to work in factories or as prostitutes may not speak the language and may be vulnerable to abuse by police due to their illegal immigrant status.<ref>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Bales | |||
| | first = Kevin | |||
| | authorlink = Kevin Bales | |||
| | title = Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy | |||
| | publisher = University of California Press | |||
| | year= 1999 | |||
| | isbn = 0-520-22463-9 }}</ref> | |||
| ===Prostitution=== | |||
| Some people forced into ] face challenges of charges of illegal immigration.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Jo|last=Doezema|url=http://www.walnet.org/csis/papers/doezema-loose.html#moralpanics|title=Loose Women or Lost Women? The re-emergence of the myth of 'white slavery' in contemporary discourses of 'trafficking in women'|work=Gender Issues|volume=18|number=1|date=January 2000|pages=23–50}}</ref> | |||
| Since the ], ] is being confronted with a serious problem related to the sexual exploitation of illegal immigrants (especially from ]), for the purpose of prostitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/ukraine/eeeu.htm|title=Eastern Europe Exports Flesh to the EU: The Natashi Trade|first=Francois|last=Loncle|date=December 2001|accessdate=2012-03-04}}</ref> | |||
| ===Death=== | |||
| Each year there are several hundred illegal ].<ref>United States Government Accounting Office. , August 2006.</ref> Death by exposure occurs in the deserts of Southwestern United States during the hot summer season.<ref>{{cite news | author=Evelyn Nieves | publisher=New York Times | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9806E7D6103BF935A3575BC0A9649C8B63 | date= August 6, 2002 | title=Illegal Immigrant Death Rate Rises Sharply in Barren Areas. | accessdate=2008-02-16}}</ref> | |||
| ==Methods== | |||
| ===Border crossing=== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ].]] | |||
| Immigrants from countries that do not have automatic visa agreements, or who would not otherwise qualify for a visa, often cross the borders illegally in some areas like the ], the Mona Channel between the ] and ], the ], ], and the ]. Because these methods are illegal, they are often dangerous. Would-be immigrants have been known to suffocate in ]s,<ref>{{Cite news|work=CBC News|url=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2000/01/10/migrants000110.html|title=Three undocumented migrants die in shipping container|date=November 11, 2000|accessdate=2007-10-03}}</ref> ]s,<ref>{{cite web|work=Siskind Susser Bland|url=http://www.visalaw.com/98aug/33aug98.html|title=At least 52 immigrants die of heat crossing from Mexico|accessdate=2007-10-03}}</ref> and trucks,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.people.com.cn/english/200103/06/eng20010306_64193.html|work=People's Dailt Online|date=March 6, 2001|title=Ninth on Trial in Dutch Court for Murder and Illegal Immigration|accessdate=2012-03-04}}</ref> sink in ]s caused by unseaworthy vessels, die of ]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=21975|title=Illegal Immigration: An American Tragedy|first=Allan J.|last=Ashinoff|date=March 12, 2007|accessdate=2012-03-04}}</ref> or ] during long walks without water. An official estimate puts the number of people who died in illegal crossings across the U.S.-Mexican border between 1998 and 2004 at 1,954 (see ]). | |||
| ] is the practice of intermediaries aiding illegal immigrants in crossing over international borders in financial gain, often in large groups. Human smuggling differs from, but is sometimes associated with, ]. A human smuggler will facilitate ] into a country for a fee, but on arrival at their destination, the smuggled person is usually free. Trafficking involves a process of using physical force, ], or ] to obtain and transport people. | |||
| Types of notorious human smugglers include ] ]s present in ] (especially in ]) that smuggle laborers into ] states (making ]s frequent centers of illegal immigration) and "coyotes", who smuggle illegal immigrants to the ] and have been known to abuse or even kill their passengers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/mexico/tijuana/20060723-9999-1m23killed.html|title=Immigrant found slain in Grant Hill house|first=Lola|last=Sherman | |||
| |work=San Diego Union-Tribune|date=July 23, 2006|accessdate=2012-03-04}}</ref> Sometimes illegal immigrants are abandoned by their human traffickers if there are difficulties, often dying in the process. Others may be victims of intentional killing. | |||
| ===Overstaying a visa=== | |||
| Many illegal immigrants are migrants who originally arrive in a country lawfully but overstay their authorized residence (overstaying a ]).<ref name="iom5">{{cite web|url=http://cis.org/Illegal|title=Illegal Immigration|accessdate=2012-03-04|work=Center for Immigration Studies}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.workpermit.com/news/2005_10_24/us/immigrants_overstay_visas_us.htm |title=When immigrants overstay visas, US does little |publisher=Workpermit.com |date=2005-10-24 |accessdate=2012-10-23}}</ref> For example, most of the estimated 200,000 illegal immigrants in Canada (perhaps as high as 500,000) are refugee claimants whose refugee applications were rejected but who have not yet been expelled from the country.<ref>{{cite news | author = Marina Jimenez | url = http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/Page/document/v4/sub/MarketingPage?user_URL=http://www.theglobeandmail.com%2Fservlet%2Fstory%2FLAC.20031115.UILLE15%2FTPStory%2F%3Fquery%3DCanada%2527s%2Bunderground%2Beconomy%2B&ord=1155738419213&brand=theglobeandmail&force_login=true| title = 200,000 undocumented immigrants toiling in Canada's underground economy | work=Globe and Mail| date= 2003-11-15 | location=Toronto}}</ref> | |||
| A related way of becoming an illegal immigrant is through bureaucratic means. For example, persons can be allowed to remain in a country or be protected from expulsion because they need special pension for a medical condition,{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} deep love for a native,{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} or even to avoid being tried for a crime in their native country,{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} without being able to regularize their situation and obtain a work and/or residency permit, let alone ].{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} Hence, categories of people being neither undocumented immigrants nor local citizens are created, living in a judicial "no man's land". | |||
| Another example is formed by children of foreigners born in countries observing '']'' ("right of territory"), such as was the case in France until 1994{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} and in Ireland until 2005.<ref name="citizensinformation.ie">{{cite web|url=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/categories/moving-country/irish-citizenship/irish_citizenship_through_birth_or_descent |title=Irish citizenship through birth or descent |publisher=Citizensinformation.ie |date= |accessdate=2012-10-23}}</ref> In these countries, it was possible to obtain French or Irish nationality (respectively) solely by being born in France before 1994 or in Ireland before 2005<ref name="citizensinformation.ie"/> (respectively). At present, a French born child of foreign parents does not automatically obtain French nationality until residency duration conditions are met{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}. Since 1 January 2005, a child born in Ireland does not automatically acquire Irish nationality unless certain conditions are met.<ref name="citizensinformation.ie"/> | |||
| ==Legal and political status== | |||
| :''See also: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]''. | |||
| Many countries have had or currently have laws restricting immigration for economic or ] political reasons. ] concerning ], enacted in October 2001, requested of UN member states to restrict immigration laws. Whether a person is permitted to stay in a country legally may be decided by ]s or point systems or may be based on considerations such as family ties (marriage, elderly mother, etc.). Exceptions relative to ]s or to sick people are also common. Immigrants who do not participate in these legal proceedings or who are denied permission under them and still enter or stay in the country are undocumented immigrants, as well as people born on national territory (henceforth not "immigrants") but who have not obtained nationality of their birthplace and have no legal title of residency.<ref>http://149.101.23.2/graphics/publicaffairs/factsheets/948.htm</ref> | |||
| Most countries have laws requiring workers to have proper documentation, often intended to prevent or minimize the employment of illegal immigrants. However the penalties against employers are often small and the acceptable identification requirements vague and ill-defined as well as being seldom checked or enforced, making it easy for employers to hire illegal labor. illegal immigrants are especially popular with many employers because they can pay less than the legal ] or have unsafe working conditions, secure in the knowledge that few illegal workers will report the abuse to the authorities. Often the minimum wages in one country can be several times the prevailing wage in the illegal immigrant's country, making even these jobs attractive to the illegal worker.{{Citation needed|reason=Aug 2010|date=August 2010}} | |||
| In response to the outcry following popular knowledge of ], the newly established ] held an international conference on ], where it was decided that refugees (legally defined to be people who are persecuted in their original country and then enter another country seeking safety) should be exempted from immigration laws.<ref>{{dead link|date=October 2012}}</ref> It is, however, up to the countries involved to decide if a particular immigrant is a refugee or not, and hence whether they are subject to the immigration controls. | |||
| The right to ] of an individual within national borders is often contained within the ] or in a country's ] legislation. Some argue that the freedom of movement both within and between countries is a basic human right and that ] and immigration policies of state governments violate this human right that those same governments recognize within their own borders. According to the article 13 on the ], fundamental human rights are violated when citizens are forbidden to leave their country. However, immigrants are not assured the right to enter a country, that right is given at the host country's discretion. | |||
| Since illegal immigrants without proper legal status have no valid identification documents such as ]s, they may have reduced or no access to ] systems, proper housing, ] and ]s. This lack of access may result in the creation or expansion of illegal underground forgery to provide this documentation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=98736 |title=World´S Top Teaching Award In Medieval Studies Goes To Fsu Professor |publisher=American Chronicle |date=2009-04-16 |accessdate=2012-10-23}}</ref> | |||
| When the authorities are overwhelmed in their efforts to stop illegal immigration, they have historically provided ]. Amnesties waive the "subject to deportation" clause associated with illegal immigrants. | |||
| ==By country or region== | |||
| ===Angola=== | |||
| {{Main|Illegal immigration in Angola}} | |||
| In 2007 around 44,000 Congolese were forced to leave ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L06594708.htm |title=Angolan soldiers rape, beat Congolese migrants – group |publisher=Alertnet.org |date= |accessdate=2012-10-23}}</ref> Since 2004, more than 400,000 illegal immigrants, almost all from the ], have been expelled from Angola.<ref>{{cite web|author=Independent Newspapers Online |url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=qw1142436241852B252 |title=Angola warns against illegal immigration |publisher=IOL |date=2006-03-15 |accessdate=2012-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID=17514 |title=Angola expels thousands of Congolese |publisher=Monuc.org |date= |accessdate=2012-10-23}}</ref> | |||
| ===Australia=== | |||
| {{Main|Immigration in Australia}} | |||
| Official government sources put the number of visa overstayers in Australia at approximately 50,000. This has been the official number of illegal immigrants for about 25 years and is considered to be low. Other sources have placed it at up to 100,000, but no detailed study has been completed to quantify this number, which could be significantly higher. | |||
| On 1 June 2013, the Migration Amendment (Reform of Employer Sanctions) Act 2013 commenced. This new law puts the onus on businesses to ensure that their employees maintain the necessary work entitlements in Australia. This new Employer Sanctions legislation also enabled the Australian Department of Immigration and Citizenship to levy infringement notices against businesses (AUD $15,300) and individuals (AUD $3,060) on a strict liability basis - meaning that there is no requirement to prove fault, negligence or intention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vsure.com.au/employer-sanctions-legislation/ |title=Employer Sanctions Legislation - vSure - Visa Checks Made Easy |publisher=vSure |date=2013-06-01 |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.immi.gov.au/managing-australias-borders/compliance/legalworkers/factsheet.htm |title=Fact Sheet - Employing Legal Workers |publisher=Immi.gov.au |date=2008-10-29 |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref> | |||
| ===Bhutan=== | |||
| {{Main|Illegal immigration in Bhutan}} | |||
| ] by Nepalese settlers (]) began slowly towards the end of the 19th century. | |||
| The government passed the ] to clarify and try to enforce the ] to control the flood of illegal immigration. Those individuals who could not provide proof of residency prior to 1958 were adjudged to be illegal immigrants. In 1991 and 1992, ] expelled roughly 139,110 ethnic ]is, most of whom have been living in seven refugee camps in eastern Nepal ever since. The United States has offered to resettle 60,000 of the 107,000 Bhutanese refugees of Nepalese origin now living in U.N. refugee camps in Nepal. The Bhutanese government, even today, has not been able to sort the problem of giving citizenship to those people who are married to Bhutanese, even though they have been in the country for 40 years.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7082586.stm | title = Bhutan refugees are 'intimidated' | author = Bhaumik, Subir | date = November 7, 2007 | work = BBC News | accessdate = 2008-09-19}}</ref> | |||
| ===Brazil=== | |||
| {{Main|Illegal immigration in Brazil}} | |||
| ], where most illegal immigrants in Brazil live.]] | |||
| Brazil has long been part of international migration routes. In 2009, the government estimated the number of illegal immigrants at about 200,000 people; a ] charity working with immigrants said there were 600,000 illegal immigrants (75,000 of which from ]). That same year, the ] approved an amnesty, opening a six-month window for all foreigners to seek legalization irrespective of their previous standing before the law. Brazil had last legalized all immigrants in 1998; bilateral deals, one of which promoted the legalization of all reciprocal immigrants with Bolivia to date, signed in 2005, are also common.<ref name="Globo">{{cite web|author=Da BBC |url=http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Brasil/0,,MUL365307-5598,00.html |title=Globo.com |publisher=G1.globo.com |date= |accessdate=2012-10-23}}</ref> | |||
| Illegal immigrants in Brazil enjoy the same legal privileges as native Brazilians regarding access to social services such as ] and the ].<ref name="Globo"/> Most illegal immigrants in Brazil come from Bolivia, ], ], China (mainly from ]), ] and ]. A ] operation investigated Chinese immigrants who traveled through six countries before arriving in ] to work under substandard conditions in the ].<ref>{{cite web|author=Do G1, em São Paulo |url=http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Brasil/0,,MUL1163864-5598,00-PF+FAZ+OPERACAO+CONTRA+IMIGRACAO+ILEGAL+DE+CHINESES+EM+ESTADOS.html |title=Globo.com – PF faz operação contra imigração ilegal de chineses em 3 estados |publisher=G1.globo.com |date= |accessdate=2012-10-23}}</ref> | |||
| After signing the 2009 amnesty bill into law, ] said, in a speech, that "repression and intolerance against immigrants will not solve the problems caused by ]", thereby also harshly criticizing the "policy of discrimination and prejudice" against immigrants in developed nations. | |||
| An October 2009 piece from ], quoting a ] study, estimates the number of illegal immigrants at 0.7 million,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hart-brasilientexte.de/2009/10/11/fremdenfeindlichkeit-in-brasilien-xenofobia-verde-amarela-43-prozent-der-brasilianer-fur-einwanderungsverbot-bzw-begrenzung-laut-neuer-uno-studie-das-brasilien-offen-gegenuber-auslandern-is/ |title=Klaus Hart Brasilientexte » Fremdenfeindlichkeit in Brasilien |publisher=Hart-brasilientexte.de |date= |accessdate=2012-10-23}}</ref> and points out to a recent wave of xenophobia among the general populace.<ref>{{dead link|date=October 2012}}</ref> | |||
| ===Canada=== | |||
| {{Main|Illegal immigration in Canada}} | |||
| There is no credible information available on illegal immigration in Canada. Estimates range between 35,000 and 120,000 illegal immigrants in Canada.<ref>{{cite web|author=October 20, 2007 |url=http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=f86690ed-a2ed-447c-8be8-21ba5a3dd922 |title=Many Canadians want illegal immigrants deported: poll |publisher=Canada.com |date=2007-10-20 |accessdate=2012-10-23}}</ref> ], a former head of the Canadian Immigration Service, has suggested that the lack of any credible refugee screening process, combined with a high likelihood of ignoring any deportation orders, has resulted in tens of thousands of outstanding warrants for the arrest of rejected refugee claimants, with little attempt at enforcement.<ref>{{dead link|date=October 2012}}</ref> Refugee claimants in Canada do not have to attempt re-entry to learn the status of their claim. A 2008 report by the ] ] stated that Canada has lost track of as many as 41,000 illegal immigrants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20080506/ag_report_080506/20080506?hub=TopStories |title=Canada has lost track of 41,000 illegals: Fraser |publisher=CTV.ca |date= |accessdate=2012-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{dead link|date=October 2012}}</ref> This number was predicted to increase drastically with the expiration of ]s issued in 2007 and 2008, which were not renewed in many cases because of the shortage of work due to the recession.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com/news/investigations/article/719355--how-we-re-creating-an-illegal-workforce |title=How we're creating an illegal workforce |publisher=Thestar.com |date= |accessdate=2012-10-23}}</ref> | |||
| ===Chile=== | |||
| ] has recently become a new pole of attraction for illegal immigrants, mostly from neighboring ] and ] but also ], Colombia, Dominican republic, ] and ]. According to the 2002 national census, Chile's foreign-born foreign population has increased by 75% since 1992.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/920108-el-debate-sobre-la-inmigracion-ilegal-se-extiende-a-la-region |title= El debate sobre la inmigración ilegal se extiende a la región |accessdate=31 December 2008 |last= Landaburu |first= Juan |coauthors= |date= 2007-06-24 |work= ] |publisher=}}</ref> | |||
| ===People's Republic of China=== | |||
| {{Main|Illegal immigration in the People's Republic of China}} | |||
| ] is building a security barrier along its border with ] to prevent the defectors or refugees from ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2006/10/china-building-border-fence-facing.php |title=China building border fence facing North Korea |publisher=Jurist.law.pitt.edu |date=2006-10-17 |accessdate=2012-10-23}}</ref> Also, many immigrants from ] have tried to make it to China. There might be as many as 100,000 Africans in ], mostly illegal overstayers.<ref>. Reuters UK. August 21, 2009.</ref> To encourage people to report foreigners living illegally in China, the police is giving a 100 yuan reward to whistleblowers whose information successfully leads to an expulsion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lifeofguangzhou.com/node_10/node_37/node_84/2010/08/18/128210399779463.shtml |title=Illegal Foreigners Cleared Away during Asian Games |publisher=Life of Guangzhou |date=2010-06-13 |accessdate=2012-10-23}}</ref> | |||
| ===Dominican Republic=== | |||
| ], an island nation shared with ], has many illegal immigrants coming from Haiti. Over a million illegal Haitian immigrants on Dominican soil (over 10% of the total population). {{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} | |||
| The loyalty of foreign nationals and illegals can be questionable, especially when they do not consider the adopted country as ] | |||
| ===European Union=== | |||
| {{Wikinews|Italian police find 24 children living in Rome's sewers}} | |||
| The ] is developing a common system for immigration and asylum and a single external border control strategy.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} | |||
| According to a BBC report, over 80% of the illegal immigrants entering the European Union now pass through Greece.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18371800| work=BBC | title=Journey across crisis-hit Greece:Immigration challenge | date=June 9, 2012}}</ref> Greek police are unable to work with their counterparts in Turkey because the Turkish army is responsible for their border.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://n1k0s.multiply.com/journal/item/117 |title=Multiply |publisher=N1k0s.multiply.com |date= |accessdate=2012-10-23}}</ref>{{dead link|date=October 2013}} Recently, 14 illegal migrants drowned because of Turkish traffickers who sent them into the sea, telling them to slice the dinghies once they reach Greek waters.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-1251750/From-Kabul-M1-service-station-dinghy-Afghans-immigrants-dying-Britain.html|location=London | work=Daily Mail | first1=Chris | last1=Rogers | first2=Nadene | last2=Ghouri | title=From Kabul to an M1 service station via a dinghy: the Afghans dying to get into Britain | date=February 22, 2010}}</ref> The Turkish newspaper '']'' published stories once in July 2004 and a second time in May 2006 that ] ships were caught on film cruising as near as a few hundred meters off the Turkish coast and abandoning clandestine immigrants to the sea. | |||
| This practice allegedly resulted in the drowning of six people between ] and ] on 26 September 2006 while three others disappeared and 31 were saved by Turkish gendarmes and fishermen.<ref> quoting ]; | |||
| Survivors of the immigrant boat tragedy accuse Greeks (in English) – | |||
| . '']'' (in ]). Three of the drowned were ], one was ], one ] and the other ]. The three disappeared were also Tunisians.</ref> | |||
| A tough new EU immigration law detaining illegal immigrants for up to 18 months before deportation has triggered outrage across Latin America, with Venezuelan President ] threatening to cut off ] to Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25275157/ |title=Chavez: Europe risks oil over immigrant law |publisher=MSNBC |date=2008-06-19 |accessdate=2012-10-23}}</ref><ref></ref> | |||
| ====United Kingdom==== | |||
| {{Main|Illegal immigration in the United Kingdom}} | |||
| There are between 550,000 and 950,000 illegal immigrants in the United Kingdom, with a figure of 750,000 as the most likely number.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7947592.stm | work=BBC News | title=Immigrant amnesty 'road to hell' | date=March 17, 2009}}</ref> The United Kingdom is a difficult country to reach as it is mostly located on one island and part of another, but traffickers in ], ] have tried to smuggle illegal immigrants into the UK. Many of the illegal immigrants come from ] and ]. There are also many from ] and ] who are in the UK illegally, having overstayed their visas.<ref>, Migration Watch UK</ref><ref>, The Independent, November 24, 2008</ref> | |||
| Recently, a study carried out by the University of Oxford's Centre on Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS) has estimated that there are 120,000 irregular migrant children in the UK, of whom 65,000 born in the UK to parents without legal status. The study shows that these children are at risk of destitution, exploitation and social exclusion because of contradictory and frequently changing rules and regulations which jeopardize their access to healthcare, education, protection by the police and other public services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://irregularvoices.wordpress.com/2012/05/15/no-way-out-no-way-in-migrant-children-fall-through-the-net/ |title=No way out, no way in: Migrant children fall through the net | irregular voices |publisher=Irregularvoices.wordpress.com |date=2012-05-15 |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref> | |||
| ====France==== | |||
| {{Main|Illegal immigration in France}} | |||
| In French, the term "irrégulière" is used (literally “irregular”), whereas in English, the term more often used is "illegal." Often, the colloquial term used is "sans papiers" (literally "without papers"), referring to the fact that irregular immigrants do not possess papers from the French government allowing them to stay in ].<ref></ref><ref>, "GISTI – Sans-papiers Mais Pas Sans Droits (4ème éd.)."</ref> | |||
| Many immigrants are legal residents in France. Children who are born to immigrants in France are not immigrants themselves, but they are still considered foreigners by the French national government.<ref name="migrationinformation.org">, "The Challenge of French Diversity."</ref> ] is based in the idea of political unity; therefore, French citizenship may be more accessible than other EU countries, such as Germany and the UK. However, many French citizens feel that those who gain French citizenship should conform to the cultural aspects of French life.<ref>Brubaker, Rogers. "Immigration, Citizenship, and the Nation-State in France and Germany." The Citizenship Debates: a Reader. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1998.</ref> | |||
| French law prohibits anyone from assisting or trying to assist "the entry, movement, or irregular stay of a foreigner in France." <ref name="msnbc.msn.com">, "Helping illegal immigrants a Crime in France"</ref> France has an Immigration Ministry (L'immigration, l'intégration, l'asile et le développement solidaire) which begun functioning in 2007 under President Sarkozy. The government seek to combat smugglers who profit financially from moving immigrants into, through, and out of France, according to the Immigration Minister, ].<ref name="migrationinformation.org"/><ref name="msnbc.msn.com"/> | |||
| Many try to cross the ] form ] to seek asylum or refugee status in ].<ref name="time.com">, "Illegal Immigration in France: Calais Refugees – TIME."</ref> Truck drivers can be fined up to €2,500 if illegal immigrants are found on board.<ref>, "The Castaways of Illegal Immigration."</ref> An area of Calais known as "the Jungle" had a police raid in September 2009 to control illegal immigration.<ref name="time.com"/> | |||
| Non-governmental organizations, such as Secours Catholique and the ] provide food, showers, and shelter to sans papiers who gather waiting to cross the Channel. In 2002, then Interior Minister ] closed a Red Cross shelter in the Calais suburb of Sangatte. They moved to other parts of the Calais region.<ref name="time.com"/> Philippe Lefilleul, a member of Secours Cotholique, stated that aid workers from these NGOs do not condone illegal immigration to France, but they feel that it is their "duty as fellow human beings and as Christians" to help them.<ref name="time.com"/> | |||
| The French film "Welcome" portrays a sans papiers young man trying to cross the English Channel. It was controversial because it uses a very important French cultural venu: —film. Other French films that address French immigration, especially illegal immigration, are "Entre les murs" and "La Haine", which address cultural and political situations surrounding immigration.<ref>, "France Hails Film Drama of Refugee's Desperate Swim across the Channel"</ref> | |||
| ==== Greece ==== | |||
| See ]. | |||
| ===India=== | |||
| {{Main|Illegal immigration in India}} | |||
| ] | |||
| It is estimated that several million illegal immigrants live in India. Precise figures are not available, but the numbers run from anywhere from a few hundred thousand to 20 million. Especially in Eastern India, these are mainly economic migrants from Bangladesh. | |||
| India is constructing barriers on its eastern borders to combat the surge of migrants. The ] is 4,000 km (2,500 mi) long. Presently, India is constructing a fence along the border to restrict illegal traffic from ].<ref></ref> This obstruction will virtually isolate Bangladesh from India. The barrier's plan is based on the designs of the ] and will be 3.6 m (11.8 ft) high. The stated aim of the fence is to stop infiltration of terrorists, prevent smuggling, and end illegal immigration from Bangladesh.<ref></ref><ref></ref> | |||
| ===Iran=== | |||
| {{Wikinews|46 illegal Afghan immigrants suffocate in truck in Pakistan}} | |||
| Since late April 2007, the ]ian government has forcibly deported back to ] mostly unregistered (and some registered) ] at a rate between 250,000 and 300,000 per year. The forceful evictions of the refugees, who lived in Iran and Pakistan for nearly three decades, are part of the two countries' larger plans to repatriate all Afghan refugees within a few years. Iran says that it will send 1,000,000 by next March, and Pakistan announced that all 2,400,000 Afghan refugees, most living in camps, must return home by 2009. Experts{{Who|date=May 2010}} say it will be "disastrous" for Afghanistan.<ref></ref><ref></ref><ref></ref> | |||
| ===Israel=== | |||
| {{Main|Illegal immigration from Africa to Israel}} | |||
| ] | |||
| In May 2012, Israel introduced a law which would allow illegal immigrants to be detained for up to three years, a measure that the Interior Ministry intended to stem the flow of Africans entering Israel across the desert border with Egypt. Tens of thousands of migrants, mostly from Sudan and Eritrea, had crossed the border between 2009 and 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFBRE8520DX20120603 |title=Israel to jail illegal migrants for up to 3 years |newspaper=] |date=June 3, 2012}}</ref> Prime Minister ] said that "This phenomenon is very grave and threatens the social fabric of society, our national security and our national identity."<ref>. ''Reuters.'' May 20, 2012.</ref> | |||
| ===Libya=== | |||
| {{Wikinews|Shipwreck off coast of Libya; hundreds of African migrants feared dead}} | |||
| {{Main|Illegal immigration in Libya}} | |||
| ] is home to a large illegal ]n population which numbers as much as 2,000,000.<ref></ref> The mass expulsion plan to summarily deport all illegal foreigners was announced by Libyan leader Colonel ] in January 2008. "No resident without a legal visa will be excluded."<ref></ref><ref></ref> | |||
| ===Malaysia=== | |||
| {{Main|illegal immigrants in Malaysia}} | |||
| There are an estimated 800,000 illegal immigrants in ].<ref></ref> In January 2009, Malaysia banned the hiring of foreign workers in factories, stores and restaurants to protect its citizens from mass unemployment amid the ].<ref>, Al Jazeera English, January 22, 2009</ref> An ethnic ] was recently sentenced to whipping and 10 months in prison for hiring six illegal immigrants at his restaurant. "I think that after this, Malaysian employers will be afraid to take in foreign workers (without work permits). They will think twice", said immigration department prosecutor Azlan Abdul Latiff. "This is the first case where an employer is being sentenced to caning", he said. illegal immigrants also face ] before being deported.<ref></ref> | |||
| === Mexico === | |||
| {{Main|Illegal immigration in Mexico}} | |||
| In the first six months of 2005, more than 120,000 people from ] were deported, as compared to 2002, when for the entire year, only 130,000 were deported.<ref>{{dead link|date=October 2013}}</ref> People of ] origin pay about $5,500 to smugglers to be taken to Mexico from ]. It is estimated that 2.4% of rejections for work permits in Mexico correspond to Chinese citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cimacnoticias.com/noticias/01dic/01122403.html |title=Noticias del mes |publisher=Cimac Noticias |date= |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref> | |||
| Many women from ], Asia, and ] and South America take jobs at ] establishments in large cities. The ] (INM) in Mexico raids ] and deports foreigners who work without proper documentation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvazteca.com/hechos/archivos2/2004/10/102327.shtml |title=TV en vivo por internet y capítulos en línea - azteca.com |publisher=Tvazteca.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref> In 2004, the INM deported 188,000 people at a cost of US$10 million.<ref>{{dead link|date=October 2013}}</ref> | |||
| Illegal immigration of Cubans through ] tripled from 2004 to 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/415621.html |title=Se dispara migraciуn de cubanos vнa Cancъn |publisher=El Universal |date=2007-03-30 |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref> | |||
| In September 2007, Mexican President Calderón harshly criticized the United States government for the crackdown on illegal immigrants, saying it has led to the persecution of immigrant workers without visas. "I have said that Mexico does not stop at its border, that wherever there is a Mexican, there is Mexico", he said.<ref>, New York Times, September 3, 2007</ref> | |||
| In October 2008, Mexico tightened its immigration rules and agreed to deport ] who use the country as an entry point to the US. It also criticized US policy that generally allows Cubans who reach US territory to stay. Cuban Foreign Minister said the Cuban-Mexican agreement would lead to "the immense majority of Cubans being repatriated."<ref>, MiamiHerald.com, October 22, 2008</ref> | |||
| In a 2010 news story, ''USA Today'' reported, "... Mexico's ] law requires local police to check IDs. And Mexican police freely engage in ] and routinely harass Central American migrants, say immigration activists."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2010-05-25-mexico-migrants_N.htm |title=Activists blast Mexico's immigration law |newspaper=] |date=May 25, 2010}}</ref> | |||
| ===Nepal=== | |||
| In 2008, ]'s ]-led government has initiated a major crackdown against Tibetan exiles with the aim to deport to ] all ] living illegally in the country. Tibetans started pouring in Nepal after a failed anti-Chinese ] in 1959.<ref>. There are 2 million more Biharis form India have been living in South-East Nepal bordering Indian state of Bihar, most of them are supported by Indian government.</ref> | |||
| ===Pakistan=== | |||
| {{Main|Immigration to Pakistan#Illegal immigration}} | |||
| As of 2005, 2.1% of the population of ] had foreign origins, however the number of immigrants population in Pakistan recently grew sharply. Immigrants from ] make up a growing proportion of immigrants in Pakistan. The five largest immigrant groups in Pakistan are in turn ],<ref></ref> ]i,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006\12\17\story_17-12-2006_pg12_3|title=Falling back|last=By Abbas Naqvi|date=December 17, 2006|publisher=Daily Times|accessdate=19 January 2010}}</ref> ], ], ], ], ], ], ]<ref></ref><ref></ref> and ]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/asia.stm|title=Brits Abroad|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=22 January 2010 | date=2006-12-06}}</ref> including a sizeable number of those of Pakistani origin. Other significant ] communities in the country are ]ns, ], ], ],<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KI11Df01.html|title= | |||
| Chinese shun Pakistan exodus|periodical=Asia Times|date=2009-09-11|accessdate=2009-09-11|first=Syed|last=Fazl-e-Haider}}</ref> ],<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.overseasdigest.com/amcit_nu2.htm|title=Private American Citizens Residing Abroad|publisher=Bureau of Consular Affairs|year=1999|accessdate=2009-09-17}}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/southasia/news/article_1371134.php/Philippines_monitors_condition_of_Filipino_workers_in_Pakistan|title=Philippines monitors condition of Filipino workers in Pakistan|date=November 5, 2007|publisher=M&C|accessdate=19 December 2009}}</ref> ]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/blonde-muslims-find-shelter-in-pakistan-refugees-from-bosnia-were-given-a-warm-welcome-in-a-distant-land-ahmed-rashid-writes-from-islamabad-1493968.html | location=London | work=The Independent | first=Ahmed | last=Rashid | title=Blonde Muslims find shelter in Pakistan: Refugees from Bosnia were given a warm welcome in a distant land, Ahmed Rashid writes from Islamabad | date=26 June 1993}}</ref> and many others. Migrants from different countries of ] specially ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ] are in thousands. Nearly all illegal migrants in ] are ] refugees and they are accepted by the local population. There is no political support or legislation to deport these refugees from ]. | |||
| ===Philippines=== | |||
| It was estimated by Teresita Ang-See, a prominent leader and activist of the ] community, that by 2007, as much as 100,000 illegal immigrants from ] are living in the Philippines, a tenth of the ethnic Chinese population. The latest influx has come in part because of Manila's move in 2005 to liberalise entry procedures for Chinese tourists and investors, a move that helped triple the number of Chinese visitors to 133,000 last year. Many of the new Chinese immigrants encounter hostility from many Filipinos, including Filipino-born Chinese, for being perceived as engaging in criminal activities and fraud.<ref>{{cite web|last=Landingin |first=Roel |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/194f1172-3a01-11dc-9d73-0000779fd2ac.html |title=Paradox for Philippines as Chinese set up shop |publisher=FT.com |date=2007-07-24 |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref> | |||
| ===Russia=== | |||
| {{Main|Illegal immigration in Russia}} | |||
| Russia experiences a constant flow of immigration. On average, 200,000 legal immigrants enter the country every year; about half are ethnic ] from other republics of the former Soviet Union. In addition, there are an estimated 10–12 million unauthorized immigrants in the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia cracking down on illegal migrants|work=International Herald Tribune|date=January 15, 2007|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/15/news/migrate.php|accessdate =}}</ref> There has been a significant influx of ethnic ], ], ], ], and ] into large Russian cities in recent years, which has been viewed very unfavorably by many citizens and contributed to ] sentiments.<ref></ref><ref></ref><ref></ref> | |||
| Many immigrant ethnic groups have much higher birth rates than native Russians, further shifting the balance. Some ] flee the overpopulation and birth control regulations of their home country and settle in the ] and in southern ]. Russia's main Pacific port and naval base of ], once closed to foreigners, today is bristling with Chinese markets, restaurants and trade houses.<ref></ref> This has been occurring a lot since the Soviet collapse. | |||
| Illegal border crossing is considered a crime, and captured illegal border crossers have been sentenced to prison terms. For example, '']'' reported in October 2008 the case of a ]n who was detained after illegally crossing the ] from China. Considered by Russian authorities an "economic migrant", he was sentenced to 6 months in prison and was to be deported to the country of his nationality after serving his sentence, even though he may now risk an even heavier penalty there. That was just one of the 26 cases year-to-date of illegal entrants, of various nationalities, receiving criminal punishment in ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rg.ru/2008/10/29/reg-priamurje/koreets-anons.html|author=Yevgeniy Basenko (Евгений Басенко)|title=A North Korean has swum across the Amur, only to end up in a Russian prison. (Северокореец переплыл Амур, чтобы оказаться в российской колонии)|date=2008-10-29|language=Russian|agency=Rossiyskaya Gazeta}}</ref> | |||
| ===Saudi Arabia=== | |||
| {{Main|Illegal immigration in Saudi Arabia}} | |||
| In 2004 ] began construction of a ] between its territory and ] to prevent the unauthorized movement of people and goods into and out of the Kingdom. Anthony H. Cordesman labeled it a "separation barrier."<ref>Anthony H. Cordesman, ''Saudi Arabia: National Security in a Troubled Region'', | |||
| .</ref> In February 2004 ] reported that Yemeni opposition newspapers likened the barrier to the Israeli West Bank barrier,<ref name = Gdn1>{{cite news | |||
| | url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/yemen/Story/0,,1149722,00.html | |||
| | title= Saudi security barrier stirs anger in Yemen | |||
| | accessdate = 2007-03-23 | |||
| | last= Whitaker | |||
| | first= Brian | |||
| | publisher=The Guardian | |||
| | date= February 17, 2004 | |||
| | location=London | |||
| }}</ref> while ] wrote "Saudi Arabia, one of the most vocal critics in the Arab world of Israel's 'security fence' in the West Bank, is quietly emulating the Israeli example by erecting a barrier along its porous border with Yemen".<ref>{{cite news | |||
| | url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-enrages-yemen-with-fence-569574.html | |||
| | title= Saudi Arabia enrages Yemen with fence | |||
| | accessdate = 2007-03-23 | |||
| | last=Bradley | |||
| | first=John | |||
| | publisher=] | |||
| | date=February 11, 2004 | |||
| | location=London | |||
| }}</ref> Saudi officials rejected the comparison saying it was built to prevent infiltration and smuggling.<ref name = Gdn1/> | |||
| ===South Africa=== | |||
| {{Main|Illegal immigration in South Africa}} | |||
| South Africa is home to an estimated ten million unauthorized immigrants, including some three million ]ans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/23/world/africa/23iht-23saf.13165981.html?_r=0|title=Anti-immigrant violence spreads in South Africa, with attacks reported in Cape Town|date=May 23, 2008|accessdate=October 23,2013|publisher=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/573086/escape-from-mugabe-zimbabwes-exodus|title=Escape From Mugabe: Zimbabwe's Exodus|first=Emma|last=Hurd|date=May 23, 2008|accessdate=October 23,2013|publisher=Sky News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fin24.com/Economy/More-illegals-set-to-flood-SA-20061123|title=More illegals set to flood SA|date= November 23, 2006|accessdate=October 23, 2013|publisher=News24}}</ref> Attacks on foreign nationals increased markedly in late 2007 and it is believed that there have been at least a dozen attacks since the start of 2008. The ] started on May 11, 2008 against unauthorized immigrants, who are accused of increasing the amount of crime and unemployment.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news | |||
| |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7396868.stm | |||
| |title=South African mob kills migrants | |||
| |publisher=BBC | |||
| |accessdate=2008-05-19 | date=May 12, 2008}}</ref><ref></ref> see (]) | |||
| ===Syria=== | |||
| Since the US-led invasion of ] in March 2003, there are more ] . The ] estimates that nearly 2,200,000 ]is have fled the country since 2003,<ref></ref> with nearly 100,000 fleeing to ] and ] each month.<ref>. Alexander G. Higgins, '']'', November 3, 2006</ref><ref></ref> Most ventured to Jordan and Syria, creating demographic shifts that have worried both governments. Refugees are mired in poverty as they are generally barred from working in their host countries.<ref></ref><ref></ref> | |||
| Syrian authorities worried that the new influx of refugees would limit the country's resources. Sources like oil, heat, water and electricity were said to be becoming scarcer as demand were rising.<ref>.</ref> On October 1, 2007, news agencies reported that Syria reimposed restrictions on Iraqi refugees, as stated by a spokesperson for the ]. Under Syria's new rules, only Iraqi merchants, businessmen and university professors with visas acquired from Syrian ] may enter Syria.<ref>"Syria shuts border to Iraqi refugees – UNHCR" ] http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUS119126393845._CH_.2400</ref><ref>Laura Zuber, "Syrian visa restrictions "trap" Iraqi refugees", ''uruknet.info'' of Italy http://uruknet.info/?p=m37030&s1=h1</ref><ref>"Syria restores visa limits" "BBC News"</ref> | |||
| ===Turkey=== | |||
| {{Main|Illegal immigration in Turkey}} | |||
| ] receives many economic migrants from nearby countries such as ], ], ], but also from ], ], ] and Pakistan.<ref></ref><ref></ref> The ] is thought to have increased the flow of illegal immigration into Turkey, and the global parties directly involved in the conflict have been accused of extending a less-helping hand than Turkey itself to resolve the precarious situation of immigrants stranded in passage.<ref> (in ])</ref> | |||
| === United States === | |||
| {{Main|Illegal immigration to the United States|Anchor baby}} | |||
| ], 2006.]] | |||
| Between 7 million and 20 million illegal immigrants are estimated to be living in the United States.<ref>, csmonitor.com</ref> Estimates from the Pew Hispanic Center show the number of illegal immigrants has declined to 11.1 million in March 2009 from a peak of 12 million in March 2007.<ref></ref> The majority of the illegal immigrants are from Mexico.<ref>, NPR</ref> Illegal immigration has long been controversial. | |||
| In 2007, President ] called for Congress to endorse his guest worker proposal, stating that illegal immigrants took jobs that Americans would not take.<ref name="usatoday.com">David J. Lynch and Chris Woodyard, ''USA Today'', April 11, 2006. </ref> The ] notes that while the number of legal immigrants arriving has not varied substantially since the 1980s, the number of illegal immigrants has increased dramatically and, since the mid-1990s, has surpassed the number of ].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/46.pdf |title= Illegal Migrants: Numbers and Characteristics |accessdate=2009-03-01 |last= |first= |coauthors= |date= 2005-05-14 |work= |publisher= Pew Hispanic Center}}</ref> Penalties for employers of illegal immigrants, of $2,000–$10,000 and up to six months' imprisonment,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/osc/ref/8usc1324a.htm |title=Title 8—Aliens and Nationality, Chapter 12—Immigration and Nationality, Subchapter II—Immigration (Sec. 274A of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) and 8 U.S.C. 1324a) |accessdate=2009-03-01 |last= |first= |coauthors= |date= |work= U.S. Code Online |publisher= United States Department of Justice}}</ref> go largely unenforced. | |||
| Political groups like ]<ref>.</ref> have been formed to demand enforcement of immigration laws and secure borders. ALIPAC has also called for "safe departure" border checkpoints, free of criminal checks.<ref></ref> | |||
| In a 2011 news story, ''Los Angeles Times'' reported, " ... illegal immigrants in 2010 were parents of 5.5 million children, 4.5 million of whom were ] and are citizens. Because illegal immigrants are younger and more likely to be married, they represented a disproportionate share of births — 8% of the babies born in the U.S. between March 2009 and March 2010 were to at least one illegal immigrant parent."<ref>"". ''Los Angeles Times''. February 2, 2011.</ref> | |||
| Immigration from Mexico to the United States has slowed in recent years. In 2011, official Border Patrol statistics showed that apprehensions of migrants along the U.S.-Mexico border had reached their lowest point in forty years, indicating the fewer migrants were attempting to cross the border.<ref>{{cite web|last=Goerdt|first=Ana|title=Ignoring the numbers on Mexico-U.S. migration|url=http://borderfactcheck.tumblr.com/post/25371709357/ignoring-numbers-us-mexico-migration|work=Border Fact Check|publisher=Washington Office on Latin America|accessdate=23 August 2012}}</ref> The lessened flow of migrants into the United States has been attributed to the slowing of the U.S. economy, the buildup in security along the border, and increased violence on the Mexican side of the border.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Isacson|first1=Adam|last2=Meyer|first2=Maureen|title=Beyond the Border Buildup: Security and Migrants along the U.S.-Mexico Border|year=2012|publisher=Washington Office on Latin America|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0-9834517-8-5|page=57|url=http://www.wola.org/files/Beyond_the_Border_Buildup_FINAL.pdf}}</ref> | |||
| ==== Puerto Rico ==== | |||
| ''See ]'' | |||
| ===Venezuela=== | |||
| An estimated 200,000 Colombians have fled the ] and sought safety in Venezuela. Most of them lack identity documents and this hampers their access to services, as well as to the labor market. The Venezuelan government has no specific policies on refugees.<ref></ref><ref></ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{Portal|Law}} | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
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| *] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{Reflist|30em}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| Christine Bischoff, Falk, Francesca and Sylvia Kafehsy: Images of Illegalized Immigration. Towards a Critical Iconology of Politics. Bielefeld: transcript. November 2010, ISBN 978-3-8376-1537-1 | |||
| * Barkan, Elliott R. "Return of the Nativists? California Public Opinion and Immigration in the 1980s and 1990s." ''Social Science History'' 2003 27(2): 229–283. in Project Muse. | |||
| * Vanessa B. Beasley, ed. ''Who Belongs in America?: Presidents, Rhetoric, And Immigration'' (2006). | |||
| * Borjas, G.J. "The economics of immigration", ''Journal of Economic Literature'', v 32 (1994), pp. 1667–717. | |||
| * Cull, Nicholas J. and Carrasco, Davíd, ed. ''Alambrista and the US-Mexico Border: Film, Music, and Stories of illegal Immigrants'' U. of New Mexico Press, 2004. 225 pp. | |||
| *], "Trails of Terror: Testimonies on the Current Immigration Debate", Orbis Books, 2009. | |||
| * Dowling, Julie A., and Jonathan Xavier Inda, eds. . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2013. | |||
| * Thomas J. Espenshade; "Unauthorized Immigration to the United States" ''Annual Review of Sociology''. Volume: 21. 1995. pp 195+. | |||
| * Flores, William V. "New Citizens, New Rights: illegal Immigrants and Latino Cultural Citizenship" ''Latin American Perspectives'' 2003 30(2): 87–100. | |||
| * Griswold, Daniel T.; "", Trade Policy Analysis no. 19, October 15, 2002. | |||
| *Inda, Jonathan Xavier. . Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2006. | |||
| * Kennedy, Marie and Chris Tilly, ], July/August 2008. | |||
| * Nicholas Laham; ''Ronald Reagan and the Politics of Immigration Reform'' Praeger Publishers. 2000. | |||
| * Lisa Magaña, ''Straddling the Border: Immigration Policy and the INS'' (2003) | |||
| * Marquardt, Marie Friedmann, Timothy Steigenga, Philip Williams and Manuel Vasquez, ''Living "Illegal": The Human Face of Unauthorized Immigration'', The New Press, 2011. | |||
| * Mohl, Raymond A. "Latinization in the Heart of Dixie: Hispanics in Late-twentieth-century Alabama" ''Alabama Review'' 2002 55(4): 243–274. ISSN 0002-4341 9-4894945651. | |||
| * Ngai, Mae M. ''Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America'' (2004), 90952-15665. | |||
| * Ngai, Mae M. "The Strange Career of the Illegal Alien: Immigration Restriction and Deportation Policy in the United States, 1921–1965" ''Law and History Review'' 2003 21(1): 69–107. ISSN 0738–2480 Fulltext in History Cooperative. | |||
| * Mireille Rosello; "Representing illegal immigrants in France: From Clandestins to L'affaire Des Sans-Papiers De Saint-Bernard" ''Journal of European Studies'', Vol. 28, 1998 959525126. | |||
| * ] (2007), '']'', Russell Sage Foundation, ISBN 978-0-87154-636-4. | |||
| * Tolley, Brett "Dying to Get In" Documentary (2006) . | |||
| * Tranaes, T. and Zimmermann, K.F. (eds), ''Migrants, Work, and the Welfare State'', Odense, University Press of Southern Denmark, (2004). | |||
| * Venturini, A. ''Post-War Migration in Southern Europe. An Economic Approach'' Cambridge University Press (2004). | |||
| * Zimmermann, K.F. (ed.), ''European Migration: What Do We Know?'' Oxford University Press, (2005). | |||
| * Range, Peter R., ''Europe faces an immigrant tide'' ] May 1993. | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Illegal Immigration}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 18:18, 26 October 2013
Alright everyone knows how people dont like mexicans