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Revision as of 14:58, 18 November 2013

August 30 is the 242nd day of the year (243rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 123 days remain until the end of the year.

Events

• 526 – King Theodoric the Great dies of dysentery at Ravenna; his daughter Amalasuntha takes power as regent for her 10-year old son Athalaric.
• 1282 – Peter III of Aragon, originally traveling with his fleet on a military expedition against the Hafsid Kingdom, ends up in the Sicilian town of Trapani, after he was asked by the inhabitants of Palermo to help in the fight against Charles of Anjou.
• 1363 – Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders — Chen Youliang and Zhu Yuanzhang — are pitted against each other in what is one of the largest naval battles in history, during the last decade of the ailing, Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty.
• 1464 – Pope Paul II succeeds Pope Pius II as the 211th pope.
• 1574 – Guru Ram Das becomes the Fourth Sikh Guru/Master.
• 1590 – Tokugawa Ieyasu enters Edo Castle. (Traditional Japanese date: August 1, 1590)
• 1791 – HMS Pandora sinks after having run aground on a reef the previous day.
• 1799 – The entire Dutch fleet is captured by British forces under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby and Admiral Sir Charles Mitchell during the Second Coalition of the French Revolutionary Wars.
• 1800 – Gabriel Prosser postpones a planned slave rebellion in Richmond, Virginia, but is arrested before he can make it happen.
• 1813 – First Battle of Kulm: French forces are defeated by an Austrian-Prussian-Russian alliance.
• 1813 – Creek War – Fort Mims massacre: Creek "Red Sticks" kill over 500 settlers (including over 250 armed militia) in Fort Mims, north of Mobile, Alabama.
• 1835 – Melbourne is founded.
• 1836 – The city of Houston is founded by Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen
• 1862 – American Civil War – Battle of Richmond: Confederates under Edmund Kirby Smith rout Union forces under General Horatio Wright.
• 1873 – Austrian explorers Julius von Payer and Karl Weyprecht discover the archipelago of Franz Joseph Land in the Arctic Sea.
• 1896 – Philippine Revolution: After Spanish victory in the Battle of San Juan del Monte, eight provinces in the Philippines are declared under martial law by the Spanish Governor-General Ramón Blanco y Erenas.
• 1897 – The town of Ambiky is captured by France from Menabe in Madagascar.
• 1909 – Burgess Shale fossils are discovered by Charles Doolittle Walcott.
• 1914 – World War I: Germans defeat the Russians in the Battle of Tannenberg
• 1918 – Fanny Kaplan shoots and seriously injures Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin. This, along with the assassination of Bolshevik senior official Moisei Uritsky days earlier, prompts the decree for Red Terror.
• 1922 – Battle of Dumlupinar: the final battle in the Greek-Turkish War ("Turkish War of Independence").
• 1940 – The Second Vienna Award re-assigns the territory of Northern Transylvania from Romania to Hungary.
• 1942 – World War II: the Battle of Alam Halfa begins.
• 1945 – Hong Kong is liberated from Japan by British Armed Forces.
• 1945 – The Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces, General Douglas MacArthur lands at Atsugi Air Force Base.
• 1945 – The Allied Control Council, governing Germany after World War II, comes into being.
• 1956 – The Lake Pontchartrain Causeway opens.
• 1962 – Japan conducts a test of the NAMC YS-11, its first aircraft since World War II and its only successful commercial aircraft from before or after the war.
• 1963 – The Hotline between the leaders of the U.S.A. and the Soviet Union goes into operation.
• 1967 – Thurgood Marshall is confirmed as the first African American Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
• 1974 – A Belgrade–Dortmund express train derails at the main train station in Zagreb killing 153 passengers.
• 1974 – A powerful bomb explodes at the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries headquarters in Marunouchi, Tokyo, Japan. 8 are killed, 378 are injured. Eight left-wing activists are arrested on May 19, 1975 by Japanese authorities.
• 1981 – President Mohammad-Ali Rajai and Prime Minister Mohammad-Javad Bahonar of Iran are assassinated in a bombing committed by the People's Mujahedin of Iran.
• 1984 – STS-41-D: The Space Shuttle Discovery takes off on its maiden voyage.
• 1995 – NATO launches Operation Deliberate Force against Bosnian Serb forces.
• 1998 – Second Congo War: Government troops and their Angolan and Zimbabwean allies recapture Matadi and the Inga dams in the western Democratic Republic of the Congo from RCD and Rwandan troops.
• 1999 – East Timor voted for independence from Indonesia in a referendum.
• 2003 – While being towed across the Barents Sea, the de-commissioned Russian submarine K-159 sinks, taking 9 of her crew and 800 kg of spent nuclear fuel with her.

Births

• 1334 – Peter of Castile (d. 1369)
• 1569 – Jahangir, Mughal emperor (d. 1627)
• 1720 – Samuel Whitbread, English brewer and politician, founded Whitbread (d. 1796)
• 1748 – Jacques-Louis David, French painter (d. 1825)
• 1768 – Joseph Dennie, American author and journalist (d. 1812)
• 1797 – Mary Shelley, English author and playwright (d. 1851)
• 1808 – Princess Ludovika of Bavaria (d. 1892)
• 1812 – Agoston Haraszthy, Hungarian-American businessman, founded Buena Vista Winery (d. 1869)
• 1813 – Princess Mathilde Caroline of Bavaria (d. 1862)
• 1818 – Alexander H. Rice, American businessman and politician, 30th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1895)
• 1821 – Anita Garibaldi, Brazilian wife of Giuseppe Garibaldi (d. 1849)
• 1839 – Gulstan Ropert, French prelate (d. 1903)
• 1842 – Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna of Russia (d. 1849)
• 1848 – Andrew Onderdonk, American contractor (d. 1905)
• 1850 – Marcelo H. del Pilar, Filipino journalist and lawyer (d. 1896)
• 1852 – Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Dutch chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1911)
• 1856 – Carl David Tolmé Runge, German mathematician, physicist, and spectroscopist (d. 1927)
• 1860 – Isaac Levitan, Russian painter (d. 1900)
• 1870 – Grand Duchess Alexandra Georgievna of Russia (d. 1891)
• 1871 – Ernest Rutherford, New Zealand-English physicist and chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1937)
• 1884 – Theodor Svedberg, Swedish chemist and physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971)
• 1890 – Samuel Frederick Henry Thompson, English captain and pilot (d. 1918)
• 1893 – Huey Long, American lawyer and politician, 40th Governor of Louisiana (d. 1935)
• 1894 – Erik von Holst, Estonian-German sailor (d. 1962)
• 1896 – Raymond Massey, Canadian-American actor and playwright (d. 1983)
• 1898 – Shirley Booth, American actress and singer (d. 1992)
• 1901 – John Gunther, American journalist and author (d. 1970)
• 1901 – Roy Wilkins, American activist (d. 1981)
• 1903 – Bhagwati Charan Verma, Indian author (d. 1981)
• 1906 – Joan Blondell, American actress and singer (d. 1979)
• 1908 – Fred MacMurray, American actor and singer (d. 1991)
• 1909 – Virginia Lee Burton, American author and illustrator (d. 1968)
• 1910 – Roger Bushell, South African-English pilot (d. 1944)
• 1912 – Edward Mills Purcell, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1997)
• 1912 – Nancy Wake, New Zealand-English captain (d. 2011)
• 1913 – Richard Stone, English economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1991)
• 1915 – Princess Lilian, Duchess of Halland (d. 2013)
• 1915 – Robert Strassburg, American composer, conductor, and educator (d. 2003)
• 1916 – Shailendra, Indian songwriter (d. 1968)
• 1917 – Denis Healey, English soldier and politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer
• 1917 – Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia (d. 1992)
• 1918 – Billy Johnson, American baseball player (d. 2006)
• 1918 – Ted Williams, American baseball player and manager (d. 2002)
• 1919 – Wolfgang Wagner, German director (d. 2010)
• 1919 – Kitty Wells, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2012)
• 1922 – Lionel Murphy, Australian jurist and politician, 22nd Attorney-General of Australia (d. 1986)
• 1922 – Regina Resnik, American soprano (d. 2013)
• 1923 – Barbara Ansell, English physician (d. 2001)
• 1923 – Charmian Clift, Australian author (d. 1969)
• 1923 – Nate Saint, American missionary and pilot (d. 1956)
• 1923 – Vic Seixas, American tennis player
• 1924 – Geoffrey Beene, American fashion designer (d. 2004)
• 1924 – Kenny Dorham, American singer-songwriter and trumpet player (d. 1972)
• 1924 – Lajos Kisfaludy, Hungarian chemist and engineer (d. 1988)
• 1925 – Laurent de Brunhoff, French author and illustrator
• 1925 – Donald Symington, American actor (d. 2013)
• 1926 – Daryl Gates, American police officer, created the D.A.R.E. Program (d. 2010)
• 1927 – Bill Daily, American actor
• 1927 – Anne Fitzalan-Howard, Duchess of Norfolk (d. 2013)
• 1927 – Piet Kee, Dutch organist and composer
• 1928 – Lloyd Casner, American race car driver (d. 1965)
• 1928 – Harvey Hart, Canadian director and producer (d. 1989)
• 1929 – Guy de Lussigny, French painter (d. 2001)
• 1929 – Ian McNaught-Davis, English mountaineer and television host
• 1930 – Warren Buffett, American businessman and philanthropist
• 1930 – Noel Harford, New Zealand cricketer and basketball player (d. 1981)
• 1931 – Jack Swigert, American pilot and astronaut (d. 1982)
• 1933 – Don Getty, Canadian football player and politician, 11th Premier of Alberta
• 1934 – Baloo Gupte, Indian cricketer (d. 2005)
• 1935 – John Phillips, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (The Mamas & the Papas) (d. 2001)
• 1937 – Jewel Brown, American singer
• 1937 – Bruce McLaren, New Zealand race car driver, founded the McLaren racing team (d. 1970)
• 1938 – Murray Gleeson, Australian judge, 11th Chief Justice of Australia
• 1939 – Elizabeth Ashley, American actress and singer
• 1939 – John Peel, English radio host and producer (d. 2004)
• 1941 – Ben Jones, American actor and politician
• 1942 – Pervez Sajjad, Pakistani cricketer
• 1943 – Tal Brody, American-Israeli basketball player
• 1943 – Colin Dann, English author
• 1943 – Robert Crumb, American illustrator
• 1943 – Jean-Claude Killy, French skier
• 1943 – David Maslanka, American composer
• 1944 – Freek de Jonge, Dutch singer and comedian
• 1944 – Molly Ivins, American journalist and author (d. 2007)
• 1944 – Tug McGraw, American baseball player (d. 2004)
• 1946 – Queen Anne-Marie of Greece
• 1946 – Peggy Lipton, American model and actress
• 1947 – Allan Rock, Canadian lawyer, politician, and diplomat, Canadian Ambassador to the United Nations
• 1948 – Lewis Black, American comedian, actor, and author
• 1948 – Fred Hampton, American activist (d. 1969)
• 1948 – Donnacha O'Dea, Irish poker player and swimmer
• 1949 – Ted Ammon, American financier and banker (d. 2001)
• 1949 – Don Boudria, Canadian politician
• 1949 – Christopher Collins, American actor (d. 1994)
• 1949 – Peter Maffay, Romanian-German singer-songwriter
• 1950 – Antony Gormley, English sculptor
• 1950 – Ineke Mulder, Dutch politician
• 1951 – Timothy Bottoms, American actor and producer
• 1951 – Dana Rosemary Scallon, English-Irish singer and politician
• 1951 – Gediminas Kirkilas, Lithuanian politician, 11th Prime Minister of Lithuania
• 1953 – Ron George, American politician
• 1953 – Lech Majewski, Polish director, producer, and screenwriter
• 1953 – Horace Panter, English bass player (The Specials and General Public)
• 1953 – Robert Parish, American basketball player
• 1954 – Alexander Lukashenko, Belarusian marshal and politician, 1st President of Belarus
• 1954 – David Paymer, American actor and director
• 1955 – Jamie Moses, English-American guitarist
• 1956 – Frank Conniff, American actor, producer, and screenwriter
• 1958 – Martin Jackson, English drummer (Swing out Sister, Magazine, The Chameleons, The Freshies, and The Durutti Column)
• 1958 – Anna Politkovskaya, Russian journalist and activist (d. 2006)
• 1959 – Mark "Jacko" Jackson, Australian footballer, actor, and singer
• 1960 – Gary Gordon, American sergeant, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1993)
• 1960 – Guy A. Lepage, Canadian comedian and producer
• 1963 – Michael Chiklis, American actor. direcor, and producer
• 1963 – Phil Mills, Welsh race car driver
• 1963 – Paul Oakenfold, English DJ and producer (Elementfour, Planet Perfecto, and Electra)
• 1963 – Mark Strong, English actor
• 1963 – Oderus Urungus, American singer and bass player (GWAR, X-Cops, Death Piggy, and Dave Brockie Experience)
• 1964 – Gavin Fisher, English engineer and designer
• 1964 – Ra Luhse, Estonian architect
• 1966 – Michael Michele, American actress
• 1967 – Frederique van der Wal, Dutch model and actress
• 1967 – Justin Vaughan, New Zealand cricketer
• 1968 – Vladimir Malakhov, Russian ice hockey player
• 1969 – Dimitris Sgouros, Greek pianist
• 1970 – Carlo Checchinato, Italian rugby player and manager
• 1970 – Michael Wong, Malaysian-Chinese singer-songwriter (Michael & Victor)
• 1971 – Lars Frederiksen, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (Rancid, Lars Frederiksen and the Bastards, and UK Subs)
• 1972 – Cameron Diaz, American model and actress
• 1972 – Pavel Nedvěd, Czech footballer
• 1973 – Lisa Ling, American journalist
• 1974 – Aaron Barrett, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (Reel Big Fish, The Scholars, and The Forces of Evil)
• 1974 – Javier Otxoa, Spanish cyclist
• 1975 – Radhi Jaïdi, Tunisian footballer
• 1976 – Mike Koplove, American baseball player
• 1976 – Sarah-Jane Potts, English actress
• 1977 – Shaun Alexander, American football player
• 1977 – Marlon Byrd, American baseball player
• 1977 – Elden Henson, American actor
• 1977 – Kamil Kosowski, Polish footballer
• 1977 – Jens Ludwig, German guitarist (Edguy)
• 1977 – Félix Sánchez, American-Dominican runner
• 1978 – Sinead Kerr, Irish figure skater
• 1978 – Cliff Lee, American baseball player
• 1979 – Juan Ignacio Chela, Argentinian tennis player
• 1979 – Niki Chow, Hong Kong actress and singer
• 1979 – Leon Lopez, English singer-songwriter and actor
• 1979 – Scott Richmond, Canadian baseball player
• 1979 – Tavia Yeung, Hong Kong actress
• 1980 – Angel Coulby, English actress
• 1980 – Derrick Ward, American football player
• 1981 – Germán Legarreta, Puerto Rican-American actor
• 1981 – Adam Wainwright, American baseball player
• 1982 – Will Davison, Australian race car driver
• 1982 – Andy Roddick, American tennis player
• 1983 – Emmanuel Culio, Argentinian footballer
• 1983 – Gustavo Eberto, Argentinian footballer (d. 2007)
• 1983 – Jun Matsumoto, Japanese singer, dancer, and actor (Arashi)
• 1983 – Simone Pepe, Italian footballer
• 1983 – Marco Vianello, Italian footballer
• 1984 – Anthony Ireland, Zimbabwean cricketer
• 1985 – Richard Duffy, Welsh footballer
• 1985 – Joe Inoue, American singer-songwriter
• 1985 – Leisel Jones, Australian swimmer
• 1985 – Éva Risztov, Hungarian swimmer
• 1985 – Steven Smith, Scottish footballer
• 1985 – Eamon Sullivan, Australian swimmer
• 1985 – Anna Ushenina, Ukrainian chess player
• 1986 – Lelia Masaga, New Zealand rugby player
• 1986 – Ryan Ross, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (Panic! at the Disco and The Young Veins)
• 1987 – Tania Foster, English singer-songwriter
• 1988 – Michael Cavanaugh, American gamer
• 1988 – Ernests Gulbis, Latvian tennis player
• 1988 – Laura Põldvere, Estonian singer (Suntribe)
• 1989 – Simone Guerra, Italian footballer
• 1989 – Ronald Huth, Paraguayan footballer
• 1991 – Jacqueline Cako, American tennis player
• 1991 – Liam Cooper, Scottish footballer
• 1992 – Jessica Henwick, English actress
• 1994 – Kwon So-hyun, Korean singer and dancer (4Minute)
• 2001 – Emily Bear, American pianist and composer

Deaths

• 526 – Theoderic the Great, Italian ruler (b. 454)
• 1329 – Khutughtu Khan, Emperor Mingzong of Yuan (b. 1300)
• 1428 – Emperor Shōkō of Japan (b. 1401)
• 1483 – Louis XI of France (b. 1423)
• 1580 – Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy (b. 1528)
• 1619 – Shimazu Yoshihiro, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1535)
• 1751 – Christopher Polhem, Swedish physicist (b. 1661)
• 1856 – Gilbert Abbott à Beckett, English lawyer and author (b. 1811)
• 1879 – John Bell Hood, American general (b. 1831)
• 1886 – Ferris Jacobs, Jr., American general and politician (b. 1836)
• 1896 – Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky, Russian politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs for Russia (b. 1824)
• 1906 – Hans Auer, Swiss-Austrian architect, designed the Federal Palace of Switzerland (b. 1847)
• 1907 – Richard Mansfield, American actor and manager (b. 1857)
• 1928 – Wilhelm Wien, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1864)
• 1935 – Henri Barbusse, French journalist and author (b. 1873)
• 1938 – Oscar De Somville, Belgian rower (b. 1876)
• 1938 – Max Factor, Sr., Polish-American make-up artist and businessman, founded the Max Factor Company (b. 1877)
• 1940 – J. J. Thomson, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1856)
• 1941 – Peder Oluf Pedersen, Danish physicist and engineer (b. 1874)
• 1943 – Eddy de Neve, Indonesian-Dutch footballer and lieutenant (b. 1885)
• 1943 – Eustáquio van Lieshout, Dutch priest and missionary (b. 1890)
• 1945 – Alfréd Schaffer, Hungarian footballer, coach, and manager (b. 1893)
• 1946 – Konstantin Rodzaevsky, Russian lawyer (b. 1907)
• 1947 – Gunnar Sommerfeldt, Danish actor and director (b. 1890)
• 1949 – Arthur Fielder, English cricketer (b. 1877)
• 1951 – Konstantin Märska, Estonian cinematographer and director (b. 1896)
• 1954 – Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster, Italian cardinal (b. 1880)
• 1961 – Charles Coburn, American actor and singer (b. 1877)
• 1963 – Guy Burgess, English-Russian spy (b. 1911)
• 1968 – William Talman, American actor and screenwriter (b. 1915)
• 1970 – Del Moore, American comedian and actor (b. 1916)
• 1979 – Jean Seberg, American actress (b. 1938)
• 1981 – Vera-Ellen, American actress and dancer (b. 1921)
• 1981 – Mohammad-Ali Rajai, Iranian politician, 2nd President of Iran (b. 1933)
• 1985 – Taylor Caldwell, English-American author (b. 1900)
• 1989 – Seymour Krim, American journalist and critic (b. 1922)
• 1990 – Bernard D. H. Tellegen, Dutch engineer (b. 1900)
• 1991 – Vladimír Padrůněk, Czech bass player (Energit, Jazz Q, and Etc...) (b. 1952)
• 1991 – Jean Tinguely, Swiss painter and sculptor (b. 1925)
• 1993 – Richard Jordan, American actor (b. 1938)
• 1994 – Lindsay Anderson, Indian-English actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1923)
• 1995 – Fischer Black, American economist (b. 1938)
• 1995 – Sterling Morrison, American guitarist and singer (The Velvet Underground) (b. 1942)
• 1996 – Christine Pascal, French actress, director, and screenwriter (b. 1953)
• 1999 – Jan Brasser, Dutch discus thrower (b. 1912)
• 1999 – Raymond Poïvet, French illustrator (b. 1910)
• 2000 – David Haskell, American actor and singer (b. 1948)
• 2001 – Ivor Spencer-Thomas, English farmer and inventor (b. 1907)
• 2002 – J. Lee Thompson, English-Canadian director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1914)
• 2003 – Charles Bronson, American actor (b. 1921)
• 2003 – Donald Davidson, American philosopher (b. 1917)
• 2004 – Indian Larry, American motorcycle rider and stuntman (b. 1949)
• 2004 – Fred Lawrence Whipple, American astronomer (b. 1906)
• 2005 – Hendrikje van Andel-Schipper, Dutch super-centenarian (b. 1890)
• 2006 – Robin Cooke, Baron Cooke of Thorndon, New Zealand judge (b. 1926)
• 2006 – Glenn Ford, Canadian-American actor (b. 1916)
• 2006 – Naguib Mahfouz, Egyptian author, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
• 2007 – Michael Jackson, English author and journalist (b. 1942)
• 2007 – Roef Ragas, Dutch actor (b. 1965)
• 2007 – Charles Vanik, American soldier and politician (b. 1918)
• 2008 – Killer Kowalski, Canadian-American wrestler (b. 1926)
• 2009 – Klaus-Peter Hanisch, German footballer (b. 1952)
• 2010 – J. C. Bailey, American wrestler (b. 1983)
• 2010 – Alain Corneau, French director and screenwriter (b. 1943)
• 2010 – Francisco Varallo, Argentinian footballer (b. 1910)
• 2011 – Revo Jõgisalu, Estonian rapper (Toe Tag) (b. 1976)
• 2011 – Cactus Pryor, American broadcaster (b. 1923)
• 2012 – Bernardo Bonezzi, Spanish composer (b. 1964)
• 2012 – Daire Brehan, Irish-English actress and journalist (b. 1957)
• 2012 – Bill Kini, New Zealand boxer and rugby player (b. 1937)
• 2012 – Igor Kvasha, Russian actor (b. 1933)
• 2012 – Carlos Larrañaga, Spanish actor (b. 1937)
• 2012 – Chris Lighty, American talent manager, co-founded Violator Entertainment (b. 1968)
• 2012 – Nat Peeples, American baseball player (b. 1926)
• 2012 – Jacek Sempoliński, Polish painter and critic (b. 1927)
• 2012 – Vidar Theisen, Norwegian meteorologist (b. 1933)
• 2013 – Alfredo Betancourt, Salvadoran author (b. 1914)
• 2013 – William C. Campbell, American golfer (b. 1923)
• 2013 – Howie Crittenden, American basketball player and coach (b. 1933)
• 2013 – Allan Gotthelf, American philosopher (b. 1942)
• 2013 – Seamus Heaney, Irish poet and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1939)
• 2013 – Leo Lewis, American football player (b. 1933)
• 2013 – John "Juke" Logan, American singer-songwriter and harmonica player (b. 1946)
• 2013 – Soledad Mexia, Mexican-American super-centenarian (b. 1899)

Holidays and observances

• Christian Feast Day:
  • Alexander of Constantinople
  • Blessed Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster
  • Charles Chapman Grafton (Episcopal Church (USA))
  • Fantinus
  • Felix and Adauctus
  • Pammachius
  • August 30 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

• Constitution Day (Kazakhstan)
• International Day of the Disappeared (International)
• Popular Consultation Day (East Timor)
• Saint Rose of Lima's Day (Peru)
• Victory Day (Turkey)

External links

• BBC: On This Day
• The New York Times: On This Day
• On This Day in Canada

• Days of the year
• August