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==Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)== ==Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)==
{{Also|List of massacres during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)}}
==Post-World War I (1919–1923)==
{{Also|List of massacres during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)}} {{Also|List of massacres during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)}}
{|class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" {|class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
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!class="unsortable"|Notes !class="unsortable"|Notes
|- |-
| ] | ], ], ]
| 15–16 May 1919 | 1919-1923
| Mainly Smyrna, Pontus, Asia Minor regions
| ]
| 453,000
| 400–500 killed
| Greeks
| Turks, Greeks
| |The orderly landing of the Greek army soon turned into a riot against the local Turkish population by local Greeks and Greek soldiers. Stores and houses were looted, many cases of beatings, rape, killing. Estimates for killed and wounded Greeks are 100, for Turks between 300-400.<ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Michael Llewellyn|title=Ionian vision : Greece in Asia Minor, 1919-1922.|year=1999|publisher=C. Hurst|location=London|isbn=9781850653684|page=90|url=http://books.google.gr/books?id=E4OuoSFztt8C&pg=PA97&lpg=PA97&dq=stergiadis+smyrna&source=bl&ots=czKqtDzXoE&sig=Ivvg-egHduGOUCc8TrpOM1vgwG8&hl=el&sa=X&ei=ENZLUNKiCsTV4QSn9YDQAg&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=stergiadis%20smyrna&f=false|edition=New edition, 2nd impression|quote=..., the Turks suffered 300 to 400 casualties, killed and wounded, and the Greeks about 100,}}</ref>
|-
| ]
| 16–17 June 1919
| ]
| 100–1,000
| Greeks
| Turks | Turks
|-
| ]
| 27 June–4 July 1919
| ]
| 2,000–3,000
| Turks and Greeks
| Turks and Greeks
| The Greek army occupied the city which was later taken by Turkish irregulars and then again by the Greeks. This resulted in the destruction of most of the city and massacres for both sides. Killed Greeks were estimated as 1,500-2,000, Turks as 1,200-2,000.
|-
| ]–] region
| 9 June–27 August 1920
| Ortaköy, Geyve, Akhisar, Iznik
| a few hundred–1,520<ref name="McCarthy1995">{{cite book|author=Justin McCarthy|title=Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1ZntAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=1 May 2013|year=1995|publisher=Darwin Press|isbn=978-0-87850-094-9}}</ref>
| Turkish irregulars
| Greeks | Greeks
| Estimated betweeen 340,000 to 611,000. Includes ].<ref name="turk killers" /> Approx. 353,000 deaths from ] region.<ref>], Dictionary of Genocide: A-L, p. 337</ref>
| Justin McCarthy: "The following are the figures of the Armenian and/or Greek patriarchates. The British warned that they contained "exaggerations."It can be assumed that the actual numbers were lower, but that the massacres actually did take place 9 June, Ortaköy, 270, 10 July, Geyve, 500, 15 July, Akhisar, 350, 27 August, Iznik, 400-500"<ref name="McCarthy1995"/>
|- |-
| ], ], ]
| ]
| 1920-21 | 1919-1923
| Mainly Kars, Alexandropol, Cilicia regions
| ]/] Peninsula
| 440,000
| estimates vary: 35 reported<ref>{{cite book|last=Gingeras|first=Ryan|title=Sorrowful Shores:Violence, Ethnicity, and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1912-1923|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191609794|page=28|url=http://books.google.gr/books?id=6DF4dNEjenIC&pg=PA28&dq=circassian+yalova&hl=el&sa=X&ei=-JOSUdeHJeyu4QTK4IDoCg&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22In%20total%20only%20thirty-five%20were%20reported%20to%20have%20been%20killed%2C%20wounded%2C%20beaten%2C%20or%20missing.%20This%20is%20in%20line%20with%20the%20observations%20of%20Arnold%20Toynbee%2C%20who%20declared%20that%20one%20to%20two%20murders%20were%20sufficient%20to%20drive%20away%20the%20population%20of%20a%20village.%22&f=false|quote=In total only thirty-five were reported to have been killed, wounded, beaten, or missing. This is in line with the observations of Arnold Toynbee, who declared that one to two murders were sufficient to drive away the population of a village.}}</ref> or
| Turks (mainly), Kurds, Azeris
5,500<ref>{{cite book|last=McNeill|first=William H.|title=Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1989|ISBN=9780199923397|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4POZH7C1AC&pg=PT225&dq=1500+survivors+yalova&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=-wmZUZ7QKciG0AX8joHYAQ&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA|quote=To protect their flanks from harassment, Greek military authorities then encouraged irregular bands of armed men to attack and destroy Turkish populations of the region they proposed to abandon. By the time the Red Crescent vessel arrived at Yalova from Constantinople in the last week of May, fourteen out of sixteen villages in that town's immediate hinterland had been destroyed, and there were only 1500 survivors from the 7000 Moslems who had been living in these communities.}}</ref> - 9,100 (Turkish claim)<ref>http://www.scribd.com/doc/46207420/Ar%C5%9Fiv-Belgelerine-Gore-Balkanlar%E2%80%99da-ve-Anadolu%E2%80%99da-Yunan-Mezalimi-2</ref>
| Armenians
| Greeks troops, local Greeks, Armenians and Circasians<ref name=Smith3>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Michael Llewellyn|title=Ionian vision : Greece in Asia Minor, 1919–1922.|year=1999|publisher=C. Hurst|location=London|isbn=9781850653684|url=http://books.google.gr/books?id=E4OuoSFztt8C&pg=PA97&lpg=PA97&dq=stergiadis+smyrna&source=bl&ots=czKqtDzXoE&sig=Ivvg-egHduGOUCc8TrpOM1vgwG8&hl=el&sa=X&ei=ENZLUNKiCsTV4QSn9YDQAg&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=%22At%20the%20same%20time%20bands%20of%20Christian%20irregulars%2C%20Greek%20Armenian%20and%20Circassian%2C%20looted%2C%20burned%22&f=false|edition=New edition, 2nd impression|quote=At the same time bands of Christian irregulars, Greek Armenian, and Circassian, looted, burned and murdered in the Yalove-Gemlik peninsula.|page=209}}</ref>
| Estimated between 325,000 to 545,000.<ref name="turk killers">Death by Government, ], 1994.</ref>
| ]
| The perpetrators were Greek troops and local Greek and Armenian gangs, who burned down ], ], ]. In total 27 villages were razed and their population fled. In Armutlu women were methodically raped.<ref>Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 111-112, 2009</ref> Circassians participated also in the events.<ref name=Smith3/>
|- |-
| Asia Minor
| ]
| 1919-1922
| March–April 1921
| Asia Minor
| ], ], ]
| 15,000<ref name="turk killers" />
| 208<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|author=DERGİ |url=http://atam.gov.tr/bilecik-ve-cevresinde-yunan-mezalimi/ |title=Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi &#124; Bilecik ve Çevresinde Yunan Mezalimi |publisher=Atam.gov.tr |date=1917-11-06 |accessdate=2013-06-24}}</ref>
| Greeks troops, local Greeks
| Turks
| The town of Bilecik and crops were burned down by the retreating Greek army, local people were massacred.<ref>State-Nationalisms in the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Turkey: Benjamin C. Fortna,Stefanos Katsikas,Dimitris Kamouzis,Paraskevas Konortas, page 64, 2012</ref> Bilecik, ], ] and dozens of neighboring villages were burned or plundered by the hastily retreating Greek army, there haste limited the destruction.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
|-
| Izmit
| 24 June 1921
| ]
| 300<ref name="Sorrowful Shores page 112">Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 112, 2009</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Toynbee|first=Arnold Joseph|title=The Western Question in Greece and Turkey:A Study in the Contact of Civilizations|year=1970|publisher=H. Fertig, originally: University of California|url=|quote=http://louisville.edu/a-s/history/turks/WesternQuestion.pdf|quote=‘ But at 1 P.M. on Friday the 24th June, three and a half days before the Greek evacuation, the male inhabitants of the two Turkish quarters of Baghcheshmé and Tepekhané, in the highest part of the town, away from the sea, had been dragged out to the cemetery and shot in batches. On Wednesday the 29th I was present when two of the graves were opened, and ascertained for myself that the corpses were those of Moslems and that their arms had been pinioned behind their backs. There were thought to be about sixty corpses in that group of graves, and there were several others. In all, over 300 people were missing—a death-roll probably exceeding that at Smyrna on the 15th and 16th May 1919.
|page=553}}</ref>
| ]
| Turks
| Up to 300 people, mostly men, were executed by Greek troops. There bodies were buried in a mass grave outside the town. ] was a reporter who described these events in the Manchester Guardian.<ref name="Sorrowful Shores page 112"/>
|-
| Karatepe village
| 14 February 1922
| ]
| 385<ref>{{cite book|title=Yunan mezalimi: İzmir, Aydın, Manisa, Denizli : 1919-1923|first= Mustafa|last=Turan|publisher=Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi|year=2006||quote=14 Şubatta kuşatıldığını, câmilerin ateşe verildiğini, 400 kişiden yalnız 15 kadın ve erkeğin kaçtıklarının kendisine bildirildiğini" yazıyordu}}</ref>
| ]
| Turks
| In one of the examples of the Greek atrocities during the retreat, on 14 February 1922, in the Turkish village of Karatepe in ], after being surrounded by the Greeks, all the inhabitants were put into the mosque, then the mosque was burned. The few who escaped fire were shot.<ref name="The Times 1922">{{Citation | title = Letter | first = Arnold | last = Toynbee | newspaper = The Times | date = 6 April 1922 | place = Turkey | origyear = 9 March 1922}}.</ref>{{vn|date=July 2013}}
|-
| Salihli
| 5 September 1922
| ]
| at least 76<ref>{{cite book|last=|first=|title=The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 132|year=1923|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Co|page=829 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9i0QAAAAIAAJ&q=Two+thirds+of+Salihli,+with+a+population+of+10,000,+only+a+tenth+of+whom+were+Greeks,+had+been+burned+over,+seventy-six+people+were+known+to+have+burned+to+death,+and+a+hundred+young+girls+were+said+to+have+been+taken+away+by+Greek&dq=Two+thirds+of+Salihli,+with+a+population+of+10,000,+only+a+tenth+of+whom+were+Greeks,+had+been+burned+over,+seventy-six+people+were+known+to+have+burned+to+death,+and+a+hundred+young+girls+were+said+to+have+been+taken+away+by+Greek&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=DMW1UeW8OqLC0QXYrIGQAQ&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA|quote=Two thirds of Salihli, with a population of 10,000, only a tenth of whom were Greeks, had been burned over, seventy-six people were known to have burned to death, and a hundred young girls were said to have been taken away by Greek}}</ref>{{full|date=July 2013}}
| Greek forces
| Turks
| The city was burned by the retreating Greek army, 65% of the buildings were destroyed.<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923" />
|-
| Turgutlu
| 4–6 September 1922
| ] (former Kasaba)
| 1,000<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923" />
| Greek forces
| Turks
| The city was burned by the retreating Greek army, 90% of the buildings were destroyed.<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923">U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park ''to ], ], 11 April 1923.'' US archives US767.68116/34</ref> Approximately 1,000 died.<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923" /> Park:"Cassaba (present day ]) was a town of 40,000 souls, 3,000 of whom were non-Muslims. Of these 37,000 Turks only 6,000 could be accounted for among the living, while 1,000 Turks were known to have been shot or burned to death. Of the 2,000 buildings that constituted the city, only 200 remained standing."
|-
| Turgutlu<ref name=Boubougiatzi/>
| September 1922
| ] (former Kasaba)
| 4,000<ref name=Boubougiatzi/>
| Turks
| Greeks
| From 8,000 Greek civilians gathered in the town, half of them remained after the evacuation of the Greek Army. They were killed by the advancing Turkish soldiers.<ref name=Boubougiatzi>{{cite journal|last=Μπουμπουγιατζή|first=Ευαγγελία|title=Οι διωγμοί των Ελλήνων της Ιωνίας 1914-1922|year=2009|page=384|url=http://thesis.ekt.gr/thesisBookReader/id/26660#page/384/mode/2up|accessdate=23 June 2013|publisher=]|quote=Από τους 8.000 Έλληνες οι μισοί δεν είχαν διαφύγει με τα ελληνικά στρατεύματα, με αποτέλεσμα να εξοντωθούν από τα κεμαλικά }}</ref>
|-
| Uşak
| 1 September 1922
| ]
| 200<ref>{{cite book|last=Adıvar|first=Halide Edib|title=The Turkish Ordeal: Being the Further Memoirs of Halidé Edib|year=1928|publisher=Century Company, University of Virginia|page=363|url=http://www.google.com/webhp?hl=nl&tab=ww#hl=nl&tbm=bks&sclient=psy-ab&q=which+was+one+third+of+Ushak.+We+stopped+the+passers-by+and+questioned+them.+The+reports+of+atrocities+were+becoming+grimmer.+Two+hundred+people+had+been+killed%2C+or+burned%2C+including+women&oq=which+was+one+third+of+Ushak.+We+stopped+the+passers-by+and+questioned+them.+The+reports+of+atrocities+were+becoming+grimmer.+Two+hundred+people+had+been+killed%2C+or+burned%2C+including+women&gs_l=serp.12...22559.23710.3.24299.1.1.0.0.0.0.50.50.1.1.0...0.0...1c..16.serp.3VG3QlDibL0&psj=1&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&fp=1d0d5e2d7d41717&biw=1366&bih=643}}</ref>
| Greeks | Greeks
| Turks | Turks
|
| The city was burned by the retreating Greek army, 33% of the buildings were destroyed.<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923" /> {{dubious|No word that there was something defined as massacre|date=June 2013}}
|-
| Manisa
| 6–7 September 1922
| ]
| 4,355<ref>{{cite book|title=Batı Anadolu'da Yunan mezalimi|first=Mustafa|last=Tayla|publisher=Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi|year=2001}}</ref>
|Greeks troops
|]
|The city was burned by the retreating Greek army.<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923" /> James Loder Park, the U.S. Vice-Consul in Constantinople at the time, who toured much of the devastated area immediately after the Greek evacuation, described the situation, as follows:<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923">U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park ''to ], ], 11 April 1923.'' US archives US767.68116/34</ref> "Manisa... almost completely wiped out by fire... 10,300 houses, 15 mosques, 2 baths, 2,278 shops, 19 hotels, 26 villas... ."
|-
| Akhisar
| 1922
| ]
| 7,000<ref name=Jonsson/>
| ] forces
| ]
| As a result of the capture of the city by the Turkish nationalist army, all remaining local Greeks were murdered. Since then there is no Christian community in the city.<ref name=Jonsson>{{cite book|last=Jonsson|first=David J.|title=The clash of ideologies : the making of the Christian and Islamic worlds|year=2005|publisher=Xulon Press|location=|isbn=9781597810395|page=316|url=http://books.google.gr/books?id=pXstU5Kt-_kC&pg=PA316&dq=akhisar+turkish+1922&hl=el&sa=X&ei=PexvUcTzBseM7Qb-qICwBA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=akhisar%20turkish%201922&f=false}}</ref>
|-
| Alaşehir
| 3–4 September 1922
| ]
| 3,000<ref name="Mango, Atatürk, p. 343">Mango, ''Atatürk'', p. 343.</ref>
| Greeks
| Turks
| The city was burned by the retreating Greek army.<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923" />
|-
| Ayvalik
| After September 19, 1922
| ]
| 2,977<ref name=Clark/>
| Turkish forces
| Greeks
| Most of the male Greek population, some 3,000, who remained in the town were deported to the interior of Anatolia, of those only 23 survived. The rest of the population was deported to Greece.<ref name=Clark>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Bruce|title=Twice a stranger : the mass expulsion that forged modern Greece and Turkey|year=2006|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge (Massachusetts)|isbn=9780674023680|page=25|url=http://books.google.de/books?id=kVZ3sLBEPEcC&pg=PA25&dq=ayvalik+massacre+turkey+greeks&hl=el&sa=X&ei=YQiUUemaHIOCtAbNmoCIDg&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=%22only%20twenty-three%20of%20the%203000%20men%20from%20Ayvali%20came%20back%20alive.%22&f=false}}</ref>
|-
| ]
| After September 19, 1922
| Cunda Island
| Hundreds<ref name=Clark/>
| Turkish forces
| Greeks
| Several hundreds of Greek civilians were killed on the islet of ], only some children were spared. This happened as an act of revenge for the killing one Muslims judge, several years earlier.<ref name=Clark>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Bruce|title=Twice a stranger : the mass expulsion that forged modern Greece and Turkey|year=2006|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge (Massachusetts)|isbn=9780674023680|page=25|url=http://books.google.de/books?id=kVZ3sLBEPEcC&pg=PA25&dq=ayvalik+massacre+turkey+greeks&hl=el&sa=X&ei=YQiUUemaHIOCtAbNmoCIDg&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=%22On%20the%20nearby%20islet%20which%20is%20known%20in%20Greek%20as%20Moschonisi%20and%20in%20Turkish%20as%20Cunda%2C%20several%20hundred%20civilians%20of%20all%20ages%20were%20taken%20away%20and%20killed%2C%20only%20some%20of%20the%20children%20were%20spared%20and%20sent%20to%20orphanages%22&f=false|quote=On the nearby islet which is known in Greek as Moschonisi and in Turkish as Cunda, several hundred civilians of all ages were taken away and killed, only some of the children were spared and sent to orphanages}}</ref>
|-
| ]
| 13–22 September 1922
| ]
| 10,000–100,000<ref name="transaction233">{{cite book | first = ] | last = Rudolph J. Rummel | title = Death by Government |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=1994 |isbn=978-1-56000-927-6 |chapter=Turkey's Genocidal Purges}}, p. 233.</ref><ref name=naimark47>Naimark. '''', pp. 47-52.</ref>
| Turkish army and paramilitaries<ref name=Norman>{{cite book|last=Naimark|first=Norman M.|title=Fires of hatred : ethnic cleansing in twentieth-century Europe|year=2002|publisher=Harvard Univ. Press|location=Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=9780674009943|page=48|url=http://books.google.gr/books?id=L-QLXnX16kAC&pg=PA52&dq=smyrna+fire+1922+turks&hl=el&sa=X&ei=IX3aUZakGcjptQbCkoCwCQ&ved=0CEsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22Turkish%20gangs%20roamed%20the%20Armenian%20quarter%2C%20breking%20into%20homes%2C%20robbing%20and%20killing%20seemingly%20at%20will.%22&f=false|edition=1. Harvard Univ. Press paperback ed., 2. print.|quote=Turkish gangs roamed the Armenian quarter, breking into homes, robbing and killing seemingly at will.}}</ref>
| ] and ]
| Greeks and Armenians were massacred by Turkish army and paramilitaries before, as well as in the aftermath of a devastating fire that destroyed their quarters in the city.<ref name=Norman/>
|- |-
|} |}

Revision as of 17:36, 24 November 2013

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (May 2011)

The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Turkey and the Ottoman Empire (numbers may be approximate, as estimates vary greatly):

Ottoman Empire (before 1914)

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Constantinople Massacre 1821 Constantinople unknown Ottoman government Greeks Greek Orthodox Patriarch Gregory V and other notables were executed.
Massacres of Badr Khan 1840 Hakkari 10,000 Kurdish Emirs of Buhtan, Badr Khan and Nurullah Assyrians Many who were not killed were sold into slavery.
Hamidian massacres 1894–1896 Eastern Ottoman Empire 100,000–300,000 Ottoman Empire
Hamidiye
Kurdish irregulars 		Armenians and Assyrians See also Massacres of Diyarbakır (1895)
Yıldız assassination attempt July 21, 1905 Constantinople 78 dead and wounded Armenian Revolutionary Federation Guards and civilians
Adana massacre April 1909 Adana Vilayet 15,000–30,000 Young Turk government Armenians

World War I (1914-1918)

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Greek genocide 1914–1923 Ottoman Empire 500,000–900,000 Young Turk government Greeks Reports detail systematic massacres, deportations, individual killings, rapes, burning of entire Greek villages, destruction of Greek Orthodox churches and monasteries, drafts for "Labor Brigades", looting, terrorism and other atrocities
Assyrian genocide 1914–1925 Ottoman Empire 270,000–750,000 Young Turk government Assyrians Denied by the Turkish government
Armenian Genocide 1915–1923 Ottoman Empire 600,000–1,800,000 Young Turk government Armenians The Armenians of the eastern regions of the empire were systematically massacred. The Turkish government currently denies the genocide. Considered the first modern genocide by scholars. It is the second most studied case of genocide after the Holocaust.
Massacres in the Çoruh River valley 1915–1916? 45,000 Russian Army, Cossack regiments, Armenian paramilitaries Turks and Kurds During WWI the Russian army with Armenian paramilitaries launched a scorched earth policy against Muslim settlements in the Chorukh river valley, Muslim villages were destroyed.

Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)

See also: List of massacres during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)

Post-World War I (1919–1923)

See also: List of massacres during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)
Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Smyrna, Pontus, Asia Minor 1919-1923 Mainly Smyrna, Pontus, Asia Minor regions 453,000 Turks Greeks Estimated betweeen 340,000 to 611,000. Includes Catastrophe of Smyrna. Approx. 353,000 deaths from Black Sea region.
Kars, Alexandropol, Cilicia 1919-1923 Mainly Kars, Alexandropol, Cilicia regions 440,000 Turks (mainly), Kurds, Azeris Armenians Estimated between 325,000 to 545,000.
Asia Minor 1919-1922 Asia Minor 15,000 Greeks Turks

Republic of Turkey (1923–present)

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Zilan massacre July 1930 Van Province 4,500-47,000 Turkish security forces Sunni Kurds 5,000 women, children, and the elderly were reportedly killed
Dersim Massacre Summer 1937-Spring 1938 Tunceli Province 13,806-70,000 Turkish security forces Alevi Zazas The killings have been condemned by some as an ethnocide or genocide
Istanbul Pogrom 6–7 September 1955 Istanbul, Izmir 13-30 Turkish government primarily Greeks, as well as Armenians The killings are identified as genocidal by Alfred-Maurice de Zayas. Many of the minorities, mostly Greek Christians, forced to leave Turkey. Several churches are demolished by explosives.
Taksim Square massacre May 1, 1977 Taksim Square in Istanbul 34-42 Unknown Leftist demonstrators
Beyazıt Massacre March 16, 1978 Istanbul 7 university students killed, 41 injured , Grey Wolves, Turkish Police, Deep State Leftist university students Cemil Sönmez, Baki Ekiz, Hatice Özen, Abdullah Şimşek, Murat Kurt, Hamdi Akıl and Turan Ören were killed and 41 others were injured by a bomb that was followed by gunfire March 16, 1978.
Bahçelievler massacre October 9, 1978 Bahçelievler, Ankara 7 Neo-fascists Leftist students
Maraş Massacre December 19–26, 1978 Kahramanmaraş Province 109 Grey Wolves Alevi Turks and Kurds
Çorum Massacre May–July, 1980 Çorum Province 57 Grey Wolves Alevi Turks
Esenboğa International Airport attack 7 August 1982 Ankara 9 Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia Civilians 3 police and 6 civilians died.
Istanbul tour bus massacre April 9, 1991 Istanbul 36 Unknown terrorist group Greeks An ethnic Turk, member of an unspecified terrorist group, burnt a double-decker bus carrying Greek pilgrims. The Turkish authorities initially suggested that the fire might have been caused by a burner used to heat food, contrary to multiple witness accounts.
Sivas massacre July 2, 1993 Sivas, Turkey 37 Salafists Alevi intellectuals
Başbağlar massacre July 5, 1993 Başbağlar, near Erzincan 33 Kurdistan Workers' Party Turkish civilians
Yavi massacre October 25, 1993 Yavi, Çat, Erzurum Province 38 Kurdistan Workers' Party Turkish civilians
Gazi Quarter massacre March 15, 1995 Istanbul and Ankara 23 Anonymous Alevi Turks More than 400 injured
Mardin engagement ceremony massacre May 4, 2009 Bilge, Mardin 44 Civilians of Kurdish origin Civilians of Kurdish origin Reuters said it was "one of the worst attacks involving civilians in Turkey's modern history", declaring that the scale of the attack had shocked the nation.
Uludere massacre December 28, 2011 Uludere, Sirnak 34 Turkish forces Civilians of Kurdish origin Warplanes mistakenly killed villagers who had been involved in regular smuggling in the area, during an operation meant to target Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) terrorists. The government quickly acknowledged that the victims were smugglers, not terrorists.

Gallery

  • Aftermath of the massacres at Erzurum (1895) Aftermath of the massacres at Erzurum (1895)
  • An Armenian town left pillaged and destroyed, during the Adana massacre An Armenian town left pillaged and destroyed, during the Adana massacre
  • Photo taken after the Smyrna fire. The text inside indicates that the photo had been taken by representatives of the Red Cross in Smyrna Photo taken after the Smyrna fire. The text inside indicates that the photo had been taken by representatives of the Red Cross in Smyrna
  • Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field "within sight of help and safety at Aleppo" Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field "within sight of help and safety at Aleppo"
  • Turkish men and boys massacred by Armenians in Eastern Anatolia in 1918. Turkish men and boys massacred by Armenians in Eastern Anatolia in 1918.

References

  1. Gaunt & Beṯ-Şawoce 2006, p. 32 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGauntBeṯ-Şawoce2006 (help)
  2. Akçam, Taner. A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006, p. 42. ISBN 0-8050-7932-7.
  3. Kévorkian, Raymond (2011). The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History. Tauris. pp. 35–36. ISBN 9781848855618.
  4. Akcam, Taner. A Shameful Act. 2006, page 69–70: "fifteen to twenty thousand Armenians were killed"
  5. Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views By Samuel. Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny
  6. IAGS Resolution on Genocides committed by the Ottoman Empire retrieved via the Internet Archive (PDF), International Association of Genocide Scholars, archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-28
  7. "Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament — full text containing the IAGS resolution and the Swedish Parliament resolution from". news.am. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
  8. Gaunt, David. Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006.
  9. Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820.
  10. The New York Times Advanced search engine for article and headline archives (subscription necessary for viewing article content).
  11. Alexander Westwood and Darren O'Brien, Selected bylines and letters from The New York Times, The Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 2006
  12. Travis, Hannibal. "'Native Christians Massacred': The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I." Genocide Studies and Prevention, Vol. 1, No. 3, December 2006, pp. 327–371. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  13. "Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution". Armenian genocide. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  14. Ferguson, Niall (2006). The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West. New York: Penguin Press. p. 177. ISBN 1-59420-100-5.
  15. "A Letter from The International Association of Genocide Scholars" (PDF). Genocide Watch. 13 June 2005. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. Rummel, RJ (1 April 1998), "The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective", The Journal of Social Issues, 3 (2)
  17. ^ Gerwarth, Robert; Horne, John (2012). War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe After the Great War. Oxford University Press. p. 176. ISBN 9780199654918.
  18. ^ Death by Government, Rudolph Rummel, 1994.
  19. Samuel Totten, Dictionary of Genocide: A-L, p. 337
  20. M. Kalman, Belge, tanık ve yaşayanlarıyla Ağrı Direnişi 1926-1930, Pêrî Yayınları, İstanbul, 1997, ISBN 978-975-8245-01-7, p. 105. Template:Tr icon
  21. Ahmet Kahraman, ibid, pp. 207-208. Template:Tr icon
  22. "Dersim massacre monument to open next month". Today's Zaman. 24 October 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
  23. The Suppression of the Dersim Rebellion in Turkey (1937-38) Excerpts from: Martin van Bruinessen, "Genocide in Kurdistan? The suppression of the Dersim rebellion in Turkey (1937-38) and the chemical war against the Iraqi Kurds (1988)", in: George J. Andreopoulos (ed), Conceptual and historical dimensions of genocide. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994, pp. 141-170.
  24. İsmail Besikçi, Tunceli Kanunu (1935) ve Dersim Jenosidi, Belge Yayınları, 1990.
  25. Λιμπιτσιούνη, Ανθή Γ. "Το πλέγμα των ελληνοτουρκικών σχέσεων και η ελληνική μειονότητα στην Τουρκία, οι Έλληνες της Κωνσταντινούπολης της Ίμβρου και της Τενέδου" (PDF). University of Thessaloniki. p. 29.
  26. Mills, Amy (2010). Streets of memory : landscape, tolerance, and national identity in Istanbul. Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 119. ISBN 9780820335735. ...the state-led local violence that shattered neighborhoods across Istanbul in 1955 made ethnic-religious difference visible and divisive as Greeks and other minorities in the city were targeted and their property violated.
  27. Alfred de Zayas publication about the Istanbul Pogrom http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/865v4835x83m3757/
  28. Özcan, Emine (2006-04-28). "1977 1 Mayıs Katliamı Aydınlatılsın". bianet (in Turkish).
  29. Mavioglu, Ertugrul (2007-05-02). "30 yıl sonra kanlı 1 Mayıs (4)". Radikal (in Turkish). {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  30. Yalçın, Soner (1997). "The Bahcelievler Massacre". Reis: Gladio’nun Türk Tetikçisi. Su Yayinlari. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ A modern history of the Kurds, By David McDowall, page 415, at Google Books
  32. Cüneyt Arcayürek: Darbeler ve Gizli Servisler, (Sayfa.221)
  33. Associated Press. Death Toll Climbs To 9 In Attack By Terrorists On Ankara Airport. St. Petersburg Times. August 9, 1982
  34. Ulkumen Rodoplu, Jeffrey Arnold, Gurkan Ersoy. "Terrorism in Turkey" (PDF). University of Essex. p. 156. Retrieved 28 August 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  35. Whitaker's Almanack. J. Whitaker & Sons. 1992. p. 510. In Istanbul, 36 people were killed when a Turk set fire to a Greek tourist bus.
  36. Mineta, Norman Y. "MTI Report 97-04" (PDF). International Institute for Surface Transportation Policy Studies. p. 153. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  37. "36 Die as Greek Tourist Bus Burns in Turkey". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  38. Balan, Ahmet. "Thirty-Six Killed, 10 Injured in Tourist Bus Fire in Istanbul". Associated Press. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  39. "Turkey commemorates 15th anniversary of Sivas massacre". Hürriyet. 2008-07-02. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
  40. ^ "Ergenekon zanlısı, Gazi mahallesi provokatörü çıktı -". Star Gazete (in Turkish). 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
  41. "Reuters article" Reuters. Retrieved 4 May 2009
  42. "Blood feuds, gun violence plague Turkey's southeast". Reuters. 2009-05-05. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  43. ^ "Concerns raised about obscuring evidence in Uludere killings". Todayszaman.com. 2012-01-11. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
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