| Revision as of 15:08, 13 June 2006 editIrpen (talk | contribs)32,604 edits restore tag, well explained and not addressed← Previous edit | Revision as of 17:04, 13 June 2006 edit undoPiotrus (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Event coordinators, Extended confirmed users, File movers, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers286,208 edits I see merit in Irpen comments, I have expanded on Polish collaboration with the Germans using references he provided, see talk for more commentsNext edit → | ||
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| ::''This article is about the activity of ]s in the territories of the ] that the Soviet Union in most part captured in 1939 and annexed in 1945. For a wider perspective refer to the original article.'' | ::''This article is about the activity of ]s in the territories of the ] that the Soviet Union in most part captured in 1939 and annexed in 1945. For a wider perspective refer to the original article.'' | ||
| ''']s also operated in the territories of the ]. '''Poland was annexed and partitioned by Germany and the Soviet Union in the aftermath of the ] of ]. On the ] (], ], ] and ] area, known to Poles as ]) the first Soviet partisan groups were formed in ], soon after the ]. Initially the Soviet partisan groups were formed primarily in the areas of ] (modern Navahrudak), ] and ] (modern Vilnius) out of ] solders who evaded capture by the advancing German forces. Lacking support of the local population, the Soviet partisan groups retreated to various large forest complexes in the area, where they hid from the German rear and anti-partisan units.<ref name="Boradyn">{{pl icon}} {{cite book | author =Zygmunt Boradyn | coauthors = | title =Niemen rzeka niezgody. Polsko-sowiecka wojna partyzancka na Nowogródczyźnie 1943-1944 | year =1999 | editor = | pages =336 | chapter = | chapterurl = | publisher =Rytm | location =Warsaw | id =ISBN 8387893080 | url = | format = | accessdate = }}</ref> <ref name="Chod">, by ], in ], Arpil 2006</ref> | ''']s also operated in the territories of the ]. '''Poland was annexed and partitioned by Germany and the Soviet Union in the aftermath of the ] of ]. On the ] (], ], ] and ] area, known to Poles as ]) the first Soviet partisan groups were formed in ], soon after the ]. Initially the Soviet partisan groups were formed primarily in the areas of ] (modern Navahrudak), ] and ] (modern Vilnius) out of ] solders who evaded capture by the advancing German forces. Lacking support of the local population, the Soviet partisan groups retreated to various large forest complexes in the area, where they hid from the German rear and anti-partisan units.<ref name="Boradyn">{{pl icon}} {{cite book | author =Zygmunt Boradyn | coauthors = | title =Niemen rzeka niezgody. Polsko-sowiecka wojna partyzancka na Nowogródczyźnie 1943-1944 | year =1999 | editor = | pages =336 | chapter = | chapterurl = | publisher =Rytm | location =Warsaw | id =ISBN 8387893080 | url = | format = | accessdate = }}</ref> <ref name="Chod">, by ], in ], Arpil 2006</ref> | ||
| Initially, until early ], the Soviet partisans focused primarily on survival deep behind enemy lines, with their activity limited mostly to sabotage and diversion rather than armed struggle against German forces and Lithuanian collaborationist police. During that period various Soviet partisan groups also collaborated with the local ] of ] |
Initially, until early ], the Soviet partisans focused primarily on survival deep behind enemy lines, with their activity limited mostly to sabotage and diversion rather than armed struggle against German forces and ]. During that period various Soviet partisan groups also collaborated with the local ] of ], later renamed to ]. The Polish underground was established in the area in fall 1939. It was both anti-Nazi and anti-Soviet. The latter attitude stemmed from the memories of ], and was reinforced by the conduct of the Soviet partisans.<ref name="Chod"/> | ||
| The partisans were despised by local population, as they engaged in plunder and terrorised the locals | The partisans were despised by local population, as they engaged in plunder and terrorised the locals | ||
| <ref name="Forms">{{pl icon}}Forms of constraint applied by the Soviet authorities in relation to the people of Wilejka region Professor Franciszek Sielicki Wrocławskie Studia Wschodnie, Wrocław, 1997 | <ref name="Forms">{{pl icon}} "Forms of constraint applied by the Soviet authorities in relation to the people of Wilejka region". Professor ]. Wrocławskie Studia Wschodnie, Wrocław, 1997 | ||
| ''Villagers couldn't stand Soviet partisans because they conducted shamefull robberies. They stole whatever they could, even children't toys .One doesn't have to mention they stealed horses, cows, pigs, underwear, etc. They were many cases, when faced with resistance, they hanged poor peasents by their legs, upside down, to force them into giving something. Behind Willa, in forests and swamps, they formed new units constantly-otriads, which opressed our villages''</ref> | ''Villagers couldn't stand Soviet partisans because they conducted shamefull robberies. They stole whatever they could, even children't toys .One doesn't have to mention they stealed horses, cows, pigs, underwear, etc. They were many cases, when faced with resistance, they hanged poor peasents by their legs, upside down, to force them into giving something. Behind Willa, in forests and swamps, they formed new units constantly-otriads, which opressed our villages''</ref> | ||
| As the ] was nearing the area, and diplomatic relations between ] and the Soviet Union were broken off in the aftermath of the discovery of the ], most of the collaboration between Polish and Soviet partisans came to an end, and as ordered by Moscow on June 22 1943<ref name="Piotrowski">], ''Poland's Holocaust'', McFarland & Company, ISBN 0786403713, </ref> the Soviet partisans started an open fight both against the German forces and the local Polish partisans<ref name="Patyna">{{pl icon}} {{cite book | author = Michał Patyna | coauthors = Zbigniew Cierpiński | editor = Marian Wolański | others = Zdzisław J. Winnicki | As the ] was nearing the area, and diplomatic relations between ] and the Soviet Union were broken off in the aftermath of the discovery of the ], most of the collaboration between Polish and Soviet partisans came to an end, and as ordered by Moscow on June 22 1943<ref name="Piotrowski">], ''Poland's Holocaust'', McFarland & Company, ISBN 0786403713, </ref> the Soviet partisans started an open fight both against the German forces and the local Polish partisans<ref name="Patyna">{{pl icon}} {{cite book | author = Michał Patyna | coauthors = Zbigniew Cierpiński | editor = Marian Wolański | others = Zdzisław J. Winnicki | ||
| | title = Zeszyty Naukowe Koła Wschodnioeuropejskiego Stosunków Międzynarodowych | url = http://www.kwsm.uni.wroc.pl/publikacje/ZNS3.pdf | format = pdf | year = 2004 | month = April | publisher = Wrocław University | location = Wrocław | id = ISSN 1730-654X | pages = 7-17 | chapter = Raport z badań przeprowadzonych podczas obozu naukowego KWSM na Białorusi i Litwie w lipcu 2003 r. }}</ref> <ref name="Chod"/>. Frequent requisitions of food in local villages and brutal reprisal actions against villages considered disloyal to the Soviet Union sparked creation of numerous self-defence units, often joining the ranks of the ]<ref name="Patyna"/><ref name="Boradyn"/>. Similar assaults on the Polish resistance organizations took place also in the Ukraine<ref name="Zieliński">{{pl icon}} {{cite web | author=Ryszard Zieliński | title=W sierpniu 1943 r. partyzantka dokonała dywersji na torach kolejowych między Ostrogiem a Sławutą | publisher=Towarzystwo Kultury Polskiej na Donbasie | year= | work=Na Wołyniu i Podolu, Polacy Donbasu | url=http://donbas.blox.pl/2005/11/W-sierpniu-1943-r-partyzantka-dokonala-dywersji.html | accessdate=2006-05-01 }}</ref>. Communist propaganda routinely referred to the pro-Western Polish underground army as “bands of the White Poles”. According to another propaganda directive, the Polish underground was to be referred to as “the protégés of the Gestapo”.<ref name="Chod"/> On 23 June 1943, the Soviet partisan leadership authorized denouncing the Polish underground to the Nazis. Later, orders went out to “shoot the leaders” and “discredit, disarm, and dissolve” their units.<ref name="Chod"/> Feigning friendship, the Soviets lured at least two sizable Polish guerrilla detachments to their destruction.<ref name="Chod"/> | | title = Zeszyty Naukowe Koła Wschodnioeuropejskiego Stosunków Międzynarodowych | url = http://www.kwsm.uni.wroc.pl/publikacje/ZNS3.pdf | format = pdf | year = 2004 | month = April | publisher = Wrocław University | location = Wrocław | id = ISSN 1730-654X | pages = 7-17 | chapter = Raport z badań przeprowadzonych podczas obozu naukowego KWSM na Białorusi i Litwie w lipcu 2003 r. }}</ref> <ref name="Chod"/>. Frequent requisitions of food in local villages and brutal reprisal actions against villages considered disloyal to the Soviet Union sparked creation of numerous self-defence units, often joining the ranks of the ]<ref name="Patyna"/><ref name="Boradyn"/>. Similar assaults on the Polish resistance organizations took place also in the Ukraine<ref name="Zieliński">{{pl icon}} {{cite web | author=Ryszard Zieliński | title=W sierpniu 1943 r. partyzantka dokonała dywersji na torach kolejowych między Ostrogiem a Sławutą | publisher=Towarzystwo Kultury Polskiej na Donbasie | year= | work=Na Wołyniu i Podolu, Polacy Donbasu | url=http://donbas.blox.pl/2005/11/W-sierpniu-1943-r-partyzantka-dokonala-dywersji.html | accessdate=2006-05-01 }}</ref>. | ||
| Communist propaganda routinely referred to the pro-Western Polish underground army as “bands of the White Poles”. According to another propaganda directive, the Polish underground was to be referred to as “the protégés of the Gestapo”.<ref name="Chod"/> On 23 June 1943, the Soviet partisan leadership authorized denouncing the Polish underground to the Nazis. Later, orders went out to “shoot the leaders” and “discredit, disarm, and dissolve” their units.<ref name="Chod"/> Feigning friendship, the Soviets lured at least two sizable Polish guerrilla detachments to their destruction.<ref name="Chod"/> | |||
| The Soviets partisants preferred to assault the poorly armed and trained Belarusan and Polish self-defense forces much more often then German military and police targets like military transports and or other hard targets<ref name="Chod"/>. By the end of 1943, the Soviet could claim a significant victory in their war aganst the Poles: most large landed estates, owned by the Poles, had been destroyed by the Soviet partisans.<ref name="Chod"/> | The Soviets partisants preferred to assault the poorly armed and trained Belarusan and Polish self-defense forces much more often then German military and police targets like military transports and or other hard targets<ref name="Chod"/>. By the end of 1943, the Soviet could claim a significant victory in their war aganst the Poles: most large landed estates, owned by the Poles, had been destroyed by the Soviet partisans.<ref name="Chod"/> | ||
| In late 1943, the actions of Soviet partisans, who were ordered to liquidate tha AK forces<ref name="Piotrowski">], ''Poland's Holocaust'', McFarland & Company, 1997, ISBN 0786403713. , , </ref> resulted in a limited amount of uneasy cooperation between some units of AK and the Germans. While AK still treated Germans as the enemy and conducted various operations against them<ref name="Piotrowski"/>, when Germans offered AK some arms and provisions to be used against the Soviet paristans, some Polish units in the ] and ] are decided to accept them. However any such arrangments were purerly tactical and did not evidenced a type of ideological collaboration as shown by ] in France, ] in Norway or closer to the region, the ].<ref name="Piotrowski"/> Even so, most of such collaborations was condemned by High Command of AK<ref name="Piotrowski"/>. ] quotes ] saying "The Polish Home Army was by and large untained by collaboration" and adds that "the honor of AK as a whole is beyond reproach".<ref name="Piotrowski"/>. | |||
| The struggle continued until the arrival of the ] in ]. From then, ], Soviets and their proxies, the ], would work to succesfully eradicate the remains of the pro-Western Polish underground. | The struggle continued until the arrival of the ] in ]. From then, ], Soviets and their proxies, the ], would work to succesfully eradicate the remains of the pro-Western Polish underground. | ||
Revision as of 17:04, 13 June 2006
- This article is about the activity of Soviet partisans in the territories of the Second Polish Republic that the Soviet Union in most part captured in 1939 and annexed in 1945. For a wider perspective refer to the original article.
Soviet partisans also operated in the territories of the Second Polish Republic. Poland was annexed and partitioned by Germany and the Soviet Union in the aftermath of the Polish September Campaign of 1939. On the pre-war Polish territory annexed by Soviets (Western Ukraine, Western Belarus, Lithuania and Białystok area, known to Poles as Kresy) the first Soviet partisan groups were formed in 1941, soon after the German’s invasion of the Soviet Union. Initially the Soviet partisan groups were formed primarily in the areas of Nowogródek (modern Navahrudak), Lida and Wilno (modern Vilnius) out of Red Army solders who evaded capture by the advancing German forces. Lacking support of the local population, the Soviet partisan groups retreated to various large forest complexes in the area, where they hid from the German rear and anti-partisan units.
Initially, until early 1943, the Soviet partisans focused primarily on survival deep behind enemy lines, with their activity limited mostly to sabotage and diversion rather than armed struggle against German forces and Lithuanian collaborationist police. During that period various Soviet partisan groups also collaborated with the local Polish resistance of ZWZ, later renamed to AK. The Polish underground was established in the area in fall 1939. It was both anti-Nazi and anti-Soviet. The latter attitude stemmed from the memories of Soviet terror between 1939 and 1941, and was reinforced by the conduct of the Soviet partisans.
The partisans were despised by local population, as they engaged in plunder and terrorised the locals As the eastern front was nearing the area, and diplomatic relations between Polish government in exile and the Soviet Union were broken off in the aftermath of the discovery of the Katyn Massacre, most of the collaboration between Polish and Soviet partisans came to an end, and as ordered by Moscow on June 22 1943 the Soviet partisans started an open fight both against the German forces and the local Polish partisans . Frequent requisitions of food in local villages and brutal reprisal actions against villages considered disloyal to the Soviet Union sparked creation of numerous self-defence units, often joining the ranks of the Armia Krajowa. Similar assaults on the Polish resistance organizations took place also in the Ukraine.
Communist propaganda routinely referred to the pro-Western Polish underground army as “bands of the White Poles”. According to another propaganda directive, the Polish underground was to be referred to as “the protégés of the Gestapo”. On 23 June 1943, the Soviet partisan leadership authorized denouncing the Polish underground to the Nazis. Later, orders went out to “shoot the leaders” and “discredit, disarm, and dissolve” their units. Feigning friendship, the Soviets lured at least two sizable Polish guerrilla detachments to their destruction.
The Soviets partisants preferred to assault the poorly armed and trained Belarusan and Polish self-defense forces much more often then German military and police targets like military transports and or other hard targets. By the end of 1943, the Soviet could claim a significant victory in their war aganst the Poles: most large landed estates, owned by the Poles, had been destroyed by the Soviet partisans.
In late 1943, the actions of Soviet partisans, who were ordered to liquidate tha AK forces resulted in a limited amount of uneasy cooperation between some units of AK and the Germans. While AK still treated Germans as the enemy and conducted various operations against them, when Germans offered AK some arms and provisions to be used against the Soviet paristans, some Polish units in the Nowogródek and Wilno are decided to accept them. However any such arrangments were purerly tactical and did not evidenced a type of ideological collaboration as shown by Vichy regime in France, Quisling regime in Norway or closer to the region, the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. Even so, most of such collaborations was condemned by High Command of AK. Tadeusz Piotrowski quotes Joseph Rotschild saying "The Polish Home Army was by and large untained by collaboration" and adds that "the honor of AK as a whole is beyond reproach"..
The struggle continued until the arrival of the Red Army in 1944. From then, over the period of the next few years, Soviets and their proxies, the Polish communists, would work to succesfully eradicate the remains of the pro-Western Polish underground.
See also
References
- ^ Template:Pl icon Zygmunt Boradyn (1999). Niemen rzeka niezgody. Polsko-sowiecka wojna partyzancka na Nowogródczyźnie 1943-1944. Warsaw: Rytm. p. 336. ISBN 8387893080.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|chapterurl=and|coauthors=(help) - ^ Review of Sowjetische Partisanen in Weißrußland, by Marek Jan Chodakiewicz, in Sarmatian Review, Arpil 2006
- Template:Pl icon "Forms of constraint applied by the Soviet authorities in relation to the people of Wilejka region". Professor Franciszek Sielicki. Wrocławskie Studia Wschodnie, Wrocław, 1997 Villagers couldn't stand Soviet partisans because they conducted shamefull robberies. They stole whatever they could, even children't toys .One doesn't have to mention they stealed horses, cows, pigs, underwear, etc. They were many cases, when faced with resistance, they hanged poor peasents by their legs, upside down, to force them into giving something. Behind Willa, in forests and swamps, they formed new units constantly-otriads, which opressed our villages
- ^ Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland's Holocaust, McFarland & Company, ISBN 0786403713, Google Print, p.98 Cite error: The named reference "Piotrowski" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Template:Pl icon Michał Patyna (2004). "Raport z badań przeprowadzonych podczas obozu naukowego KWSM na Białorusi i Litwie w lipcu 2003 r.". In Marian Wolański (ed.). Zeszyty Naukowe Koła Wschodnioeuropejskiego Stosunków Międzynarodowych (pdf). Zdzisław J. Winnicki. Wrocław: Wrocław University. pp. 7–17. ISSN 1730-654X.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - Template:Pl icon Ryszard Zieliński. "W sierpniu 1943 r. partyzantka dokonała dywersji na torach kolejowych między Ostrogiem a Sławutą". Na Wołyniu i Podolu, Polacy Donbasu. Towarzystwo Kultury Polskiej na Donbasie. Retrieved 2006-05-01.