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Qanungoh Shaikhs (Template:Lang-fa) (Also spelt Qanungo, Kanungoh, Kanungo etc.) are a clan of Muslim Shaikhs in Punjab, other parts of Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran. The Qanungoh were the employees of court and judicial system in South Asia during the period of Muslim rule; the word Qanungoh literally referring to an "expounder of law" . These included judges; qazi who were styled sahib or sahibzada, lawyers and a wide variety of other legal functionaries. On a state level Qanungoh Shaikhs were hereditary government agents and “permanent repositories of information concerning the revenue receipts, area statistics, local revenue rates and (the) practice and customs” of local areas and municipalities, across the various empires that existed in the subcontinent . As land administrators they maintained a monopoly in the possession of esoteric and often ancient information and in this context, were considered at best the “refuge of the husbandmen” and at worst; corrupt high officers of empire who manipulated records to their remunerative advantage . Qanungoh Shaikhs today are the descendants of families who held the hereditary office of ‘’Qanungoh’’ during the Muslim period.

The Qanungoh have tribal and marital affinities with varied regional groups such as the Kukhran, Muslim Rajputs, Mohyal Brahmins, Awan, and Khattar as well as Rohillas, Rind and Gardezi and also Kakkezai in the Jullunder area. Some people known as Shiekhkhel are also said to have been the Qanungoh in North Waziristan. A small number of Qanungoh Shaikh also live in India and Bangladesh.

Qanungoh Shaikhs belong to all the districts of the Punjab as well as some districts in the Sarhad and Balochistan provinces, although can be found in small numbers in Seistan, Paktika and Khost provinces in Iran and Afghanistan where they are sometimes referred to as Hindki. A minority of Qanungoh Shaikhs adhere to the Shia Islam whilst others hailing from lower Punjab and Baluchistan are Sunni belonging to various Sufi orders. Some Qanungo Shaikhs have also been known to be of the Zikri denomination.

Qanungoh Shaikhs even today remain influential and amongst most literate elements of Pakistani society. Many well-known political figures and other great academics have arisen from the Qanungo Shaikhs in the past, contemporary examples being the former President of Pakistan Wasim Sajjad , the lawyer and jurist Sir Abdul Qadir, his son Manzoor Qadir who drafted the first constitution of Pakistan, Sheikh Anwarul Haq and also Shaikh Aftab Ahmed who is the MNA from Attock amongst many others.

Today certain administrative areas in Pakistan retain the name of Qanungoh Halqas based on the jurisdiction of the regional Qanungoh although the title does not officially exist.

Origins

Qanungoh Shaikhs are the descendants of the Muslim Qanungohs of what is now Pakistan who are styled Shaikh and often retain their tribal or familial names.

The title of Qanungoh appeared in the Sub-Continent between 1270 and 1290 owing to migrations of the minor Arab aristocracy prompted by Hulegu Khan's destruction of the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad. The hereditary office of the Qanungoh was well established and instituted during the Khilji dynasty. The loose suzerainty of the Mamluk Caliphs over the Khiljis served as a further conduit for the movement of literate people from Central Asia and the Middle East to the Delhi Sultanate to serve as administration over the local populace.

Their office continued and was greatly extended under the Mughals. For the purposes of Qanungoh Shaikhs, the northern expansion of the Mughal empire particularly under Akbar resulted in people representing largely Khatri and other Punjabi tribes as well as some Baluch and Pakhtoon tribes acquiring the title of Qanungoh. This was a golden age for the Qanungoh and these groups through marital and political affiliation collectively instituted and integrated the Qanungoh Shaikhs as a powerful and wealthy clan. From the early 15th Century onwards a small number of Sikhs also joined the Qanungoh, the descendants of whom became the Rulers of Kangra.

During the British period the Qanungoh continued in their hereditary office although their importance declined particularly following the Indian Mutiny. As their influence waned during this period they were popularly portrayed as corrupt, debauched and tyrannical.

The British subsequently and for recentness and lack of information, inaccurately chronicled the Qanungoh Shaikhs as follows:

Qanungo , lit . 'an expounder of law '. The title of a family in Karnal who were originally engaged in commerce at Joli . One member of the family was appointed Qanungo of Karnal and the family then settled there. Originally Mahajan by caste , its founder Maidi Mal had a son Rai Mal, ancestor of the present Qanungo family, but he subsequently embraced Islam and his son Shaikh Tayab by a Muhammadan wife rose to the rank of Wazir at the Mughal court and to have obtained his brothers appointment as Qanungo. Qanungo families are also found in Hoshiarpur where a family of Jirath Khatris who were one Qanungos of Bajwara in Mughal times :in Gujarat :in Jullundur at which town there was an old Sahgal Khatri family which held the office and is now partly Mohummadan.

The Gazetteer of the Attock District 1930 records that Attock District had a significant population of Shaikhs.

Shaikhs are usually comparatively recent converts from Hinduism and accordingly contain many very varying elements (have different lineages and are not necessarily related to each other).Their numbers have fallen almost 50 percent since the census of 1891 , and they now number less than 4000. They are found almost solely in Attock Tahsil , and own ten villages on the sandy upland running from Cambelpur to the edge of the Chhachh. In the Sarwala they own ten percent of the cultivated area and pay 12 percent of the revenue.

The Shaikhs of Tagall and Saman represent the old Kanungo families.

After independence of Pakistan in 1947, nearly all Qanungoh Shaikh of East Punjab, Haryana and other parts of northern India escaped from pogroms and genocide in India and settled in Pakistan.

See also

• Shaikh
• Shaikhs in South Asia
• Khatri
• Khawaja Shaikh
• Muslim Kayasths
• Muslim Khatris
• Punjabi Shaikh

References

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17. ^ Gazetteer of the Attock District 1930. Sang-E-Meel Publications. 1932. Page 115. Cite error: The named reference "ReferenceA" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).