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== Biography == == Biography ==
⚫ ]

Salama was born in the village ] in 1912 during the ] over ]. He was one of the leaders of the armed Arab groups who fought against the Jews and British during the ]. After the Arab revolt in Palestine Salama fled to ], and then fled along with the Mufti of Jerusalem ] to ].{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} Salama was born in the village ] in 1912 during the ] over ]. He was one of the leaders of the armed Arab groups who fought against the Jews and British during the ]. After the Arab revolt in Palestine Salama fled to ], and then fled along with the Mufti of Jerusalem ] to ].{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}


In Iraq Salama took a tank commander's course.<ref name = "Mitchell, Israel/Palestine"> "Israel/Palestine and the Politics of a Two-State Solution" by Thomas G. Mitchell, (London: McFarland & Co., Inc.; 2013) p. 136</ref> After the pro-Axis ] government was overthrown by the British in 1941. The Mufti arranged for Salama and other Arab fighters to be flown to Germany for military training. The Germans trained Salama to be a paratrooper.<ref>"Mitchell, Israel/Palestine", p. 136</ref> In Iraq Salama took a tank commander's course.<ref name = "Mitchell, Israel/Palestine"> "Israel/Palestine and the Politics of a Two-State Solution" by Thomas G. Mitchell, (London: McFarland & Co., Inc.; 2013) p. 136</ref> After the pro-Axis ] government was overthrown by the British in 1941 and the subsequent meeting between ] and Grand Mufti al-Husseini, the Mufti arranged for Salama and other Arab fighters to be flown to Germany for military training. The Germans trained Salama to be a paratrooper.<ref>"Mitchell, Israel/Palestine", p. 136</ref>
===operation ATLAS===

Salama was as a member of a special commando unit in ], which was jointly operated by German Intelligence and Grand Mufti al-Husseini. During the night of October 6, 1944 Salama and four other commandos (three ] and Abdul Latif, who had edited the Mufti's Berlin radio addresses) parachuted from a German ] airplane into Mandatory Palestine over the ] region in ]. Their equipment reportedly included explosives, submachine guns, and dynamite, radio equipment, 5,000 ] as well as some capsules of poison maybe intended to liquidate locals believed to be collaborating with the Mandatory Authorities<ref name ="Destremau">Christian Destremau, '''', Perrin, 2011.</ref> One of the Germans and Salama evaded capture, and he took refuge in ], where a physician treated his injured foot.<ref>Nazi Palestine: The Plans for the Extermination of the Jews in Palestine by Klaus-Michael Mallmann and Martin Cuppers, tran. by Krista Smith, (Enigma Books, published in association with the United States Holocaust Museum, NY; 2010), pp. 200, 201</ref> The mission was intended to supply local Palestinian Arab resistance groups with resources and arms, and to direct sabotage activity primarily at Jewish (rather than British) targets.<ref> "...The object of the 'Commando', jointly operated by German Intelligence and their protege, the Berlin-based Mufti of Jerusalem, was, through contact with local Palestinians and the supply of cash and arms, to organise local resistance activity, including sabotage. This was to be directed against Jewish rather than British targets...."</ref> Salama was as a member of a special commando unit of the Waffen SS in ], which was jointly operated by German Intelligence and Grand Mufti al-Husseini. During the night of October 6, 1944 Salama and four other commandos (three ] and Abdul Latif, who had edited the Mufti's Berlin radio addresses) parachuted from a German ] airplane into Mandatory Palestine over the ] region in ]. Their equipment reportedly included explosives, submachine guns, and dynamite, radio equipment, 5,000 ]. According to Destremau, they had some capsules of poison that might have been intended to liquidate locals believed to be collaborating with the Mandatory Authorities<ref name ="Destremau">Christian Destremau, '''', Perrin, 2011.</ref> British Security Service records released in 2001 report that the commandos were apprehended with 2,000 gold coins and a quantity of poison.<ref> "New Document Releases
MI5 Files," (London: National Archives; 2001), http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/july2001.pdf, p. 19, "KV 2/400 - papers include personal information of each individual from the 5
man team; summaries of interrogations and list of possessions, including 2000 gold coins and a quantity of poison."</ref> Israeli journalists ] and ] report that this poison was intended for the ] water supply.<ref>{{cite book | title = The Quest for the Red Prince | last1 = Bar-Zohar | first1 = Michael | authorlink1 = Michael Bar-Zohar | last2 = Haber | first2 = Eitan | authorlink2 = Eitan Haber | publisher = The Lyons Press | year = 2002 | origyear = 1983 | isbn = 978-1-58574-739-9 | url = http://books.google.com.au/books?id=JJnzAAAACAAJ | ref = har |pp=45–66 }}</ref>One of the Germans and Salama evaded capture, and he took refuge in ], where a physician treated his injured foot.<ref>Nazi Palestine: The Plans for the Extermination of the Jews in Palestine by Klaus-Michael Mallmann and Martin Cuppers, tran. by Krista Smith, (Enigma Books, published in association with the United States Holocaust Museum, NY; 2010), pp. 200, 201</ref> The mission was intended to supply local Palestinian Arab resistance groups with resources and arms, and to direct sabotage activity primarily at Jewish (rather than British) targets.<ref> "...The object of the 'Commando', jointly operated by German Intelligence and their protege, the Berlin-based Mufti of Jerusalem, was, through contact with local Palestinians and the supply of cash and arms, to organise local resistance activity, including sabotage. This was to be directed against Jewish rather than British targets...."</ref>
===1947-1948 Arab Israeli War===

⚫ ]
In 1947 Salameh re-emerged as the second-in-command of the ], a force of ] Arab ] in the ] that was associated with Grand Mufti al-Husseini.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern Middle East: A Reader|author=Albert Habib Hourani, Philip S. Khoury and Mary C. Wilson|date=2004-03-04|location=London|publisher=] |isbn=978-1-86064-963-9|page=537}}</ref> The force has been described as ]'s "personal" army.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1947-51|author=Ilan Pappé|date=1994-08-15|location=London|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-85043-819-9|page=65}}</ref> At the meeting held in ] on 5 February 1948, to organize the Palestinian Field Commands, Salama was allocated the ] district.<ref>{{cite book|title=Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945-1948|author=Haim Levenberg|date=1993-09-01|location=London|publisher=]|isbn=0-7146-3439-5|page=198}}</ref> Salama commanded the forces in Jaffa, the coastal plain, Ramle and Lod. In 1947 Salameh re-emerged as the second-in-command of the ], a force of ] Arab ] in the ] that was associated with Grand Mufti al-Husseini.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern Middle East: A Reader|author=Albert Habib Hourani, Philip S. Khoury and Mary C. Wilson|date=2004-03-04|location=London|publisher=] |isbn=978-1-86064-963-9|page=537}}</ref> The force has been described as ]'s "personal" army.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1947-51|author=Ilan Pappé|date=1994-08-15|location=London|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-85043-819-9|page=65}}</ref> At the meeting held in ] on 5 February 1948, to organize the Palestinian Field Commands, Salama was allocated the ] district.<ref>{{cite book|title=Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945-1948|author=Haim Levenberg|date=1993-09-01|location=London|publisher=]|isbn=0-7146-3439-5|page=198}}</ref> Salama commanded the forces in Jaffa, the coastal plain, Ramle and Lod.


Revision as of 00:48, 14 January 2014

For the Palestinian militant who was killed in 1979, see Ali Hassan Salameh.

Hasan Salama
حسن سلامة
Hasan Salama, 1939
Born1912 (1912)
Qula, Ottoman Empire
Died2 June 1948 (1948-06-03)
Ras al-Ein
Allegiance
Service / branchArmy of the Holy War
Years of service1936-1948
Battles / wars1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine
Anglo-Iraqi War
Operation ATLAS
1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine
RelationsAli Hassan Salameh (son)

Hasan Salama or Hassan Salameh (Template:Lang-ar, Ḥasan Salāmah) (1912–1948) was a commander of the Palestinian Holy War Army (Jaysh al-Jihad al-Muqaddas, Arabic: جيش الجهاد المقدس) in the 1948 Palestine War along with Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni.

Biography

Salama was born in the village Qula in 1912 during the Ottoman rule over Palestine. He was one of the leaders of the armed Arab groups who fought against the Jews and British during the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine. After the Arab revolt in Palestine Salama fled to Lebanon, and then fled along with the Mufti of Jerusalem Hajj Amin al-Husseini to Iraq.

In Iraq Salama took a tank commander's course. After the pro-Axis Rashid Ali al-Gaylani government was overthrown by the British in 1941 and the subsequent meeting between Adolf Hitler and Grand Mufti al-Husseini, the Mufti arranged for Salama and other Arab fighters to be flown to Germany for military training. The Germans trained Salama to be a paratrooper.

operation ATLAS

Salama was as a member of a special commando unit of the Waffen SS in Operation ATLAS, which was jointly operated by German Intelligence and Grand Mufti al-Husseini. During the night of October 6, 1944 Salama and four other commandos (three German Templars and Abdul Latif, who had edited the Mufti's Berlin radio addresses) parachuted from a German Heinkel HeS 3 airplane into Mandatory Palestine over the Jericho region in Wadi Qelt. Their equipment reportedly included explosives, submachine guns, and dynamite, radio equipment, 5,000 Pound sterling. According to Destremau, they had some capsules of poison that might have been intended to liquidate locals believed to be collaborating with the Mandatory Authorities British Security Service records released in 2001 report that the commandos were apprehended with 2,000 gold coins and a quantity of poison. Israeli journalists Michael Bar-Zohar and Eitan Haber report that this poison was intended for the Tel Aviv water supply.One of the Germans and Salama evaded capture, and he took refuge in Qula, where a physician treated his injured foot. The mission was intended to supply local Palestinian Arab resistance groups with resources and arms, and to direct sabotage activity primarily at Jewish (rather than British) targets.

1947-1948 Arab Israeli War

Salama with rifle in hand and on horseback during the revolt in Mandatory Palestine, 1939

In 1947 Salameh re-emerged as the second-in-command of the Army of the Holy War, a force of Palestinian Arab irregulars in the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine that was associated with Grand Mufti al-Husseini. The force has been described as Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni's "personal" army. At the meeting held in Damascus on 5 February 1948, to organize the Palestinian Field Commands, Salama was allocated the Lydda district. Salama commanded the forces in Jaffa, the coastal plain, Ramle and Lod.

Salama was a member of the Palestine Arab Party.

Salama was killed by the IDF in the battle of Ras al-Ein on 2 June 1948. He was the father of Ali Hassan Salameh, chief of Black September and the man chiefly responsible of the Munich massacre at the 1972 Olympics.

References

  1. "Israel/Palestine and the Politics of a Two-State Solution" by Thomas G. Mitchell, (London: McFarland & Co., Inc.; 2013) p. 136
  2. "Mitchell, Israel/Palestine", p. 136
  3. Christian Destremau, Le Moyen-Orient pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Perrin, 2011.
  4. "New Document Releases MI5 Files," (London: National Archives; 2001), http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/july2001.pdf, p. 19, "KV 2/400 - papers include personal information of each individual from the 5 man team; summaries of interrogations and list of possessions, including 2000 gold coins and a quantity of poison."
  5. Bar-Zohar, Michael; Haber, Eitan (2002) . The Quest for the Red Prince. The Lyons Press. pp. 45–66. ISBN 978-1-58574-739-9.
  6. Nazi Palestine: The Plans for the Extermination of the Jews in Palestine by Klaus-Michael Mallmann and Martin Cuppers, tran. by Krista Smith, (Enigma Books, published in association with the United States Holocaust Museum, NY; 2010), pp. 200, 201
  7. The National Archives | The Catalogue | Full Details | KV 2/401 "...The object of the 'Commando', jointly operated by German Intelligence and their protege, the Berlin-based Mufti of Jerusalem, was, through contact with local Palestinians and the supply of cash and arms, to organise local resistance activity, including sabotage. This was to be directed against Jewish rather than British targets...."
  8. Albert Habib Hourani, Philip S. Khoury and Mary C. Wilson (2004-03-04). The Modern Middle East: A Reader. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 537. ISBN 978-1-86064-963-9.
  9. Ilan Pappé (1994-08-15). The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1947-51. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-85043-819-9.
  10. Haim Levenberg (1993-09-01). Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945-1948. London: Routledge. p. 198. ISBN 0-7146-3439-5.
  11. "Alphabetical & Chronological listing of Palestinian Personalities". Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs.

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