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| ==Name== | ==Name== | ||
| ''Lahnda'' means "western" in Punjabi. It was coined by ] (in the form ''Lahindā'') probably around 1890 and later adopted by a number of linguists—notably ]—for a dialect group that had no general local name.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Grierson|first=George A.|year=1930|title=Lahndā and Lahndī|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=5|issue=4|pages=883–887|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00090571}}</ref>{{rp|883}} |
''Lahnda'' means "western" in Punjabi. It was coined by ] (in the form ''Lahindā'') probably around 1890 and later adopted by a number of linguists—notably ]—for a dialect group that had no general local name.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Grierson|first=George A.|year=1930|title=Lahndā and Lahndī|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=5|issue=4|pages=883–887|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00090571}}</ref>{{rp|883}} The southern varieties are locally called ''Saraiki'', and northwestern varieties ''Hindko''. | ||
| ==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
Revision as of 16:04, 29 January 2014
| Lahnda | |
|---|---|
| Western Punjabi | |
| Region | Pakistan |
| Ethnicity | Punjabis |
| Native speakers | (ca. 18.5 million cited 1993–2007) |
| Language family | Indo-European |
| Standard forms | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | lah |
| ISO 639-3 | lah – inclusive codeIndividual codes: jat – Jakatipmu – Mirpur Panjabihno – Northern Hindko (Kagani)phr – Pahari-Potwariskr – Seraikihnd – Southern Hindko (Hindko)xhe – ? Khetrani(Note: What Ethnologue includes as "Western Punjabi" is the Eastern Punjabi of Pakistan) |
 | |
Lahnda /ˈlɑːndə/ or Western Punjabi are those Indo-Aryan varieties in parts of Pakistani Punjab that are transitional between Eastern Punjabi and Sindhi. The literary language of Lahnda speakers has traditionally been Standard Punjabi.
Name
Lahnda means "western" in Punjabi. It was coined by William St. Clair Tisdall (in the form Lahindā) probably around 1890 and later adopted by a number of linguists—notably George Abraham Grierson—for a dialect group that had no general local name. The southern varieties are locally called Saraiki, and northwestern varieties Hindko.
Classification
Since Sindhi, Punjabi, and Hindustani are spoken in a region that has witnessed significant ethnic and identity conflict, all have been exposed to the dialect-versus-language debate. Recently Two varieties Saraiki and Hindko, are being cultivated as literary languages. The development of the standard written language began after the founding of Pakistan in 1947, driven by a regionalist political movements. The national census of Pakistan has counted Saraiki and Hindko speakers since 1981.
Varieties
The varieties of Lahnda are:
- Saraiki
- A problematic group of northern dialects wanting a linguistic survey, including Sawain (Sohain), Hindki of Hazara (Kagani), Tinauli
- Hindko proper
- Mirpur Punjabi?
Khetrani is commonly included, but may be a remnant Dardic language. Some of the northern dialects of what has for geographical reasons been considered Gujarati are actually closer to Lahnda. There is also a Lahnda language in Afghanistan and west iran in the form of Jakati.
Lahnda has several traits that distinguish it from Punjabi, such as a future tense in -s-. Like Sindhi, Siraiki retains breathy-voiced consonants, has developed implosives, and lacks tone. Hindko, also called Panjistani or (ambiguously) Pahari, is more like Punjabi in this regard, though the equivalent of the low-rising tone of Punjabi is a high-falling tone in Peshawar Hindko.
Sindhi, Lahnda, Punjabi, and Western Pahari form a dialect continuum with no clear-cut boundaries. Ethnologue classifies the western dialects of Punjabi as Lahnda, so that the Lahnda–Panjabi isogloss approximates the Pakistani–Indian border. However, this does not accord with linguistic description, and is not accepted by specialists.
References
- Lahnda at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
Jakati at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
Mirpur Panjabi at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
Northern Hindko (Kagani) at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
- Ernst Kausen, 2006. Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen (Microsoft Word, 133 KB)
- "Lahnda". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- Tolstaya, Natalya I. (1981). The Panjabi Language. Routledge. ISBN 9780710009395.
- Grierson, George A. (1930). "Lahndā and Lahndī". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 5 (4): 883–887. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00090571.
- ^ Shackle, Christopher (2010). "Lahnda". In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Oxford: Elsevier. p. 635. ISBN 9780080877754.
- Rahman, Tariq. 1997. Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan. Asian Survey, 1997 Sep., 37(9):833-839.
- Shackle, C. 1977. Saraiki: A Language Movement in Pakistan. Modern Asian Studies, 11(3):379-403.
- Javaid, Umbreen (2004). "Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab" (PDF). Journal of Research (Humanities). 40 (2). Lahore: Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of the Punjab: 45–55.
{{cite journal}}: External link in|journal= - ^ Masica (1991)
- Lahnda at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)