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== {{int:filedesc}} ==
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2013}}
As a result of the ongoing ], there are currently two governments claiming to be the ''de jure'' government of ] using different flags to represent the state. The incumbent government, led by ] and the ] is using the red-white-black ''United Arab Republic flag'' in use since 1980 while the ], led by the ] – seeking to overthrow the Assad government – readopted the green-white-black ''Independence flag'' in 2012.


{{Information
==Flag used by the Assad government ==
| Description = {{en|The Syrian Independence flag, the flag of Syria from 1932-58 and 1961-63. Taken up in 2011-2012 by the Syrian opposition.}}
{{Infobox flag
|Name = Syrian Arab Republic | Source = {{own}}
|Article = | Date =
|Image = Flag of Syria.svg | Author = ]
|Image_size = 200px | Permission =
| other_versions = <gallery>File:Flag of Syria 2011, observed.svg|3:2 aspect ratio</gallery>
|Nickname =
|Use = 111111
|Symbol =
|Proportion = 2:3
|Adoption = 22 February 1958, abandoned on 28 September 1961;{{-}}readopted on 30 March 1980<ref name=Ipavec>{{cite web|url=http://flagspot.net/flags/sy.html |title=Syria |last=Ipavec |first=Eugene |date=17 March 2012 |work= |publisher=] |accessdate=7 August 2012}}</ref>
|Design = A horizontal tricolour ] of red, white, and black, with two green ] charged in the centre.
|Designer =
|Type = National
}} }}
The current flag was first adopted in 1958 to represent Syria as part of the ] and was used until 1961. It was readopted in 1980. Since its first adoption variations of the red-white-black flag have been used in various Arab Unions of Syria with ], ], ], ] and ]. Although Syria is not part of any Arab state union, the flag of United Arab Republic was readopted to show Syria's commitment to Arab unity.<ref name=Flag>{{cite web|url=http://www.syrianhistory.com/syrian-flag |title=Syrian Flag |last= |first= |publisher=History of Syria |date= |accessdate=7 August 2012}}</ref> The usage of the flag has become disputed because it is often associated with the ] and has come to represent parties loyal to ] government in the ]. The flag itself however is strictly seen not an Assad symbol, outside the context of the Syrian civil war this is internationally still the most used flag to represent Syria.


{{insignia}}
The Syrian flag is described in Article 6 of the ]. The first paragraph of the Article states:
{{Created with Text Editor}}


== {{int:license}} ==
{{quote|The flag of the Syrian Arab Republic consists of three colours: red, white and black, with two green stars, of five angles each. The flag is rectangular, with its width measuring two thirds of its length. It is divided into three rectangles of identical dimensions and have the same length as the flag. The upper one is red, the middle being white and the bottom one is black, with the two green stars in the middle of the white rectangle.|1st Paragraph of ] of the Syrian Constitution<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/81771718/Qordoba-Translation-of-the-Syrian-Constitution-Modifications-15-2-2012 |title=English Translation of the Syrian Constitution |page=8 |publisher=Qordoba |date=15 Feberuary 2012 |accessdate=14 November 2012}}</ref>}}
{{-}} {{PD-self}}


]
==Flag used by the Syrian National Coalition and Syrian Interim Government==
{{See also|Syrian civil war}}
{{Infobox flag
|Name = Syrian National Coalition<br>Syrian Interim Government
|Article =
|Image = Syria-flag 1932-58 1961-63.svg
|Image_size = 200px
|Nickname = "Independence flag"<ref>http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6c332676-32f4-11e1-8e0d-00144feabdc0.html#axzz21nLTtBKA</ref>
|Use = 111111
|Symbol =
|Proportion = 1:2
|Adoption = Originally in 1932, was readopted in 1961, and again in 2011–12 by opposition ]<ref>http://www.etilaf.org/</ref>
|Design = A horizontal tricolor ] of green, white, and black, with three red ] charged in the center.
|Designer =
|Type = National
}}
During the ongoing civil war, the ], represented by the ], then by the ]<ref name="CBS">{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/12/27/syria.html |title=Syria halts Homs siege as Arab monitors arrive |first=|last=|date=27 December 2011 |work=CBS News |accessdate=30 August 2012}}</ref> (commonly named the Syrian National Coalition) used the same independence flag first used in 1932. The independence flag began to be used as a universal display of the protesting opposition in late 2011.<ref name="CBS"/> The opposition wanted to distinguish themselves from the current Syrian government and favoured the use of the flag used when Syria gained its independence from France. Khaled Kamal, an official from the Syrian National Council, now believes this flag to also represent independence and the end of ]'s government. Today the flag is mainly used in areas controlled by the Syrian National Coalition. The use of the independence flag parallels the Libyan rebels' use of the pre-Gaddafi ] from the era of the ] instead of ]'s ].<ref name=Daraghi>{{Cite news|title=Syrian rebels raise a flag from the past |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/6c332676-32f4-11e1-8e0d-00144feabdc0.html#axzz22ncw5XWm |last=Daraghi |first=Borzou |date=30 December 2011 |accessdate=7 August 2012}}</ref>
{{-}}

==Historic flags of Syria==
===Kingdom of Syria (1920)===
{{See also|Arab Kingdom of Syria}}
]]]
The first native Syrian flag was that of the short-lived Kingdom of Syria. The ] had been used in Syria until Ottomans left the country on 18 September 1918. In 1918, the official flag of Syria was the Faysal flag, the flag of the ] between 1916 and 1918. It was officially adopted by the ] family on 30 September 1918 and remained in use until 8 March 1920. The Faysal flag was then redesigned with the 7-pointed white star and was in use until 24 July 1920. This flag was, however, was adopted by ] somewhat later.<ref name=Flag/> The kingdom lasted for just over 4 months in 1920 before being occupied by ] and formally incorporated into the ] for some 12 years. Due first to French stalling with regard to signing an independence treaty, then followed by the chaotic political environment of ], Syria continued to be factually occupied to varying degrees.{{sfn|Thomas|2007|p=276-278}} The last French troops left Syria in August 1946.{{sfn|Heydemann|1999|p=33}}

===French Mandate flags (1920–32) ===
{{See also|French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon}}
]]]
The Faysal flag was abandoned with the arrival of French colonials to Syria. The French High Commissioner for Syria, General ] adopted the new flag of the ] (blue with a white crescent, see below) on 24 July 1920. Gouraud's flag was in use until 1 September 1920, after which Syria was split into separate territories, each eventually given its own flag.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://flagspot.net/flags/sy-his.html |title=Historical Flags Until 1932 (Syria) |last1=Sache |first1=Ivan |last2=Ollé |first2=Jaume |publisher=] |date=29 March 2012 |accessdate=22 November 2012}}</ref> The Prime Minister of Syria under French Mandate, ], adopted the new flag on 22 June 1920. This flag was in use until 1930. The third and final flag under the French Mandate was adopted by Prime Minister ] in 1930 and was used until 1 January 1932.<ref name=fotw>{{cite web|url=http://flagspot.net/flags/sy-his2.html |title=Historical flags since 1932 |last1=Ipavec |first1=Eugene |last2=Martins |first2=António |last3=Heimer |first3=Željko |last4=Dotor |first4=Santiago |publisher=] |date=10 June 2011 |accessdate=7 August 2012}}</ref>

===Independence flag===
====French Mandate and independence (1932–58, 1961–63)====
{{See also|Syrian Republic (1930–1958)}}
] under the ], as described in the Constitution of the Syrian Republic]]
The flag of the newly established Syrian Republic, under the French mandate was determined by the 1930 constitution. The constitution was drafted by a parliamentary committee led by nationalist leader ].{{sfn|Thompson|2000|p=52}} At first, French authorities refused to allow the constituent assembly to ratify the constitution, and Henri Ponsot, the ], dissolved the assembly on 5 February 1929. After a public uproar, French authorities rescinded their decision and decided to approve the draft with some changes.{{sfn|Schumann|2008|p=204}} On 14 May 1930, Ponsot issued decree number 3111, which approved the Syrian-drafted "Constitution of the ]", and which in Article IV of Part I states:

{{quote|" Syrian flag will be as follows: length double width, and is divided into three parallel and equal colors, the highest green, white then black, that the white section contains in a straight line three red five-pointed stars".|Article IV, Part I, Constitution of the Syrian Republic<ref name="giannini">The 1930 Constitution is integrally reproduced in: {{cite web|url=http://www.dircost.unito.it/cs/docs/Siria%20franc.htm|title=Le costituzioni degli stati del vicino oriente|last=Giannini|first=A.|year=1931|work=|publisher=Istituto per l’Oriente|language=French|accessdate=31 March 2012}}</ref>}}

The flag was adopted when Syria gained its independence on 17 April 1946.<ref name=Flag/> The flag's green colour stood for the ], white represented the ] and black symbolised the ]. Originally, the three red stars represented the three ], ], ], and ]. In 1936, the ] and ] were added to Syria, and the representation of the three stars was changed, with the first representing the districts of Aleppo, Damascus and Deir ez-Zor, the second Jebel Druze, and the final star representing Sanjak of Latakia.<ref name=fotw/> The flag was officially hoisted in Damascus on 11 June 1932, but was previously flown in Aleppo on 1 January 1932.<ref name=fotw/> The flag was used as a symbol for Syrians to rally around when France reneged on its agreement to leave the country, due to the outbreak of World War II.{{sfn|Lawson|2006|P=46}} The standard was used until the creation of the ], a state union of Syria and ], in 1958. After the collapse of the United Arab Republic, Syria used the UAR's flag until 28 September 1961, when it was replaced by the independence flag to disassociate Syria from the former failed union.<ref name=Flag/>

===Ba'athist flags===
{{See also|Ba'ath Party|Pan-Arab colors}}
{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| width = 150
| footer =
| image1 = Flag of United Arab Republic.svg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Flag of Syria between 1958–1961 (in the ]) and from 1980 onwards
| image2 = Flag of Iraq (1963-1991).svg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Flag of Syria between 1963 and 1972 and ] between 1963–1991
| image3 = Flag of Syria 1972.svg
| alt3 =
| caption3 = Flag of Syria in the ] between 1972 and 1980
}}
The current two-star flag of Syria was first adopted by ], ] and president of the ].{{sfn|Podeh|1999|p=120}} The flag was changed from the former independence flag in April 1958 along with associated laws designed to create a greater Arab identity.{{sfn|Podeh|1999|p=120}} The new flag took the coloured red-white-black bands from the ] and the stars on the flag were changed from red to green in order to restore the ]. The two stars represented Egypt and Syria. <ref name=Mills>{{cite web|url=http://flagspot.net/flags/arabcol.html |title=Pan-Arab Colours |last=Mills |first=T. F. |publisher=] |date=10 March 2012 |accessdate=24 November 2012}}</ref> After Syria left the UAR on 28 September 1961, the previous independence flag was readopted to disassociate Syria from the failed union. The first flag of Syria to be adopted by its ] — following a ]{{sfn|King|2009|p=41}} — was adopted on 8 March 1963, and was used until 1 January 1972.<ref name=Flag/> In 1963, the Ba'athist regime came to power in ] as well, and the two Ba'athis governments began negotiations in Cairo in order to once again form a union between Egypt, Syria and Iraq. The process failed after the Iraqi Ba'athist government was overthrown in November 1963 but both Syria and Iraq did adopt a new flag to represent the union.{{sfn|Goodarzi|2006|p=14}} This flag was not much different from the flag of the UAR, with only a change from two stars to three, in order to represent the addition of Iraq to the Federation.<ref name=Flag/> The three stars represented the unity of Egypt, Syria and Iraq, as well as three pillars of Ba'athism: unity, freedom, and socialism.<ref name=Discover>{{cite web|url=http://www.discover-syria.com/bank/6137 |title=العلم السوري |publisher=Discover Syria |language=Arabic |accessdate=7 September 2012}}</ref> President ] adopted the new flag on 1 January 1972, as Syria joined Egypt and ] in the ]. The green stars were replaced by the ] (the symbol of the tribe of the ]). The eagle held the ribbon with name of the Federation, but unlike Egypt and Libya, Syria did not include its name on the coat of arms.<ref name=fotw/> This flag was an official flag during the ] in 1973.<ref name=Flag/> The Federation was dissolved in 1977, but Syria continued to use the flag for the next three years.<ref name=fotw/> The flag was abrogated on 29 March 1980,<ref name=Flag/> and replaced by the current two-star flag<ref name=Discover/> in order to show Syria's commitment to Arab unity.<ref name=Flag>{{cite web|url=http://www.syrianhistory.com/syrian-flag |title=Syrian Flag |last= |first= |publisher=History of Syria |date= |accessdate=7 August 2012}}</ref>

==List of flags of Syria==
<gallery widths="200px" mode=nolines>
File:Flag of Kingdom of Syria (1920-03-08 to 1920-07-24).svg|1920, ]
File:Flag of the French Mandate of Syria (1920).svg|1920, ]
File:Flag of Syria French mandate.svg|1922–1932, Syrian Federation and State of Syria
File:Syria-flag 1932-58 1961-63.svg|1932–1958, ]
File:Flag of United Arab Republic.svg|1958–1961, ]
File:Syria-flag 1932-58 1961-63.svg|1961–1963, Syrian Arab Republic
File:Flag of Iraq (1963-1991).svg|1963–1972, Syrian Arab Republic
File:Flag of Syria 1972.svg|1972–1980, Syrian Arab Republic in the ]
File:Flag of Syria.svg|1980–present, Syrian Arab Republic
File:Syria-flag 1932-58 1961-63.svg|2012–present, Flag used by the ]
</gallery>

; Flags of head of state:

{{Begin flag gallery}}
{{Flag entry|Width=200|Image=Royal Standard of the King of Syria (1920).svg|Caption=1920, Royal Standard of the King of Syria}}
{{Flag entry|Width=200|Image=Standard of the President of Syria (1972–1980).svg|Caption=1972–1980, Standard of the President of Syria}}
{{Flag entry|Width=200|Image=Standard of the President of Syria.svg|Caption=1980–present, Standard of the President of Syria}}
{{End flag gallery}}

==Mandate of Syria==
Each of the states in the French Mandate of Syria had its own distinct flag. The ], which was a part of ] from 1920 to 1923, and later a part of the ] from 1923 to 1938, did not have its own flag until it became independent as the ]. ] was also recognised as the independent ] in 1943.

{{Begin flag gallery}}
{{Flag entry|Width=200|Image=Flag of the State of Aleppo.svg|Caption=1920–1925, State of ]}}
{{Flag entry|Width=200|Image=Flag of the State of Damascus.svg|Caption=1920–1925, State of ]}}
{{Flag entry|Width=200|Image=Latakiya-sanjak-Alawite-state-French-colonial-flag.svg|Caption=1920–1936, Alawite Territory, Alawite State, and ]}}
{{Flag entry|Width=200|Image=Flag of the State of Souaida (state).svg|Caption=1921–1924, State of ]}}
{{Flag entry|Width=200|Image=Flag of Jabal ad-Druze (state).svg|Caption=1924–1936, State of Souaida and Jebel Druze State}}
{{Flag entry|Width=200|Image=Civil flag of Jabal ad-Druze (1921-1936).svg|Caption=1921–1936, Civil flag of Souaida and ]}}
{{Flag entry|Width=200|Image=Flag of Lebanon during French Mandate (1920-1943).svg|Caption=1920–1943, ]}}
{{Flag entry|Width=200|Image=Hatay flag.svg|Caption=1938–1939, ]}}
{{End flag gallery}}

==See also==
* ]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Goodarzi |first=Jubin M. |title=Syria and Iran: Diplomatic Alliance and Power Politics in the Middle East |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2006 |isbn=9781845111274 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Heydemann |first=Steven |title=Authoritarianism in Syria: Institutions and Social Conflict, 1946–1970 |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1999 |isbn=9780801429323 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Lawson |first=Fred H. |title=Constructing International Relations in the Arab World |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780804753722 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=King |first=Stephen J. |title=The New Authoritarianism in the Middle East and North Africa |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2009 |isbn= 9780253353979 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Podeh |first=Elie |title=The Decline of Arab Unity: The Rise and Fall of the United Arabic Republic |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |year=1999 |isbn=9781902210209 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Schumann |first=Cristoph |title=Liberal Thought in the Eastern Mediterranean: Late 19th Century Until the 1960s |publisher= BRILL |year=2008 |isbn= 9789004165489 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Martin |title=Empires of Intelligence: Security Services and Colonial Disorder after 1914 |publisher=University of California Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780520251175 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Elizabeth |title=Colonial Citizens: Republican Rights, Paternal Privilege, and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2000 |isbn=9780231106610 |ref=harv}}

{{Arab Flags}}
{{Asia topic|Flag of|title=]}}
{{Nationalflags}}


] ]
] ]
] ]

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