| Revision as of 23:53, 31 May 2006 edit129.112.109.253 (talk)No edit summary← Previous edit | Revision as of 12:02, 20 June 2006 edit undo62.171.194.5 (talk)No edit summaryNext edit → | ||
| Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
| ] is an example of a facultative aerobe. Individual human ] are also facultative aerobes: they switch to ] ] if oxygen is not available. However, for the whole organism this cannot be sustained for long, and humans are therefore obligate aerobes. | ] is an example of a facultative aerobe. Individual human ] are also facultative aerobes: they switch to ] ] if oxygen is not available. However, for the whole organism this cannot be sustained for long, and humans are therefore obligate aerobes. | ||
| Examples of Obligate Aerobic Bacteria: Nocardia (Gram positive), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram negative), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Acid |
Examples of Obligate Aerobic Bacteria: Nocardia (Gram positive), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram negative), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Acid House), and Bacillus (Gram positive). | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 12:02, 20 June 2006
An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that has an oxygen based metabolism. Aerobes, in a process known as cellular respiration, use oxygen to oxidize substrates (for example sugars and fats) in order to obtain energy.
A good example would be the oxidation of glucose (a monosaccharide) in aerobic respiration.
The energy released in this equation is about 2880 kJ per mol, which is conserved in regenerating 38 ATP from 38 ADP per glucose. This is a factor of 19 times more energy per sugar molecule than the typical anaerobic reaction generates. Eukaryotic organisms (everything but bacteria) only get a net gain of 36 ATP regenerated from ADP in this process, due to an aditional membrane that must be crossed by active transport.
Notice that oxygen is used during the oxidation of glucose and water is produced.
This equation is a summary of what actually happens in three series of biochemical reactions: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
We distinguish between obligate aerobes and facultative aerobes: obligate aerobes require oxygen, while facultative aerobes can use oxygen, but also have other options, such as nitrogen. Microaerophiles are organisms that may use oxygen, but only at low concentration. Aerotolerant organisms can survive in the presence of oxygen, but they are anaerobic because they cannot use it.
Almost all animals, most fungi and several bacteria are obligate aerobes. Most anaerobic organisms are bacteria. Being an obligate aerobe, although being advantageous from the energetical point of view, means also obligatory facing high levels of oxidative stress.
Yeast is an example of a facultative aerobe. Individual human cells are also facultative aerobes: they switch to lactic acid fermentation if oxygen is not available. However, for the whole organism this cannot be sustained for long, and humans are therefore obligate aerobes.
Examples of Obligate Aerobic Bacteria: Nocardia (Gram positive), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram negative), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Acid House), and Bacillus (Gram positive).