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| {{Use British English|date=March 2013}} | |||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}} | |||
| {{Infobox person | |||
| | name = Chanakya | |||
| | image = Chanakya artistic depiction.jpg | |||
| | caption = An artist's impression of Chanakya | |||
| | birth_date = c. 370 BCE<ref name="VKSubramanian1980"/> | |||
| | birth_place = | |||
| | death_date = c. 283 BCE<ref name="VKSubramanian1980"/> | |||
| | death_place = Patliputra | |||
| | other_names = Kauṭilya, Vishnugupta | |||
| | alma_mater = ] | |||
| | occupation = Professor; advisor of ] | |||
| | known_for = Foundation of the ] | |||
| | notable_works = '']'' (authorship disputed), ''Chanakya Neeti'' | |||
| | influences = | |||
| | influenced = | |||
| | footnotes = | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Chanakya''' ({{audio|Chanakya.ogg|pronunciation}}; c. 370–283 BCE)<ref name="SKAgarwal2008">{{cite book | author=S. K. Agarwal | title=Towards Improving Governance | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1nIkFqh_TmEC&pg=PA17 | accessdate=2012-06-06 | date=1 September 2008 | publisher=Academic Foundation | isbn=978-81-7188-666-1 | page=17 }}</ref> was an Indian teacher, philosopher, and royal advisor. | |||
| Originally a professor of economics and political science at the ancient ], Chanakya managed the first ] emperor ]'s rise to power at a young age. He is widely credited for having played an important role in the establishment of the Maurya Empire, which was the first empire in archaeologically ] to rule most of the Indian subcontinent. Chanakya served as the chief advisor to both Chandragupta and his son ]. | |||
| Chanakya is traditionally identified as '''Kautilya''' or '''Vishnu Gupta''', who authored the ancient Indian political treatise called '']'' (''Economics'').<ref name="Mabbett">{{cite journal | last1 = Mabbett | first1 = I. W. | title = The Date of the Arthaśāstra | journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume = 84 | issue = 2 | pages = 162–169 | id = ISSN 0003-0279 | doi = 10.2307/597102 | jstor = 597102 | year = 1964 | publisher = American Oriental Society }}</ref> As such, he is considered as the pioneer of the field of economics and ] in India, and his work is thought of as an important precursor to ].<ref>L. K. Jha, K. N. Jha (1998). "Chanakya: the pioneer economist of the world", ''International Journal of Social Economics'' '''25''' (2–4), p. 267–282.</ref><ref name="bss.sfsu.edu">Waldauer, C., Zahka, W.J. and Pal, S. 1996. . ''Indian Economic Review, Vol. XXXI, No. 1, pp. 101–108.</ref><ref>Tisdell, C. 2003. ''Economic Theory, Applications and Issues Working Paper No. 18''. Brisbane: School of Economics, The University of Queensland.</ref><ref>Sihag, B.S. 2007. Kauṭilya on institutions, governance, knowledge, ethics and prosperity. ''Humanomics'' 23 (1): 5–28.</ref> His works were lost near the end of the ] and not rediscovered until 1915.<ref name="bss.sfsu.edu"/> | |||
| == Origin == | |||
| === Sources of information === | |||
| There is little purely historical information about Chanakya: most of it comes from semi-legendary accounts. ] identifies four distinct accounts of the ancient Chankya-Chandragupta ''katha'' (legend):<ref name="Namita2008">{{cite book | author=Namita Sanjay Sugandhi | title=Between the Patterns of History: Rethinking Mauryan Imperial Interaction in the Southern Deccan | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8bdULPF4gNYC&pg=PA88 | accessdate=2012-06-06 | year=2008 | publisher=ProQuest | isbn=978-0-549-74441-2 | pages=88–89}}</ref> | |||
| {| class="wikitable" | |||
| ! Version of the legend | |||
| ! Example texts | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] version | |||
| | '']'' and its commentary ''Vamsatthappakasini'' (Pali language) | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] version | |||
| | ''Parisistaparvan'' by Hemachandra | |||
| |- | |||
| | ]i version | |||
| | '']'' by Somadeva, ''Brihat-Katha-Manjari'' by Ksemendra | |||
| |- | |||
| | ]'s version | |||
| | '']'', a Sanskrit play by Vishakhadatta | |||
| |} | |||
| The following elements are common to these legends: | |||
| * The King ] insults Chanakya, prompting Chanakya to swear revenge and destroy the ] | |||
| * Chanakya searches for one worthy successor to the Nanda and finds the young Chandragupta Maurya | |||
| * With the help of some allies, Chanakya and Chandragupta bring down the Nanda empire, often using manipulative and secretive means | |||
| === Birth === | |||
| Chanakya's birthplace is a matter of controversy, and there are multiple theories about his origin.<ref name="VKSubramanian1980">{{cite book | author=V. K. Subramanian | title=Maxims of Chanakya: Kautilya | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HILzeFz0394C&pg=PA1 | accessdate=2012-06-06 | year= 1980 | publisher=Abhinav Publications | isbn=978-0-8364-0616-0 | pages=1–}}</ref> According to the Buddhist text ''Mahavamsa Tika'', his birthplace was ].<ref name="SubodhKapoorEncyclo">'''' by Subodh Kapoor (2002). Cosmo Publications. Page 1372. ISBN 978-81-7755-257-7. Retrieved 14 April 2012.</ref> The Jain scriptures, such as ''Adbidhana Chintamani'', mention him as a ''Dramila'', implying that he was a native of ].<ref name="SubodhKapoorEncyclo"/><ref>{{cite book | title=History of the Tamils from the Earliest Times to the Present Day| last= Iyengar| first= P. T. Srinivasa | authorlink= P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar|coauthors=| year=1929| publisher= | location=}}</ref> According to the Jain writer ]'s ''Parishishtaparva'', Chanakya was born in the Canaka village of the Golla region, to a ] named Canin and his wife Canesvari.<ref name="PEGranoff1993">{{cite book | author=P. E. Granoff | title=The Clever Adulteress and Other Stories: A Treasury of Jaina Literature | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Po9tUNX0SYAC&pg=PA189 | accessdate=21 December 2012 | date=1 January 1993 | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | isbn=978-81-208-1150-8 | pages=189–190}}</ref> Other sources mention his father's name as Chanak and state that Chanakya's name derives from his father's name.<ref>{{cite book | last = Trautmann | first = Thomas R. | authorlink = Thomas Trautmann | title = Kautilya and the Arthaśhāstra: A Statistical Investigation of the Authorship and Evolution of the Text | year = 1971 | publisher = E.J. Brill | location = Leiden | pages = 10}}</ref> According to some sources, Chanakya was Brahmin from north ], scholar in ],<ref name="cnlu">{{cite web|title=Chanakya, The Legend |url=http://www.cnlu.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52 |publisher=] |year=2013 |accessdate=17 June 2013}}</ref> and a devotee of Lord ].<ref name=philosophy>{{cite web |title=SRI CHANAKYA NITI-SASTRA |url=http://philosophy.ru/library/asiatica/indica/authors/kautilya/canakya_niti_sastra.html |publisher=philosophy.ru |accessdate=17 June 2013}}</ref> According to Jain accounts he became Jain in old age like Chandragupta Maurya.<ref name="Glasenapp1999" /><ref name="Shah2004" /><ref name="ppadhy2011" /> | |||
| === Identification with Kautilya or Vishnugupta === | |||
| The ancient treatise '']'' has been traditionally attributed to Chanakya by a number of scholars. The ''Arthaśhāstra'' identifies its author by the name Kautilya, except for one verse that refers to him by the name Vishnugupta.<ref>Trautmann 1971:5 "the very last verse of the work...is the unique instance of the personal name Vishnugupta rather than the ''gotra'' name Kautilya in the ''Arthaśhāstra''.</ref> Kautilya is presumably the name of the author's ] (clan).<ref>Trautmann 1971:10 "while in his character as author of an ''Arthaśhāstra'' he is generally referred to by his '']'' name, Kautilya."</ref> | |||
| One of the earliest ]s to identify Chanakya with Vishnugupta explicitly was ]'s '']'' in the 3rd century BC.<ref>Mabbett 1964: "References to the work in other Sanskrit literature attribute it variously to Vishnugupta, Chanakya and Kautilya. The same individual is meant in each case. The Panchatantra'' explicitly identifies Chanakya with Vishnugupta."</ref> | |||
| K. C. Ojha puts forward the view that the traditional identification of Vishnugupta with Kautilya was caused by a confusion of the text's editor and its originator. He suggests that Vishnugupta was a redactor of the original work of Kautilya.<ref name="Mabbett"/> Thomas Burrow goes even further and suggests that Chanakya and Kautilya may have been two different people.<ref>Trautmann 1971:67 'T. Burrow ("{{IAST|Cāṇakya}} and {{IAST|Kauṭalya}}", ''Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 48–49'' 1968, p. 17 ff.) has now shown that {{IAST|Cāṇakya}} is also a '']'' name, which in conjunction with other evidence makes it clear that we are dealing with two distinct persons, the minister {{IAST|Cāṇakya}} of legend and {{IAST|Kauṭilya}} the compiler of the ''Arthaśāstra''. Furthermore, this throws the balance of evidence in favor of the view that the second name was originally spelt ''{{IAST|Kauṭalya}},'' and that after the compiler of the ''Arth'' came to be identified with the Mauryan minister, it was altered to Kautilya (as it appears in Āryaśūra, Viśākhadatta and Bāna) for the sake of the pun. We must then assume that the later spelling subsequently replaced the earlier in the '']'' lists and elsewhere.'</ref> | |||
| == Early life == | |||
| Chanakya was educated at ], an ancient centre of learning located in north-western ancient India (present-day Pakistan).<ref></ref> He later became a teacher (''acharya'') at the same place. Chanakya's life was connected to two cities: Takshashila and ] (present-day ] in Bihar, India). Pataliputra was the capital of the ] kingdom, which was connected to Takshashila by Uttarapatha, the northern high road of commerce. | |||
| == Role in the fall of the Nanda empire == | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| Chankaya and Chandragupta have been credited with defeating the powerful Nanda Empire and establishing the new Maurya Empire. | |||
| '']'' ("The Signet of the Minister"), a play dated variously from the late 4th century to the early 8th century, narrates the ascent of Chandragupta Maurya to power: Sakatala, an unhappy royal minister, introduced Chanakya to the Nanda king, knowing that Chanakya would not be treated well in the court. Insulted at the court, Chanakya untied the ] (lock of hair) and swore that he would not tie it back till he destroyed the Nanda kingdom. According to ''Mudrarakshasa'', Chandragupta was the son of a royal concubine named Mura and spent his childhood in the Nanda palace. Chanakya and Chandragupta signed a pact with Parvataka (identified with ] by some scholars<ref name="Manohar2005">{{cite book | author=Manohar Laxman Varadpande | title=History of Indian Theatre | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fOZB7MbeMrAC&pg=PA229 | accessdate=2012-06-06 | year=2005 | publisher=Abhinav Publications | isbn=978-81-7017-430-1 | pages=227–230}}</ref>) of north-west India that ensured his victory over the Nanda empire. Their combined army had ], ] (Greek), ], ] and Vahlik soldiers. Following their victory, the territories of the Nanda empire were divided between Parvataka and Chanakya's associate Chandragupta. However, after Parvataka's death, his son ] sought control of all the former Nanda territories. He was supported by Rakshasaa, the former Nanda minister, several of whose attempts to kill Chandragupta were foiled by Chanakya. As part of their game plan, Chanakya and Chandragupta faked a rift between themselves. As a sham, Chandragupta removed Chanakya from his ministerial post, while declaring that Rakshasa is better than him. Chanakya's agents in Malayaketu's court then turned the king against Rakshasa by suggesting that Rakshasa was poised to replace Chanakya in Chandragupta's court. The activities by Chanakya's spies further widened the rift between Malayaketu and Rakshasa. His agents also fooled Malayaketu into believing that five of his allies were planning to join Chandragupta, prompting Malayaketu to order their killings. In the end, Rakshasa ends up joining Chandragupta's side, and Malayaketu's coaliation is completely undone by Chanakya's strategy. | |||
| According to the Buddhist texts, Chandragupta was the son of the chief of the Moriya clan of Pippalivana. Chanakya once saw him leading a band of local youth and was highly impressed. He picked Chandragupta as the leader of the anti-Nanda revolt.<ref name="Manohar2005"/> | |||
| Several modern adaptions of the legend narrate the story of Chanakya in a semi-fictional form, extending these legends. In '']'' (1911), a play by ], the Nanda king exiles his half-brother Chandragupta, who joins the army of ]. Later, with help from Chanakya and Katyayan (the former Prime Minister of Magadha), Chandragupta defeats Nanda, who is put to death by Chanakya.<ref name = sourcessukumar>{{cite book |last1=Ray |first1= Dwijendralal |editor1-first=Sukumar |editor1-last=Bandyopadhyay |title= Dwijendralaler Chandragupta|trans_title= Chandragupta by Dwindralal |edition=4th |year=2006–07 |origyear= 1969 |publisher=Modern Book Agency Pvt Ltd |location= ]|language= ] |pages= Preface-10–14 |trans_chapter=Preface: Historic References |chapter=Bhumika: Aitihasikata }}</ref> | |||
| Twenty-first-century works such as ''Chanakya'' (2001) by B. K. Chaturvedi<ref name="BKChaturvedi2001">{{cite book | author=B. K. Chaturvedi | title=Chanakya | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ArAaNTn7FwIC | accessdate=2012-06-06 | year=2001 | publisher=Diamond Pocket Books | isbn=978-81-7182-143-3}}</ref> and '']'' (2010) by ] also present semi-fictional narratives of Chanakya's life. According to these, Chanakya's father Chanak was a friend of Shaktar, the Prime Minister of the Magadha kingdom, and Chanakya loved Shaktar's daughter Suvashini. Shaktar had lost much of his political clout to another courtier called Rakshasa, and one night, Shaktar was imprisoned by the King Dhana Nanda. The rivalry of the Chanakya's family with King Dhana Nanda started when Chanak openly criticised the misrule of the king. After the execution of Chanak by the King, the former Magadha minister Katyayan sent Chanakya to Acharya Pundarikaksha of Takshashila. Chanakya completed his education at Takshashila and became a teacher there. After some years, he returned to Pataliputra to meet his mother, only to learn that she was dead. He also learnt that the Nanda administration had further deteriorated under the growing influence of Rakshasa, who had made Suvashini his mistress. When Chanakya visited the royal court to advise him, he was insulted and imprisoned by the king. Chanakya was rescued by the men of General Maurya, another person who despised with the king's rule. Chanakya took Chandragupta Maurya to Takshashila, where he trained the young man. ], the ruler of Takshashila, had allied with the invader ] to defeat Parvataka. Chanakya and Chandragupta gathered a band of people discontented with Ambhi's rule and formed an alliance with Parvataka to defeat the Nanda king. Their initial attempts at conquering Magadha were unsuccessful. Once, Chanakya came across a mother scolding her child for burning himself by eating from the middle of a bowl of porridge rather than the cooler edge. Chanakya realized his initial strategic error: he was attacking Magadha, the center of the Nanda territory. He then changed his strategy and focused on capturing the areas located at the peripharies of the Nanda empire. With help from Suvashini, he drove a wedge between the king and Rakshasa. Finally, he defeated the last Nanda king and established a new empire with Chandragupta Maurya as the emperor. | |||
| == After the establishment of the Maurya Empire == | |||
| ], with symbols of wheel and elephant, 3rd century BCE]] | |||
| Chanakya continued to serve as an advisor to Chandragupta after the establishment of the Maurya Empire. According to a popular legend mentioned in the ] texts, Chanakya used to add small doses of poison to the food eaten by Emperor Chandragupta Maurya (]) in order to make him immune to the poisoning attempts by the enemies.<ref>{{cite book | title = The Dīpavaṃsa and Mahāvaṃsa and their historical development in Ceylon | author = Wilhelm Geiger | publisher = H. C. Cottle, Government Printer, Ceylon | year = 1908 | page = 40 }}</ref><ref name="Bibliotheca">Bibliotheca Indica, Volume 96, Issue 5. Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India). Baptist Mission Press, 1891.</ref> Unaware, Chandragupta once fed some of his food to his queen, Durdhara, who was seven days away from delivery. The queen, not immune to the poison, collapsed and died within a few minutes. In order to save the heir to the throne, Chanakya cut the queen's belly open and extracted the foetus just as she died. The baby was named ], because he was touched by a drop (''bindu'') of blood having poison.<ref>{{cite book | title = History of classical Sanskrit literature | author = M. Srinivasachariar | edition = 3 | publisher = ] | year = 1989 | isbn = 978-81-208-0284-1 | page = 550 }}</ref><ref name="Joseph_Jainism">Jainism in South India by P. M. Joseph. International School of Dravidian Linguistics, 1997. ISBN 978-81-85692-23-4.</ref> | |||
| When Bindusara was in his youth, Chandragupta gave up the throne and followed the ] saint ] to present day ] and settled in the place of ]. He lived as an ascetic for some years and died of voluntary starvation according to Jain tradition. Chanakya meanwhile stayed in the court as an advisor to Bindusara. | |||
| == Death == | |||
| According to one legend, Chanakya ] to the jungle and starved himself to death.<ref name="Journal_Indian_History_1949">{{cite book | title=Journal of Indian History | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9PdzBZegtvMC | accessdate=2013-02-07 | year=1949 | publisher=University of Kerala | page = 211}}</ref> According to another legend mentioned by the Jain writer ], Chanakya died as a result of a conspiracy by Subandhu, one of Bindusara's ministers. Subandhu, who did not like Chanakya, told Bindusara that Chanakya was responsible for the murder of his mother. Bindusara asked the nurses, who confirmed the story of his birth. Bindusara was horrified and enraged. When Chanakya, who was an old man by this time, learned that the King was angry with him, he decided to end his life. In accordance with the Jain tradition, he decided to starve himself to death. By this time, the King had found out the full story: Chanakya was not directly responsible for his mother's death, which was an accident. He asked Subandhu to convince Chanakya to give up his plan to kill himself. However, Subandhu, pretending to conduct a ceremony for Chanakya, burned Chanakya alive.<ref name="Vittachi2007">{{cite book | author=Nury Vittachi | title=The Kama Sutra of Business: Management Principles From Indian Classics | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uI0ALSCLb24C&pg=PT87 | accessdate=2012-06-06 | year = 2007 | publisher=Wiley India Pvt. Limited | isbn=978-81-265-1454-0 | pages=87 }}</ref> | |||
| ==Literary works== | |||
| Two books are attributed to Chanakya: '']'' and ''Neetishastra'' (also known as ''Chanakya Niti''). | |||
| The ''Arthashastra'' discusses ] and ] policies, ], ], and ] in detail. The text also outlines the duties of a ruler.<ref>Paul Halsall. Indian History Sourcebook: Kautilya: from the Arthashastra c. 250 BCE Retrieved 19 June 2012</ref> Some scholars believe that ''Arthashastra'' is actually a compilation of a number of earlier texts written by various authors, and Chanakya might have been ''one'' of these authors.<ref name="Namita2008"/> | |||
| ''Neetishastra'' is a treatise on the ideal way of life, and shows Chanakya's deep study of the ]. Chanakya also developed ''Neeti-Sutras'' (aphorisms – pithy sentences) that tell people how they should behave. Of these well-known 455 sutras, about 216 refer to ''raja-neeti'' (the do's and don't's of running a kingdom). Apparently, Chanakya used these sutras to groom Chandragupta and other selected disciples in the art of ruling a kingdom. | |||
| == Legacy == | |||
| {{Quote box | |||
| |quote = Arthashastra is serious manual on statecraft, on how to run a state, informed by a higher purpose, clear and precise in its prescriptions, the result of practical experience of running a state. It is not just a normative text but a realist description of the art of running a state. | |||
| |source = ], ]<ref name="India needs to develop its own doctrine for strategic autonomy: NSA"/> | |||
| |width = 25% | |||
| }} | |||
| Chanakya is regarded as a great thinker and diplomat in India. Many Indian nationalists regard him as one of the earliest people who envisaged the united India spanning the entire ]. ] ] praised Chanakya's ] for its clear and precise rules which apply even today. Furthermore, he recommended reading of the book for broadening the vision on strategic issues.<ref name="India needs to develop its own doctrine for strategic autonomy: NSA">{{cite news|title=India needs to develop its own doctrine for strategic autonomy: NSA|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/india-needs-to-develop-its-own-doctrine-for-strategic-autonomy-nsa/articleshow/16868737.cms|accessdate=18 October 2012|newspaper=Economic Times|date=18 October 2012|agency=PTI|location=NEW DELHI}}</ref> | |||
| The diplomatic enclave in New Delhi is named ] in honour of Chanakya. Institutes named after him include ], ] and ]. Chanakya circle in ] has been named after him. | |||
| === Film and television === | |||
| * Television series '']'' is archetypal account of the life and times of Chanakya, based on the play ''Mudra Rakshasaa'' (The Signet Ring of "Rakshasaa") | |||
| * Indian popular Hindi channel ] started a Biographical series on the life of Chandragupta Maurya and his teacher, Chanakya, produced by ]. The series is named '']''.<ref>. www.tvbasti.com, Retrieved 11 January 2012</ref> | |||
| *The song "Make My" by ] from their 2011 album ] features a quote attributed to Chanakya: "A man is born alone and dies alone; he experiences the good and the bad and the consequences of his karma alone; and he goes alone to hell or the Supreme Abode" | |||
| * The story of Chanakya and Chandragupta was taken as film in Telugu language in 1977 entitled '']''. ] played the role of Chanakya, while ] portrayed as Chandragupta.<ref></ref> | |||
| === Books and academia === | |||
| * An English-language book titled ''Chanakya on Management'' contains 216 sutras on ''raja-neeti'', each of which has been translated and commented upon. | |||
| * A book written by ] and Rajkumar Sen deals with the economic concepts mentioned in ''Arthasashtra'' and their relevance for the modern world.<ref>Ratan Lal Basu & Rajkumar Sen: ''Ancient Indian Economic Thought, Relevance for Today'', ISBN 81-316-0125-0, Rawat Publications, New Delhi, 2008</ref> | |||
| * In 2009, many eminent experts discussed the various aspects of Kautilya's thought in an International Conference held at the Oriental Research Institute in ] (India) to celebrate the centenary of discovery of the manuscript of the ] by ]. Most of the papers presented in the Conference have been compiled in an edited volume by Raj Kumar Sen and ].<ref>Raj Kumar Sen & Ratan Lal Basu (eds): ''Economics in Arthasastra'', ISBN 81-7629-819-0, Deep& Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2006</ref><ref name=outlook>{{cite news|last=Srinivasaraju|first=Sugata|title=Year of the Guru|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?250522|accessdate=8 March 2012|newspaper=Outlook India|date=27 July 2009}}</ref> | |||
| * '']'' by ] is a fictional account of Chanakya's life as a political strategist in ancient India. The novel relates two parallel stories, the first of Chanakya and his machinations to bring Chandragupta Maurya to the throne of ]; the second, that of a modern-day character called Gangasagar Mishra who makes it his ambition to position a slum child as ]. | |||
| * Kautilya's role in the formation of the Maurya Empire is the essence of a historical/spiritual novel ''Courtesan and the Sadhu'' by Mysore N. Prakash.<ref>''The Courtesan and the Sadhu, A Novel about Maya, Dharma, and God'', October 2008, Dharma Vision LLC.,ISBN 978-0-9818237-0-6, Library of Congress Control Number: 2008934274</ref> | |||
| * Chanakya's contribution to the cultural heritage of Bharat (in Kannada) by ] with the title Bharatada Samskrutige Chanakyana Kodugegalu.<ref></ref> | |||
| * {{cite book | author=Pavan Choudary | title=Chanakya's Political Wisdom | publisher=Wisdom Village Publications Division | isbn=978-81-906555-0-7}}, a political commentary on Chanakya | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{reflist|refs= | |||
| <ref name="Glasenapp1999">{{citation|author=Helmuth von Glasenapp|title=Jainism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC&pg=PA42|accessdate=21 May 2013|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-1376-2|page=42}}</ref><ref name="Shah2004">{{cite book|author=Natubhai Shah|title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC&pg=PA60|accessdate=4 June 2013|year=2004|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe|isbn=978-81-208-1938-2|pages=60–}}</ref><ref name="ppadhy2011">{{citation|last=Padhy|first=K. S.|title=Indian Political Thought|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jEz5soh9P3oC&pg=PA33|year=2011|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-4305-4|page=33}}</ref> | |||
| }} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{wikiquote}} | |||
| * at hinduism.co.za | |||
| * Chanakya (Kautilya): Arthashastra, Chanakya Niti, : Full text Sanskrit, and translations | |||
| * () | |||
| {{Indian philosophy}} | |||
| {{History of economic thought}} | |||
| {{Social and political philosophy}} | |||
| {{Persondata | |||
| | NAME = Chanakya | |||
| | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | |||
| | SHORT DESCRIPTION = Philosopher and teacher | |||
| | DATE OF BIRTH = 370 BC | |||
| | PLACE OF BIRTH = Birth place unknown, possibly one of these: Kusumpur near ], ] or South India | |||
| | DATE OF DEATH = | |||
| | PLACE OF DEATH = Pataliputra | |||
| }} | |||
| ] | |||
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