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George Walker Bush
43rd President of the United States
Incumbent
Assumed office January 20, 2001
Vice President	Dick Cheney
Preceded by	Bill Clinton
Personal details
Born	July 6, 1946 New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Laura Welch Bush

George Walker Bush (born July 6 1946) is the current President of the United States and a former governor of Texas. He is currently in his second term as president, which runs until January 20, 2009.

George Bush is the son of former President George H. W. Bush; brother of the current governor of Florida, Jeb Bush, grandson of former U.S. Senator Prescott Bush, and is the second president to be the son of a former United States president (the first was John Quincy Adams).

Bush was elected the 46th governor of Texas in 1994 and re-elected in 1998 as a member of the Republican Party. He won the nomination of the Republican Party for the 2000 presidential race and ultimately defeated Democratic Vice President Al Gore in a close, disputed election, the legal contests for which ended with the Supreme Court decision Bush v. Gore. In 2004, Bush was elected to a second presidential term, defeating John Kerry, the junior Democratic Senator from Massachusetts.

Life before the presidency

Family

Born in New Haven, Connecticut, Bush is the eldest son of former President George H. W. Bush and his wife Barbara Bush (née Pierce). Bush’s family has been in the country since the colonial period, and he is a descendant of the Fairbanks family. His family moved to Texas when he was two years of age. He was raised in Midland, and Houston, Texas with his siblings Jeb, Neil, Marvin, and Dorothy. Another younger sister, Robin, died in 1953 at age three from leukemia.

Among his family, he acquired the nickname “W” (for his middle initial; later Dubya, a literal spelling of a colloquial pronunciation of the letter), which later became a common public nickname, used both affectionately and pejoratively.

Education

Following family tradition, he attended prep school in New England, at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. He also followed in his father’s footsteps and was accepted to Yale University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in History in 1968. As a senior, Bush became a member of the secretive Skull and Bones society, as his father had done. By his own characterization, Bush was an average student. In May 1968, at the height of the Vietnam War, he entered the Texas Air National Guard. He trained in the guard for two years where he learned to fly the F-102. He served as an F-102 pilot until 1972.

In 1974 as the F-102 was being withdrawn from service, he obtained permission to end his six-year service obligation six months early in order to attend Harvard Business School, where he earned his Master of Business Administration (MBA) in 1975; he is the first U.S. president to hold an MBA. After graduation, Bush returned to Texas to enter the oil business. Two years later, he married Laura Welch, a school librarian originally from Midland Texas. Their fraternal twin daughters Barbara and Jenna Bush were born in 1981. Bush is the only U.S. president to father twins.

Business ventures

Early in his professional life, Bush ran or was a partner in a number of oil companies, including Arbusto Energy, Spectrum 7, and the Harken Energy Corporation. Bush started his political career assisting his father’s failed 1964 and 1970 campaigns for the U.S. Senate. He then worked on campaigns for Republican senatorial candidates in Alabama and Florida, including serving as political director for an Alabama campaign. In 1978, Bush ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. House of Representatives. After working on his father’s winning 1988 presidential campaign, Bush purchased a share in the Texas Rangers baseball franchise, in April 1989, where he served as managing general partner of the Rangers for five years. He was active in the team’s media relations and in securing the construction of a new stadium, which opened in 1994 as The Ballpark in Arlington. Bush’s prominent role with the Rangers gave him valuable goodwill and recognition throughout Texas. The Rangers were mostly successful while Bush lead the team. During his tenure, the Rangers acquired Hall-of-Fame pitcher Nolan Ryan who was enormously popular with the fans during the last years of his career. The team nearly won its first division title in 1994 before a strike shortened the season. However, while leading the team Bush did preside over the trade of the eventually famous Sammy Sosa. Bush sold his share of the Rangers to Tom Hicks in 1998 for a value much greater than what he initially paid.

United States National Guard service

During the both the 2000 and 2004 presidential campaigns, Bush’s military service became an issue, especially after several groups supporting Bush questioned Senator Kerry's account of his service in Vietnam. Harsh criticisms on this topic were made by such notable Democrats as then Democratic National Committee Chairman Terence R. McAuliffe.

Bush joined the Air National Guard in May 1968 and was sent to Georgia for training. There, he began a total of 80 weeks of training, including six weeks of basic training, 53 weeks of flight training, and 21 weeks of fighter-interceptor training.

After training, he was assigned to duty in Houston, flying Convair F-102s out of Ellington Air Force Base. As he did, he accumulated points toward his National Guard service requirements. At the time, guardsmen were required to accumulate a minimum of 50 points to meet their yearly obligation, where a full day of training is worth two points. From May 1968 to May 1969, Bush accumulated 253 points, from 1969-1970, he accumulated 340, 137 from 1970-1971, 112 from 1971-1972, and 56 from 1972-1973, though he did not fly during the last period.

However, Lawrence J. Korb, an assistant secretary of defense under the Ronald Reagan administration, said after reviewing record of Bush's service obtained by the Boston Globe that it is clear to him that Bush "gamed the system." Korb's analysis showed that in Bush's last two years in the guard, he missed more than 10% of his drills, an offense that many less-connected guardsmen were punished for by being called up to active duty. Korb said Bush could have been ordered to active duty for missing more than 10 percent of his required drills in any given year. Bush, according to the records, fell shy of that obligation in two successive fiscal years.

Ben Barnes, who was the Speaker of the Texas House when Bush joined the guard, swore under oath in a deposition that he pulled strings to get Bush in a unit that had a long-waitlist.

In 1972, four years into his six-year guard commitment, Bush was asked to work for the campaign of Bush family friend Winton Blount, who was running for the U.S. Senate in Alabama. In May of the same year, Bush requested a transfer to an Alabama Air National Guard unit with no planes and minimal duties. Bush’s immediate superiors approved the transfer, but higher-up officials would not approve. The matter was delayed for months. In August, Bush missed his annual flight physical and was grounded. Some have speculated that he was worried about failing a drug test— the Pentagon had instituted random screening in April. In September, he was ordered to report to a different unit of the Alabama guard, the 187th Tactical Reconnaissance Group in Montgomery. Media organizations have had little success finding evidence that Bush ever trained with this unit.

Bush was honorably discharged in 1974. Being honorably discharged, however, does not resolve the issue of whether Bush shirked the duties he accepted when he joined the National Guard. When Bush was discharged in 1974, the Vietnam War was winding down and the military's need for manpower was rapidly decreasing. Many people who violated National Guard rules were nonetheless honorably discharged as the military rapidly sought to shed soldiers. However, there is no evidence that Bush's honorable discharge was given for this reason.

Alcohol use and allegations of drug use

On September 4, 1976, near his family’s summer home in Kennebunkport, Maine, police arrested Bush for driving under the influence of alcohol, having been drinking with former Australian world number one tennis player John Newcombe and his former advisor Raphael Rosenast. He pled guilty, was fined $150, and had his driver's license suspended for 30 days within Maine. News of the arrest was published five days before the 2000 presidential election. Bush has described his days before his religious conversion in his 40s as his “nomadic” period of “irresponsible youth” and admitted to drinking “too much” in those years. He says he changed to a sober lifestyle shortly after waking up with a hangover after his 40th birthday celebration in July 1986, attributing the change partly to a “seed” planted by Reverend Billy Graham in 1985.

Bush has stated that he has not used any illegal drugs since 1974. In 1998, while being unwittingly tape recorded by a now former friend, Bush explained his refusal to answer questions about whether he had used marijuana at some time in his past. “I wouldn’t answer the marijuana questions,” Bush said. “You know why? Because I don’t want some little kid doing what I tried.” When reminded that he had publicly denied using cocaine, Bush replied, “I haven’t denied anything.”

In February 2004, Eric Boehlert in Salon magazine claimed that Bush’s cessation of flying in April 1972 and his subsequent refusal to take a physical exam came at the same time the Air Force announced its Medical Service Drug Abuse Testing Program, which was officially launched on April 21. Boehlert said “according to Maj. Jeff Washburn, the chief of the National Guard’s substance abuse program, a random drug-testing program was born out of that regulation and administered to guardsmen such as Bush. The random tests were unrelated to the scheduled annual physical exams, such as the one that Bush failed to take in 1972, a failure that resulted in his grounding.” Boehlert remarks that the drug testing took years to implement, but “as of April 1972, Air National guardsmen knew random drug testing was going to be implemented.”

1978 Congressional candidacy in Texas

In 1978, Bush faced off against Democrat Kent Hance in Texas’ 19th Congressional District. The 19th represented Midland and much of West Texas. Bush stressed his energy credentials and conservative values in the campaign. Hance was also a conservative, opposing gun control and excessive regulation. Bush made a series of gaffes that would ultimately lead to his defeat. While campaigning in a rural part of the 19th, he said, “Today is the first time I’ve been on a real farm.” Kent Hance also successfully portrayed Bush as out of touch with rural Texans. A Hance radio ad highlighted the differences in the two candidates’ educations:

“In 1961, when Kent Hance graduated from Dimmitt High School in the 19th congressional district, his opponent George W. Bush was attending Andover Academy in Massachusetts. In 1965, when Kent Hance graduated from Texas Tech, his opponent was at Yale University. And while Kent Hance graduated from University of Texas Law School, his opponent — get this, folks — was attending Harvard.”

Bush went door to door and was an effective fundraiser, but lost by a slim 53-47 margin. Hance later became a Republican, and donated money to Bush’s campaign for Governor of Texas in 1993 .

Governor of Texas

In 1993, Bush and his brother Jeb Bush both decided to run for governor in Texas and Florida, respectively. Although his brother did not succeed until his second attempt four years later, George Bush defeated popular incumbent Ann Richards on 1994-11-08, to become Governor of Texas. That same year, he and his partners sold the Texas Rangers with the governor realizing a profit of nearly $15 million. In 1998 Bush went on to win re-election in a landslide victory with nearly 69% of the vote, becoming the first Texas governor to be elected for two consecutive four-year terms (before 1975, the gubernatorial term of office was two years). During Bush’s governorship, he undertook significant legislative changes in criminal justice, tort law, and school financing.

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Political views and personal beliefs

Political philosophy

During the 2000 election campaign Bush started to use the phrase compassionate conservatism to describe his beliefs. These beliefs include fundamental contemporary Christian values of the 21st century, as seen in many mega-southern churches. Some conservatives have questioned Bush’s commitment to traditional conservative ideals because of his willingness to incur large budget deficits by permitting substantial spending increases. Democrats and liberals have claimed that the prefixing of the word “conservative” with the adjective “compassionate” was less a new ideology and more a way of making conservatism seem palatable to independent and swing voters. In his 2005 inaugural address he outlined his vision of foreign policy and plan for democracy promotion.

An important element of Bush’s presidency is its emphasis on the importance of executive powers and privileges. According to Bush and his supporters, the War on Terrorism requires a very strong executive with the ability to take various kinds of covert actions against terrorists. For example, Bush repeatedly argued that the limits imposed by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act over-restrict its ability to monitor terrorists electronically, and has pushed for statutory exemptions to those restrictions, including certain parts of the USA PATRIOT Act. The Bush administration threatened to veto two defense bills that included amendments by Senator John McCain that would limit the ability of the executive to authorize cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment; Bush and his supporters argued that harsh treatment of detainees believed to be terrorists can be necessary to obtain information that would prevent terrorist attacks. Administration lawyers like John Yoo have argued that the president has inherent authority to wage war as he sees fit, regardless of laws and treaties that may restrict that power. In the U.S. Court of Appeals case Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, John Roberts, later to be selected by Bush as Chief Justice of the United States, joined the opinion that Common Article III of the Geneva Conventions did not apply to people detained in the War on Terrorism, thus authorizing secret military tribunals for suspected terrorists if Bush chose to use them. The administration has classified previously public information about the executive and written executive orders to block Freedom of Information Act requests and to keep old documents classified beyond their normal expiration date. Bush has claimed the right to indefinitely suspend habeas corpus without the approval of Congress in the Yaser Hamdi and Jose Padilla cases, and he has used more signing statements to challenge the enforcement of laws than any previous president.

Bush’s critics argue that executive power that is not reviewable risks abuse for political purposes and undermines civil liberties, and that it is anti-democratic, immoral, and likely to cause resentment, as in the world’s response to prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib. Bush’s supporters respond that broad powers in the War on Terrorism are necessary to prevent major attacks against the United States and that the president has not abused these powers.

Religious beliefs

A 1985 meeting with evangelist Billy Graham ultimately led Bush to devote himself to a more serious practice of Christianity , and beginning a pivotal phase in his life and career. During this period, he left the Bush family’s Episcopalian faith to join his wife’s United Methodist Church.

Bush attends services at St. John’s Episcopal Church situated immediately across from the White House, off Lafayette Square. Every president since Madison has attended services there.

As Governor of Texas, Bush signed a memorandum on April 17, 2000, proclaiming June 10 to be Jesus Day in Texas, a day where he "urge(d) all Texans to answer the call to serve those in need." This proclamation was criticized by the executive directors of the American Jewish Congress and Americans United for Separation of Church and State.

In the televised Republican presidential debate held in Des Moines, Iowa, on December 13 1999, all of the participating candidates were asked: “What political philosopher or thinker do you most identify with and why?” Unlike the other candidates, who cited former presidents and other political figures, Bush responded “Christ, because he changed my heart.” His decision to name a religious figure generated some criticism from conservatives such as Alan Keyes and William Kristol.

During his presidency, Bush has also hosted celebrations at the White House for non-Christian holidays such as Ramadan .

Bush’s appeal to religious values is believed to have aided his election, as those who said they “attend church weekly” gave him 56% of their vote in 2000 and 63% of their vote in 2004.

Presidential campaigns

2000 campaign

For Bush, 2000 seemed the right time to run for president. He had more than enough money, and the Republicans lacked any single strong candidate. Before Bush had even committed to the race, he was the clear favorite in the polls, and contributions abounded from political donors. Bush declared himself a “compassionate conservative”, a term coined by University of Texas professor Marvin Olasky, and his political campaign promised to “restore honor and dignity to the White House.” Bush proposed lowering taxes in response to a projected surplus, supported participation of religious charities in federally funded programs, and promoted education vouchers, oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, a balanced budget, and structural changes to the United States armed forces. Bush’s foreign policy campaign platform supported a stronger economic and political relationship with Latin America, especially Mexico, and reduced involvement in “nation-building” and other minor military engagements indirectly related to U.S. interests.

Bush lost the New Hampshire primary to Senator John McCain of Arizona, but rebounded to capture 9 of 13 Super Tuesday states, effectively clinching the nomination. Bush then chose Dick Cheney, a former U.S. Representative and Secretary of Defense for Bush’s father, as his running mate in July 2000. During the campaign Bush made a speech at Bob Jones University, causing a furor in the press because of the university's anti-Catholic undertones and its policy against interracial dating. After several weeks of brushing off criticism, Bush formally apologized, stating that he had no knowledge of the university's views on Catholicism or race relations, noting that his own brother was married to a Mexican woman.

On November 7 2000 (Election Day), at a time when polls were still open in the Republican heavy panhandle section of the state, television networks initially called the state of Florida for his opponent, Vice President Al Gore, then withdrew that projection and later called the state for Bush along with the entire election, and finally declared that it was too close to call. Sometime after the networks reported that Bush had won Florida, Gore conceded the election and then rescinded that concession less than one hour later. Though Bush had 47.9% of the popular vote and Gore had 48.4%, the electoral votes were less clear.

The Florida vote count, which favored Bush in preliminary tallies, was contested over allegations of irregularities in the voting and tabulation processes. Allegations included confusing ballots, hanging chads, defective voting machines, faulty absentee ballots from the military, and the illegal barring of some voters. Because of Florida state law, a state-wide machine recount was triggered and completed. Although it narrowed the gap, the recount still left Bush in the lead. Eventually, four counties in Florida which had large numbers of presidential undervotes began a manual hand recount of ballots. A legal battle ensued between the Bush and Gore campaigns over these recounts. On December 8, the Florida Supreme Court ruled that every county with a large number of undervotes would perform a hand recount. On December 9, in the Bush v. Gore Supreme Court case, the Court stopped the statewide hand recount and upheld the machine recount due to time constraints. The machine recount showed that Bush had won the Florida vote, giving him 271 electoral votes to Gore’s 266; Bush carried 30 of the 50 states. Several months later, a group of newspapers commissioned a study of what would have happened had the hand recount continued. The researchers conducting the study concluded that, under the standard for assessing ballots in use during the actual count, Bush still would have won. However, other possible counting methods would have given the victory to Bush in four cases and Gore in four others. Most of the methods that would have given victory to Gore relied on counting overvotes, which is rarely done. . Since the Supreme Court did not allow the recount to continue, no one knows what standard might have been prescribed by it, or by a lower court at its direction, had the recount been reinstated. In the final official count, Bush had won Florida by only 537 votes (2,912,790 for Bush to 2,912,253 for Gore to 97,488 for Nader) earning the needed 25 electoral votes and the presidency. Bush was inaugurated January 20 2001.

It was the first election since the 1876 election in which the Supreme Court affected the decision.

2004 campaign

In the 2004 election, Bush was able to win re-election against John Kerry, the Democratic candidate and Senator from Massachusetts. Despite Kerry’s Navy swift boat service in Vietnam, polls showed that Bush had convinced the voters he and his administration would be better able to protect the nation from another terrorist attack. Bush carried 31 of 50 states for 286 Electoral College votes and collected the most popular votes ever (62,040,610 votes/50.7%), thanks to the highest voter turnout since 1968. This was the first time since 1988 that a president had received a popular majority. However, Bush’s victory margin, in terms of absolute number of popular votes, was the smallest of any sitting president since Harry S. Truman in 1948 and, percentage-wise, the closest popular margin of victory ever for a sitting president.

Senator John Kerry carried 19 states and the District of Columbia, earning him 251 Electoral College votes (59,028,111 votes/48.3%). A faithless elector, pledged to Kerry, voted for Democratic vice presidential running mate, John Edwards, giving him one Electoral College vote. No other candidate won College votes. Notable third-party candidates included Independent Ralph Nader (463,653 votes / 0.4%), and Libertarian Michael Badnarik (397,265 votes/0.3%). Congress debated potential election irregularities, including allegations of voting irregularities in Ohio and electronic voting machine fraud. A Congressional challenge to the Ohio election was rejected by a vote of 1-74 by the Senate and 31-267 in the House.

Bush was inaugurated for his second term on January 20 2005. The oath of office was administered by Chief Justice William Rehnquist. Bush’s inaugural address centered mainly on a theme of spreading freedom and democracy around the world.

Presidency

First term

Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, President Bush launched a "War on Terrorism", which subsequently led to invasions of Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003.

During this term, his most controversial appointment was John Ashcroft as Attorney General. Democrats vigorously opposed Ashcroft, citing socially conservative positions on issues, such as abortion and capital punishment, though he was eventually confirmed.

On his first day in office, Bush moved to block federal aid to foreign groups that offered counseling or any other assistance to women in obtaining abortions. Days later, he announced his commitment to channeling more federal aid to faith-based service organizations that critics feared would dissolve the traditional separation of church and state.

Republicans briefly lost control of the Senate in June, when Vermont’s James Jeffords quit the Republican party to become an independent, but not before five Senate Democrats crossed party lines to approve Bush’s $1.35 trillion tax cut. Less than three months later, however, the administration released budget projections that showed the projected budget surplus decreasing to nothing over the years to come.

Second term

Bush’s second term has been characterized by misfortune both politically and naturally. Following his fifth State of the Union, the president pushed for Social Security reform, a measure which was initially supported by the president’s party but was unable to pass the congress after bipartisan opposition arose. During a visit to the Republic of Georgia on May 10, 2005 there was an attempt to assassinate Bush by Vladimir Arutinian, whose live grenade failed to detonate after hitting a girl and landing in the large crowd 18.6 meters (61 feet) from the podium where he was delivering a speech.

Ramifications of special prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald’s investigation into the Valerie Plame leak case caused loss of public faith in the Office of the President , and prompted the resignation of high level White House staff.

The federal response to Hurricane Katrina and question of cronyism in August 2005 proved to be difficult for the president.

Sandra Day O'Connor’s resignation and the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist allowed for the nomination and appointment of two new justices. President Bush initially nominated John Roberts to replace Justice O’Connor, but on the death of Justice Rehnquist asked the Senate to confirm Roberts as Chief Justice. Harriet Miers was the president’s second choice to fill the vacancy of Justice O’Connor, but after the withdrawal of Miers nomination decided upon Samuel Alito, who was successfully appointed to the Supreme Court.

A debate on the legality of President Bush’s domestic surveillance program has led to public debate on the limits of executive privilege and some factions within his own party.

Administration

Bush places a high value on personal loyalty and, as a result, his administration has high message discipline. In addition, Bush’s presidency has been characterized by a vigorous defense of executive privilege.

Bush has performed many of his presidential duties from Prairie Chapel Ranch in Crawford, Texas, dubbed “the Western White House.” As of August 2, 2005, Bush had visited the ranch 49 times during his time as president, accruing 319 days away from the White House and nearly reaching Reagan’s eight-year record of 335 days in 5.5 years. The administration has supported this policy as helping the president get a different perspective from Beltway thinking and that he is still working (the administration noted that Bush’s longest visit to Crawford, in August 2005, included only one week of actual respite in the five-week visit.)

Foreign policy

His foreign policy includes such events as the plans to create a missile defense system and rejection of the Kyoto Protocol. Days after taking office, Bush stated “I am going to go forward with… plans for a missile defense system.” To accomplish this deployment, Bush announced on May 1 2001 his desire to withdraw from the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and deploy a missile defense system with the ability to shield against a limited attack by a rogue state. The American Physical Society criticized this policy change, citing doubts about the system’s effectiveness. Bush argued that his decision was justified as the treaty’s Cold War benefits were no longer relevant. The official notification of withdrawal from the treaty was announced on December 13 2001, citing the need to protect against terrorism. While there is past precedent for a president to cancel a treaty, most past cases have involved Congressional authorization. Terrorism was Bush’s main topic at the 2002 NATO Summit in Prague, calling for restructuring the organization from a Cold War focus and prepare it for new threats.

During his first presidential visit to Europe in June 2001, European leaders criticized Bush for rejecting the Kyoto Protocol. In 2002, Bush rejected the treaty as harmful to economic growth in the United States, stating: “My approach recognizes that economic growth is the solution, not the problem.” The administration also disputed the scientific basis of the treaty. In November 2004, Russia ratified the treaty, meeting the quota of nations required to enforce it without ratification by the United States.

While continuing American policy of support for Israel, he also endorsed the creation of a democratic Palestinian state.

International leaders also criticized Bush for withdrawing support for the International Criminal Court soon after he assumed the presidency. The administration voiced concern that the court could conceivably co-opt the authority of the United States’ judicial system. This action provoked outrage among some human rights’ groups, as the previous administration had pledged U.S. support of the ICC. The Bush administration’s position led to Congress’ ratification of the American Servicemembers' Protection Act, a law intended to insulate U.S. nationals from potential indictment by the ICC.

Probably his most significant foreign policy action was, however, the launch of the War on Terrorism. However, there is some question as to whether the stepped-up policing and surveillance constitutes an actual war in the legal sense, and if so, the extent to which such action requires the war powers of the unitary executive.

Commentators such as the previous administration’s last Secretary of State Madeleine Albright have been quite critical of Bush’s foreign policy.

Terrorism

On September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks were carried out by a terrorist organization known as al-Qaeda, which is led by Osama bin Laden. Bin Laden had issued a fatwa against the United States in 1996 and another in 1998. Approximately 3000 people died as a result of these attacks, most of them civilians, in New York, Pennsylvania and Virginia.

Afghanistan

In response to these attacks, on October 7 2001, the United States, with international support, launched a war against the Afghan Taliban regime that was harboring bin Laden and Al-Qaeda. The regime was quickly defeated by Northern Alliance rebels with the assistance of U.S. air support. Subsequent nation-building efforts with the United Nations and Afghan president Hamid Karzai have had generally positive results for a nation that is divided among many ethnic factions. Since the removal of the Taliban, U.S. and allied forces have been combating remaining Taliban insurgents and destroying Al-Qaeda infrastructure, with the effect of significantly reducing the Taliban threat to the new Afghan government. However, bin Laden has thus far eluded capture. Democratic elections were held on October 9 2004. International observers called the elections “fairly democratic” at the “overall majority” of polling centers, but 15 of the 18 presidential candidates nevertheless threatened to withdraw, alleging flawed registration and validation .

In March 2006, Bush called on the Afghan government to prevent the execution of Abdul Rahman, who faced the death penalty for having converted to Christianity.

Iraq

Shortly after the 9/11 attacks, the Bush administration also promoted urgent action in Iraq, stating that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMD), and that in the post 9-11 world it was too dangerous to allow unstable regimes to possess weapons that could “potentially fall into the hands of terrorists.” Saddam, for his part, claimed to have destroyed all the chemical and biological weapons he had before 1991. The precise extent of Saddam’s actual possession of weapons soon became a topic of great debate. While many western governments assumed that Saddam did indeed possess such weapons, the theory that Saddam had in fact destroyed his WMD capability as he claimed was supported by individuals such as former weapons inspector Scott Ritter and the UN’s chief weapons inspector Hans Blix, the latter after the invasion had already concluded. Bush also argued that Saddam was a threat to U.S. security, destabilized the Middle East, inflamed the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and financed terrorists. CIA reports asserted that Saddam Hussein had tried to acquire nuclear material, had not properly accounted for Iraqi biological weapons and chemical weapons material in violation of U.N. sanctions, and that some Iraqi missiles had a range greater than allowed by the UN sanctions. It had been, since 1998, U.S. policy for the president to support efforts to remove Saddam Hussein from power by a law (the Iraq Liberation Act) passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate and later signed by Bill Clinton.

Asserting that Saddam Hussein was both a potential terrorist threat and an obstacle to peace, Bush urged the United Nations to enforce Iraqi disarmament mandates, precipitating a diplomatic crisis. On November 13 2002, under UN Security Council Resolution 1441, Hans Blix and Mohamed ElBaradei led UN weapons inspectors in Iraq. Lapses in Iraqi cooperation triggered intense debate over the efficacy of inspections. UN inspection teams departed Iraq upon U.S. advisement given four days prior to full-scale hostilities.

Secretary of State Colin Powell urged his colleagues in the Bush administration to avoid a war without clear UN approval. The Bush administration initially sought a UN Security Council resolution authorizing the use of military force pursuant to Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. However, upon facing vigorous opposition from several nations (primarily France and Germany), the Bush administration dropped the bid for UN approval and began to prepare for war. The war effort was joined by more than 20 other nations (especially the United Kingdom) who were designated the “coalition of the willing”.

Military hostilities commenced on March 20 2003 to pre-empt Iraqi WMD deployment and remove Saddam from power. Because of its controversial nature within the international community, Secretary General of the United Nations Kofi Annan and other world leaders questioned the war’s legality. Bush declared, “Major combat operations in Iraq have ended” , under a “Mission Accomplished” banner on May 1 2003. U.S. deployment and casualties have continued through early 2006 despite the capture of Saddam, because of the ongoing Iraqi insurgency.

On September 30 2004, the U.S. Iraq Survey Group Final Report concluded, “ISG has not found evidence that Saddam Husayn (sic) possessed WMD stocks in 2003, but the available evidence from its investigation — including detainee interviews and document exploitation — leaves open the possibility that some weapons existed in Iraq although not of a militarily significant capability.” The 9/11 Commission report concluded that Saddam’s government was actively attempting to acquire technology that would allow Iraq to produce WMD as soon as U.N. sanctions were lifted. The Commission found no credible evidence that Saddam Hussein possessed stockpiles of WMD. In addition, the 9/11 commission found that there were contacts between Iraq and al-Qaeda in 1996. They also found “no collaborative relationship” emerged in regards to the attacks on 9/11. On December 14, 2005, while discussing the WMD issue, Bush stated that “It is true that much of the intelligence turned out to be wrong.” Documents seized in Iraq known as the Operation Iraqi Freedom documents are in the process of being released to the public. Some supporters of Bush speculate that the documents might contain evidence that Saddam Hussein had an operational relationship with al-Qaeda.

However, after the invasion, al-Qaeda has used the war to great effect in its campaign. It is speculated that it is the organization which launched a coordinated string of attacks in Madrid, Spain. Three days later, a new Spanish government was elected which soon thereafter withdrew all Spanish forces from Iraq. Osama bin Laden also openly announced that al-Qaeda will attack any country which supports the war in Iraq.

Immigration

Bush proposed an immigration bill that would have greatly expanded the use of guest worker visas. His proposal would match employers with foreign workers for a period up to six years; however, workers would not be eligible for permanent residency (“green cards”) or citizenship. The bill is opposed by some Democratic Senators, including Barbara Boxer and Edward M. Kennedy, as well as by conservative House members like Tom Tancredo.

Bush has also publicly stated he would like to tighten security at the U.S.-Mexico border, which includes speeding up the deportation process, building more jail cells to hold illegal immigrants, and installing more equipment and immigration officers at the border. He does agree with “increasing the number of annual green cards that can lead to citizenship” but does not support giving amnesty to those who are already in the country illegally, saying that it would only serve as incentive for increased illegal immigration.

HIV / AIDS

In the State of the Union message in January 2003, Bush outlined a five-year strategy for global emergency AIDS relief, the President's Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief. Bush announced $15 billion for this effort, $3 billion a year for five years, but has requested less in annual budgets, though some members of Congress have added amendments to increase the requested amounts. The emergency relief effort is led by U.S. Ambassador Randall L. Tobias, former CEO of Eli Lilly and Global AIDS Coordinator at the Department of State. $9 billion is allocated for new programs in AIDS relief for 15 countries most affected by HIV/AIDS. Another $5 billion will go to continuing support of AIDS relief in 100 countries where the U.S. already has bilateral programs established. An additional $1 billion will go to support the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Almost one quarter of the $15 billion has gone to religious groups that tend to emphasize abstinence over condom use. This budget represents more money contributed to fight AIDS globally than all other donor countries combined.

Trade

Bush’s imposition of a tariff on imported steel and on Canadian softwood lumber was controversial in light of his advocacy of free market policies in other areas, and attracted criticism both from his fellow conservatives and from nations affected. The steel tariff was later rescinded under pressure from the World Trade Organization. A negotiated settlement to the softwood lumber dispute was reached in April 2006, but has not been finalized.

Development assistance

The U.S. State Department and Agency for International Development (USAID) published a strategic plan for the 2004–2009 period. The principal aims are established in President Bush’s National Security Strategy: diplomacy, development and defense. President Bush’s new policy would increase assistance by 50% for countries that take responsibility for their own development “by ruling justly, investing wisely in their people, and encouraging economic freedom.” Development assistance must also be aligned with U.S. foreign policy which means the USAID would support those “countries that are committed to democratic governance, open economies, and wise investment in their people’s education, health, and potential.”

Domestic policy

Economy and taxes

During his first term, Bush sought and obtained Congressional approval for three major tax cuts in 2001, 2002, and 2003. These cuts reduced taxes for almost every taxpayer, including reducing the lowest tax bracket, increasing the child tax credit, and eliminating the so-called “marriage penalty”. However, cuts were distributed disproportionately to higher income taxpayers (through a decrease in marginal rates) and complexity was increased with new categories of income taxed at different rates and new deductions and credits. At the same time, the number of individuals subject to the alternative minimum tax increased since the AMT remained unchanged.

Federal spending in constant dollars increased under Bush by 26% in his first four and one-half years. The tax cuts, a recession, and significant increases in military and domestic outlays all contributed to record budget deficits during the Bush administration. Bush discontinued the publishment of the Citizen's Guide to the Federal Budget, something Bill Clinton had instituted in 1996 to increase government transparency.

Under Bush, the seasonally adjusted Unemployment Rate based on the Household Survey started at 4.7% in January 2001, peaked at 6.2% in June 2003, and retreated to 4.8% in February 2006.

Most recently, in the first quarter of 2006, the economy under Bush grew at a 4.8% pace, the best showing since the third quarter of 2003 when annualized growth was 7.2%.

Health, medicine, and Social Security

Bush signed the Medicare Act of 2003, which added prescription drug coverage to Medicare (United States), subsidized pharmaceutical corporations, created Health Savings Accounts (HSAs), and prohibited the Federal government from negotiating discounts with drug companies. Bush said the law, estimated to cost US$400 billion over the first 10 years, would give the elderly “better choices and more control over their health care” . Bush signed the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act in 2003, having declared his aim to “promote a culture of life” . The law has not yet been enforced, having been ruled unconstitutional by three District Courts. It is pending Supreme Court review. According to statistician Glen Stassen, an ethics professor at Fuller Theological Seminary, abortion has risen in the U.S. during Bush’s presidency, reversing a decade-long trend. .

Bush called for major changes in Social Security, identifying the system’s projected insolvency as a priority early in his second term. President Bush emphasized his proposal for personalized accounts would allow individual workers to invest a portion of their Social Security Tax (FICA) into secured investments. The main advantage of personal accounts within Social Security is that it permits workers to own the money they save against the cost of retirement so that it cannot be taken away from them by fiat or political whim. The rationale for such accounts is that individuals would theoretically seek better value for their “own” money than if costs were covered by employer-funded insurance or by federal programs. Additionally, consumer choice would use the market to drive efficiencies in the behaviors of providers.

Bush opposes any new embryonic stem cell research, and has limited federal funding for research to studies that use embryonic stem cell lines that were in existence on August 9, 2001 (the day of the announcement). There was a controversy as to implication of the restriction. Initially Bush and his supporters claimed around 70 lines existed on that day. The number of viable lines has since been determined to be around 20. In January 2005 it was determined that all embryonic stem cell lines approved for use in research were contaminated by mouse virus particles derived from the substrates on which the cells were cultured and were consequently probably unusable in therapies for human patients. Adult stem cell funding has not been restricted, and is supported by President Bush as an alternate means of research.

Education

In January 2002, Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act, with Democratic Senator Ted Kennedy as chief sponsor, which aims to close the achievement gap, measures student performance, provides options to parents with students in low-performing schools, and targets more federal funding to low-income schools. Critics say schools were not given the resources to help meet new standards, although their argument is based on the premise that authorization levels are spending promises instead of spending caps.

Energy and the environment

Bush signed the Great Lakes Legacy Act of 2002, authorizing the federal government to begin cleaning up pollution and contaminated sediment in the Great Lakes, as well as the Brownfields Legislation in 2002, accelerating the cleanup of abandoned industrial or brownfield sites.

Bush has been attacked by environmentalists charging that his policies weaken environmental protections and cater to industry demands.

In December 2003, Bush signed legislation implementing key provisions of his Healthy Forests Initiative which environmental groups charge is simply a giveaway to timber companies.

Another subject of controversy is Bush’s Clear Skies Initiative, which seeks to reduce air pollution through expansion of emissions trading.

Likely due in part to rising gas prices, at one point, Bush proposed tapping the oil reserves in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge but failed to gain Congressional approval.

Bush has opposed the Kyoto Protocol (whose proponents say is needed to reduce man-made contributions to global warming), on the grounds that the proposed treaty change would harm the U.S. economy. In 1997, the U.S. Senate voted with full bipartisan support (95-0) on a resolution (Byrd-Hagel) recommending that the U.S. not become a signatory

The United States has signed the Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, a pact that allows signatory countries to set goals for reducing greenhouse gas emissions individually, but with no enforcement mechanism. In January 2006, six former EPA directors, five of them Republican, warned of the consequence of continued inaction on global warming.

Bush opponents have accused him of "ignoring the science" of global warming.

On June 15, 2006, Bush created the 75th, and largest, National Monument in US history and the largest Marine Protected Area in the world with the formation of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Monument.

Science

On December 19 2002, Bush signed into law H. R. 4664, far-reaching legislation to put the National Science Foundation on a track to double its budget over five years and to create new mathematics and science education initiatives at both the pre-college and undergraduate level.

In August 2003, the Bush Administration’s science policy was the subject of an inquiry by the Democratic staff of the House Government Reform Committee. The inquiry “found numerous instances where the Administration has manipulated the scientific process and distorted or suppressed scientific findings. These actions go far beyond the typical shifts in policy that occur with a change in the political party occupying the White House. Thirteen years ago, former President George H.W. Bush stated that “ow more than ever, on issues ranging from climate change to AIDS research . . . government relies on the impartial perspective of science for guidance.” Today, President George W. Bush’s Administration has skewed this impartial perspective, generating unprecedented criticism from the scientific community and even from prominent Republicans who once led federal agencies.”

On January 14 2004, Bush announced a major re-direction for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Known as the Vision for Space Exploration, it calls for the completion of the International Space Station by 2010 and the retirement of the space shuttle while developing a new spacecraft called the Crew Exploration Vehicle under the title Project Constellation. The CEV would be used to return American astronauts to the Moon by 2018.

On February 18, 2004, the Union of Concerned Scientists, an advocacy group whose membership is not limited to professional scientists, released a report alleging that “the current Bush administration has suppressed or distorted the scientific analyses of federal agencies to bring these results in line with administration policy.” Physics Today noted that “a strongly worded statement signed by more than 60 scientists, including 20 Nobel laureates, charging the administration with manipulating and misrepresenting science for political gain” accompanied the UCS report. More than 8,000 signatures have been added to the UCS report, including 49 Nobel laureates, 63 recipients of the National Medal of Science, and 171 members of the National Academy of Sciences. President Bush’s science adviser, Dr. John Marburger, responded to the UCS petition with a 20 page rebuttal asserting that the “UCS accusations are wrong and misleading the document has methodological flaws that undermine its own conclusions. . . Unfortunately, these flaws are not necessarily obvious to those who are unfamiliar with the issues.”

On August 1 2005, in response to a press question about the teaching of intelligent design versus evolution in public schools, Bush answered, "Both sides ought to be properly taught . . . so people can understand what the debate is about. . . . I think that part of education is to expose people to different schools of thought." Bush did not elaborate his personal view on intelligent design. Opponents of intelligent design, who regard it as a subterfuge for teaching creationism and undermining church-state separation, construed the remark as an endorsement of the idea, as did some reporters.

In his 2006 State of the Union speech, George W. Bush proposed the American Competitiveness Initiative.

On April 20 2006, the FDA issued a brief statement that “no sound scientific studies” had demonstrated any medical value for cannabis. The statement, which contradicted government studies (including the 1999 findings of the Institute of Medicine) provoked outrage in Congress, with Democrats raising the charge of politicizing science.

Immigration

On May 15, 2006, United States President George W. Bush gave a speech on immigration reform. His proposed plan includes expanding Basic Pilot, an online system to allow employers to easily confirm the eligibility of new hires; creating a new identification card for all foreign workers; and increasing penalties for businesses that violate immigration laws. These measures, it is claimed, will help honest employers follow the law more easily, remove an excuse for those who violate it, and discourage illegal workers from coming in the first place.

He urged Congress to provide additional funding for border security, and deployed 6,000 National Guard troops to the United States-Mexico border. He also said that they would be ending the practice of Catch and Release. This is the current practice of capturing illegal immigrants as they attempt to enter the country, then setting a trial date for them, and releasing them. The problem with this program is that these trials are almost never attended.

Bush then said that comprehensive immigration reform would have to include a temporary worker program, which would allow foreign workers to enter and work in the country for a limited time. This is intended to meet the needs of United States employers and give honest immigrants a way to provide for their families legally.

He says that he opposes amnesty, as he feels it would be unfair to those who are here lawfully and would encourage further illegal immigration. But he stresses that it would be infeasible to simply deport the millions of illegal immigrants who are already present. Instead, he proposes that they would have to "...pay a meaningful penalty for breaking the law, pay their taxes, learn English, and work in a job for a number of years" if they wish to stay.

Other issues

Bush has signed legislation supporting faith-based initiatives, and created the White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives to assist such organizations.

Bush opposes same-sex marriage but supports allowing states to provide civil unions. He endorsed the Federal Marriage Amendment to the United States Constitution which would define marriage as a union between one man and one woman. Bush is the first Republican president to appoint an openly gay man (Israel Hernandez, assistant secretary at the Department of Commerce) to his administration.

In regards to what is commonly called Affirmative Action, Bush does not support enforced quotas, but has asked the public and private sector to reach out to minorities. He has drawn criticism from some minority groups on his policies. In total, Bush has appointed more women and minorities to high-level positions within his administration than any other U.S. president.

Bush is a strong supporter of capital punishment. During his tenure as Governor of Texas, 152 people were executed in that state, maintaining its record as the leading state in executions. As President of the United States, he has continued in his support for capital punishment. During his presidency, there have been three federal executions (however, it is notable that all three were convicted and recommended for death sentences by jury before Bush came into office).

The Bush administration has threatened presidential veto of legislation on several occasions, usually resulting in a compromise report from conference committee. However, Bush has never yet vetoed a bill. If this continues, he will become the eighth president to serve without ever vetoing, and the first since James Garfield in 1881.

On the issue of euthanasia, Bush remains staunchly opposed to the procedure, and supported Attorney General John Ashcroft’s decision to file suit against the voter-approved Oregon Death with Dignity Act, which was ultimately decided by the United States Supreme Court in favor of the Oregon law. However, as governor of Texas, Bush signed a law which gave hospitals the authority to take terminally ill patients off of life support against the wishes of their spouse or parents, if the doctors deemed it medically appropriate. This became an issue in 2005, when the president signed controversial legislation forwarded and voted on by only three members of the United States Senate to intiate federal intervention in the court battle of Terri Schiavo, a comatose Florida woman who ultimately died.

On the issue of the criminalization of sodomy between members of the same-sex — in a private home or public — Bush threatened to veto any attempt by the Texas State Legislature to decriminalize it, remarking that, "I think it's a symbolic gesture of traditional values." However, the White House offered no official statement on the 2003 United States Supreme Court decision, Lawrence v. Texas, that struck down the nation's remaining sodomy laws. The case involved two Texan males in a committed relationship who had been imprisoned after a neighbor made a false report of a disturbance that resulted in the police forecfully entering their residence and witnessing them in bed having sex and subsequently being arrested for it.

As of now, George W. Bush is asking Congress to pass a new Constitutional Amendment, which will ban gay and lesbian marraiges throughout the United States.

Public perception, assessments & approval ratings

Bush has drawn both supportive praise and harsh criticism. His supporters believe he has done well with the economy and homeland security, and shown exemplary leadership after the September 11 attacks. His opponents have disagreed on those very subjects and have also criticized the passage of the USA PATRIOT Act, the controversial 2000 election, and the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

The magazine Time named Bush as its Person of the Year for 2000 and for 2004.

Bush began his presidency with approval ratings near 50%. In the time of national crisis following the September 11 attacks, Bush enjoyed approval ratings of greater than 85%, maintaining 80–90% approval for four months after the attacks. Since then, his approval ratings and approval of handling of domestic, economic, and foreign policy issues have steadily dropped for many reasons. Polls conducted in early 2006 showed an average of around 40% for Bush, up slightly from the following September, but still low from a president coming off of his State of the Union Address, which generally provides a boost. As of May 24, 2006, an average of major polls compiled by RealClearPolitics indicated that Bush’s approval rating stood at 36.8%.

In 2004, 81% of professional historians responding to an informal and unscientific poll described Bush's presidency as a "failure" and 19% as a "success." Twelve percent described his presidency as "the worst in history." These results may be biased by self-selection. A May 2006 Quinnipiac University poll of 1,534 registered American voters found that 34% of respondents ranked George W. Bush as the worst president of the last 61 years. The survey had a margin of error of +/- 2.5 percentage points.

Along with the criticism on issues of foreign policy, President Bush has also taken criticism for his domestic policies, such as his administration’s response to Hurricane Katrina, which many considered slow, or his involvement in the Terri Schiavo controversy, for which he was harshly criticized by both the left and right for the perceived intrusiveness by the federal government in state matters, and for allegedly exploiting an emotional drama. Bush has also been criticized for his handling of the leak of the name of CIA operative Valerie Plame from a source within his administration itself after promising to fire anyone who leaked the name, and then promising to fire such a person if they are convicted of a crime, which some considered a back-pedal. Scooter Libby has since provided sworn testimony in court that Bush authorized the Vice President’s Office to release information. Any authorization by President Bush would make the leak legal as the President has broad powers to unilaterally declassify in any department.

As of late 2005 and early 2006, considerable criticism has focused on points such as the CIA secret prison controversy and the NSA domestic monitoring of communications.

Robert Parry, an American investigative journalist, and others have criticized Bush's allegedly close relationship with Sun Myung Moon, a controversial religious figure.

Calls for impeachment

Main article: Movement to impeach George W. Bush

In 2005 and 2006 there were calls for impeachment from Democratic party politician Representative John Conyers (D-MI). Nancy Pelosi, Democratic House minority leader, has said that “impeachment is off the table,” however, stating that she does not want to give Republicans ammunition against Democrats in the upcoming 2006 U.S. House Elections, making it highly unlikely impeachment proceedings will be pursued against the president.

Feingold's censure measure

On March 13, 2006, Senator Russell Feingold (D-WI) introduced a censure measure in the Senate to condemn President Bush. The proposed censure was to be a reprimand for Bush’s warrantless spying program. Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid declined to support the measure, as did other Senate Democrats, including Richard Durbin and Joe Lieberman, and it was ultimately referred to a Senate Committee. Republican Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist responded to the censure measure by saying that it would undermine America’s efforts to fight terror, and offering to hold an immediate debate and vote. On the March 12 episode of This Week Frist stated that, as he feels the Republican party is fighting the people who are sworn to destroy Western civilization and American families, a senator attacking the president does not make sense.

Supreme Court nominations / appointments

Bush nominated the following individuals to sit on the Supreme Court of the United States:

• John G. Roberts, Jr.
  • Associate Justice. Nominated 2005-07-19; nomination withdrawn in order to nominate him to Chief Justice on 2005-09-05.
  • Chief Justice. Nominated 2005-09-05; confirmed by the Senate on 2005-09-29 by a vote of 78-22.
• Harriet E. Miers — Associate Justice. Nominated 2005-10-03; nomination withdrawn in accordance with Miers’ request on 2005-10-27.
• Samuel A. Alito — Associate Justice. Nominated 2005-10-31; confirmed by the Senate on 2006-01-31 by a vote of 58-42.

Major legislation signed

See also

v t e George W. Bush
43rd President of the United States (2001–2009) 46th Governor of Texas (1995–2000)
Presidency	Transition 1st inauguration 2nd inauguration Timeline 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 January 2009 Domestic policy Legislation and programs Economic policy Foreign policy International trips Bush Doctrine Russia summits Slovenia Slovakia War in Afghanistan Status of Forces Agreement Patriot Act No Child Left Behind Act Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act USA Freedom Corps Department of Homeland Security Space policy Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty "War on Terror" President's Council on Service and Civic Participation award Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy Email controversy Judicial appointments Supreme Court candidates John Roberts Harriet Miers Samuel Alito controversies Cabinet Pardons Impeachment efforts Executive orders Presidential proclamations Obama transition
Life and legacy	Childhood home Early life and career Presidential library Presidential portrait Military service controversy Killian documents controversy authenticity issues Professional life Governorship of Texas Prairie Chapel Ranch Walker's Point Estate Clinton Bush Haiti Fund
Speeches	Joint session of Congress (Feb 2001) Remarks at the Islamic Center of Washington (2001) Joint session of Congress (September 11 attacks) (2001) Mission Accomplished (2003) State of the Union addresses 2002 ("Axis of evil") 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Elections	U.S. House 1978 Gubernatorial 1994 1998 Presidential 2000 campaign primaries running mate selection convention debates election Bush v. Gore 2004 campaign primaries convention debates election
Public image	Bushisms Nicknames As the subject of books and films Fictionalized portrayals Miss Me Yet? "Yo, Blair"
Books	A Charge to Keep (1999) Decision Points (2010) 41: A Portrait of My Father (2014) Portraits of Courage (2017) Out of Many, One (2021)
Popular culture	Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004 documentary) W. (2008 film)
Family	Laura Bush (wife) Barbara Pierce Bush (daughter) Jenna Bush Hager (daughter) George H. W. Bush (father presidency) Barbara Bush (mother) Robin Bush (sister) Jeb Bush (brother) Neil Bush (brother) Marvin Bush (brother) Dorothy Bush Koch (sister) Barney (dog) Miss Beazley (dog) India (cat) Spot Fetcher (dog)
← Bill Clinton Barack Obama → Category

References

1. The long road to the White House —Tom Carver, BBC, December 14, 2000
2. George Walker Bush —Famous Texans
3. Self-Deprecating Bush Talks to Yale Grads —Associated Press, May 21, 2001.
4. F-102 in Vietnam
5. Bush’s Guard Service In Question —Lois Romano, Washington Post, February 3 2004.
6. Bush’s National Guard years —Byron York, National Review, September 9, 2004
7. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2004/09/08/bush_fell_short_on_duty_at_guard?mode=PF
8. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2004/09/08/bush_fell_short_on_duty_at_guard?mode=PF
9. https://ssl.tnr.com/p/docsub.mhtml?i=express&s=benson021204
10. Bush acknowledges 1976 DUI charge, CNN, November 2, 2000
11. The Smoking Gun report
12. Bush’s Life-Changing Year, The Washington Post, July 25, 1999
13. Bush faces new round of drug questions, CNN, August 20, 1999
14. Bush hinted at use of marijuana - BBC, February 21, 2005. See also Bush feared past ‘mistakes’ would cost him - Associated Press, February 23, 2005.
15. Did Bush drop out of the National Guard to avoid drug testing?, Salon.com, February 6, 2004
16. Learning How to Run: A West Texas Stumble —Nicholas D. Kristof, The New York Times, July 27, 2000.
17. Bush Wasn’t Always a Front-Runner, Associated Press, October 17 1999.
18. George W. and the Texas Press: Is the Honeymoon Over?, Robert Bryce, Columbia Journalism Review, May/June 2004.
19. Texas Gov. George W. Bush wins in landslide, CNN, November 3, 1998
20. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America —released by the White House, September 2002
21. The Truth about Torture —Charles Krauthammer, The Weekly Standard, December 5, 2005
22. The President’s Constitutional Authority to Conduct Military Operations Against Terrorists and Nations Supporting Them —United States Department of Justice
23. Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
24. Declassification —John Prados, The New Republic, April 21, 2004
25. Bush challenges hundreds of laws —Charlie Savage, The Boston Globe, April 30, 2006
26. Bush’s High Crimes —editorial, The Nation, December 20, 2005
27. The Abolition of Torture —Andrew Sullivan, The New Republic, December 7, 2005
28. Uncuff the FBI —Mark Riebling, Wall Street Journal OpinionJournal, June 4, 2002
29. The Fog of War Reporting —Brendan Miniter, Wall Street Journal OpinionJournal, December 17, 2001
30. Openly Religious, to a Point —Alan Cooperman, Washington Post, September 16, 2004
31. St. John’s Church (Episcopal)
32. St. John’s History
33. PBS Reproduction Taken from Texas State Archives
34. "Jesus Day" proclamation criticized
35. Transcript of Alan Keyes on Crossfire with hosts Robert Novak and Bill Press, December 15, 1999
36. Faith and Philosophy Take Center Stage in Iowa Lucas Morel, Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs, December 1999
37. Ramadan at the White House
38. The Gallup Organization, “How Americans Voted,” 5 November 2004
39. At Bob Jones U., A Disturbing Lesson About The Real George W. - Derrick Jackson, The Boston Globe, February 9, 2000.
40. Testimony before the United States Senate Governmental Affairs Committee - Daniel Perrin, n.d..
41. Florida recount study: Bush still wins —CNN, 2001. See also Florida Voter Errors Cost Gore the Election —USA Today, May 11, 2001
42. 2000 OFFICIAL PRESIDENTIAL GENERAL ELECTION RESULTS —Federal Election Commission, report on November 7, 2001 elections
43. Restoration of the Mexico City Policy — White House memorandum, from Bush to “administrator of the United States Agency for International Development”, January 22, 2001
44. Church, State and the Faith-Based Initiative —Thomas E. Buckley, America, November 11, 2002. See also Faith-based Initiatives —NOW, PBS, September 26, 2003
45. $1.35 trillion tax cut becomes law from CNN’s InsidePolitics archives
46. Poll: Many Doubt White House Cooperation in CIA Leak Probe, Gary Langer, ABC News, July 18, 2005
47. Vacationing Bush Poised to Set a Record
48. Remarks by the President in Photo Opportunity with Governors —White House press release, January 26, 2001
49. Transcript —speech by Bush at National Defense University, Washington, May 1, 2001
50. Report of the APS Study Group on Boost-Phase Intercept Systems for National Missile Defense —American Physical Society, Panel on Public Affairs, July 15, 2003
51. Termination of Treaties by Notice —FindLaw, accessed February 20, 2006
52. President Announces Clear Skies & Global Climate Change Initiatives —White House press release, February 14, 2002
53. President Bush Discusses Global Climate Change —White House press release, June 11, 2001
54. ^ US renounces world court treaty —BBC, May 6, 2002.
55. The United States and the International Criminal Court — Human Rights First
56. Congress Seeks to Curb International Court —Colum Lynch, The Washington Post, November 26, 2004.
57. Good versus evil isn’t a strategy, Madeleine Albright, Los Angeles Times, March 24 2006.
58. The First Democratic Elections in Afghanistan: A Report by the Bipartisan Observer Team —United States Department of State, October 15 2004.
59. Bush presses Afghanistan on jailed Christian, CNN, March 23 2006. See also Western, Muslim worlds clash again over religion —Tom Heneghan, Reuters, March 24 2006.
60. Exclusive: Scott Ritter in His Own Words —Scott Ritter, interview by Massimo Calabresi, Time, September 14, 2002
61. Blix sceptical on Iraqi WMD claim —BBC, December 16, 2003
62. Iraq’s Weapons of Mass Destruction Programs —CIA, October 2002. See also The Secret Downing Street Memo —Times Online, May 1, 2005
63. U.S advises weapons inspectors to leave Iraq —USA Today, March 17, 2003
64. US names ‘coalition of the willing’ —Steve Schifferes, BBC, March 18, 2003
65. "President Bush Announces Major Combat Operations in Iraq Have Ended" (Press release). White House. May 1, 2003. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
66. White House pressed on ‘mission accomplished’ sign —Dana Bash, CNN, October 29, 2003
67. Iraq Survey Group Final Report — 2004
68. The 9/11 Commission Report —9/11 Commission
69. Al Qaeda-Hussein Link Is Dismissed —Walter Pincus and Dana Milbank, Washington Post, June 17, 2004
70. Bush: we went to war on faulty intelligence —Times Online, December 14, 2005
71. Spain threatens Iraq pull-out —CNN, March 15, 2004
72. CBS News, October 18, 2004
73. Bush Encouraged Illegal Aliens, ‘Tried to Cover It Up,’ Lawmaker Says —Jeff Johnson, Cybercast News Service, June 29, 2005.
74. Bush takes tough talk on immigration to Texas —CNN, November 29, 2005
75. Quarter Of Bush’s $15 Billion For AIDS Going To Christian Groups —Associated Press, The Huffington Post, January 29, 2006
76. Mission Statement of United States Department of State, accessed February 20, 2006
77. Citizen's Guide to the Federal Budget
78. Unemployment state by state —CNN, accessed March 17, 2006
79. Bureau of Economic Analysis Report
80. President Signs Medicare Legislation —White House transcript/press release, December 8, 2003
81. Bush Signs Ban on a Procedure for Abortions —Richard W. Stevenson, The New York Times, November 6, 2003
82. Study Finds Abortion Rising Under Bush, Linked to Economic Policies —PR Newswire, October 13, 2004
83. [http://www.wildcalifornia.org/publications/article-57 Healthy Forests Initiative A Campaign of Severe Forest Policy Rollbacks]. See also Environmental Protection Information Center — 2003.
84. Byrd-Hagel Resolution, 105th Congress, 1st Session, S. RES. 98.
85. Ex-heads of EPA blast Bush on global warming — Associated Press, January 19, 2006.
86. Romney hedges on global warming - Stephanie Ebbert, The Boston Globe May 7, 2004.
87. President Bush Establishes Northwest Hawaiian Islands National Monument - Office of the Press Secretary, The White House June 15, 2006.
88. About Politics & Science, Committee on Government Reform Minority Office, August, 2003.
89. President Bush Announces New Vision for Space Exploration Program. January 14, 2004.
90. Scientific Integrity in Policy Making, Union of Concerned Scientists, 2004.
91. Marburger Refutes Claims That Bush Administration Misuses Science, Physics Today, May 2004.
92. Statement Signatories, Union of Concerned Scientists, 2004.
93. Statement of the Honorable John H. Marburger, III On Scientific Integrity in the Bush Administration, April 2, 2004.
94. Bush endorses ‘intelligent design’, Boston Globe, August 2, 2005
95. "Creationists, like biological species, come in many varieties: young earth, old earth, and a reincarnated species, intelligent design creationists."
96. Text: President Bush Addresses the Nation on Immigration - Released by the White House, May 15, 2006.
97. Text: Comprehensive Immigration Reform - Released by the White House, May, 2006
98. Bush breaks with GOP on same-sex unions —United Press International, The Washington Times, October 26, 2004
99. Bush’s newly minted gay appointee —Sarah Wildman, The Advocate, August 30, 2005
100. Timothy James McVeigh execution report —Clark County Prosecuting Attorney’s Office. See also Juan Raul Garza execution report —Clark County Prosecuting Attorney’s Office and Louis Jones, Jr. execution report —Clark County Prosecuting Attorney’s Office
101. Federal judge backs Oregon suicide law —Kevin Johnson, USA Today, April 18, 2002
102. As governor, Bush signed right-to-die law —Seattle Times, March 22, 2005
103. Congress Passes Schiavo Measure —Charles Babington and Mike Allen, Washington Post, March 21, 2005
104. As 2004 Nears, Bush Pins Slump on Clinton - Dana Milbank, The Washington Post, July 1, 2003.
105. And the Winner Finally Is… George W. Bush, TIME Magazine.
106. Person of the Year President George W. Bush American Revolutionary, TIME Magazine
107. Job Performance Ratings for President Bush —Roper Center:Presidential Job Performance
108. Historians vs. George W. Bush Robert S. McElvaine, May 17, 2004
109. News Briefs: May 2005 - Libertarian National Committee, May 2005.
110. Bush appears to shift course on CIA leak —, July 19, 2005.
111. Bush ‘approved intelligence leak’, BBC, April 7 2006
112. Bush, Rice defend US abductions, torture, secret prisons - Patrick Martin, World Socialist Web Site, December 7, 2005. See also An Abuse of Power - Jan Frel, AlterNet, January 4, 2006 and Bush's NSA Spying Program Violates the Law - Jennifer Van Bergen, CounterPunch, March 4, 2006.
113. Democrats Won’t Try To Impeach President —Charles Babington, Washington Post, May 12, 2006
114. ^ Feingold Draws Little Support for Censure —Laurie Kellman, Associated Press, March 13 2006
115. TDS: Bush-Iran-IED’s-no connection, accessed June 12 2006

Further reading

Academic

• Colin Campbell and Bert A. Rockman, eds. The George W. Bush Presidency: Appraisals and Prospects. Congressional Quarterly Press, 2004.
• George C. Edwards III and Philip John Davies, eds. New Challenges for the American Presidency New York: Pearson Longman, 2004. 245 pp. articles from Presidential Studies Quarterly
• Fred I. Greenstein, ed. The George W. Bush Presidency: An Early Assessment Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003
• Fred I. Greenstein. The Contemporary Presidency: The Changing Leadership of George W. Bush A Pre- and Post-9/11 Comparison in Presidential Studies Quarterly v 32#2 2002 pp 387+.
• Gary L. Gregg II and Mark J. Rozell, eds. Considering the Bush Presidency Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004. 210 pp. British perspectives
• Bryan Hilliard, Tom Lansford, and Robert P Watson, eds. George W. Bush: Evaluating the President at Midterm SUNY Press 2004
• Gary C. Jacobson. The Bush Presidency and the American Electorate” Presidential Studies Quarterly v 33 #4 2003 pp 701+.

Pro-Bush

• Fred Barnes. Rebel-in-Chief: How George W. Bush Is Redefining the Conservative Movement and Transforming America (2006)
• George W. Bush. George W. Bush on God and Country: The President Speaks Out About Faith, Principle, and Patriotism (2004)
• Bob Woodward. Plan of Attack (2003) on Iraq war
• Bill Sammon. Strategery: How George W. Bush Is Defeating Terrorists, Outwitting Democrats, and Confounding the Mainstream Media, (2006) Regnery Publishing

Anti-Bush

• Bruce Bartlett. Impostor: How George W. Bush Bankrupted America and Betrayed the Reagan Legacy (2006), conservative attack by former aide
• Ron Suskind. The Price of Loyalty: George W. Bush, the White House, and the Education of Paul O’Neill (2004), complaints of ex Treasury Secretary
• Sean Wilentz. The Worst President in History? (2006), article comparing Bush with previous presidents, from a historian’s perspective; first published in Rolling Stone Magazine

External links

Official

• Official White House biography
• Republican National Committee biography

Speeches

audio and transcripts

• Audio recordings of Bush’s speeches

Template:Multi-listen start Template:Multi-listen item Template:Multi-listen item Template:Multi-listen end

• 2000 GOP Convention Nomination Speech (2000-08-03)
• First Inaugural Address
• Second Inaugural Address
• Remarks by the President After Two Planes Crash Into World Trade Center (2001-09-11)
• Remarks by the President Upon Arrival at Barksdale Air Force Base (2001-09-11)
• Presidential Address to the Nation (2001-09-11)
• Declaration of War on Terrorism
• Issues Military Order No. 1, Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism 2001-11-13
• Presidential Address to the Nation Announcing Operation Iraqi Freedom
• President Announces Major Combat Operations in Iraq Have Ended
• Presidential Address to the Nation on America’s Actions in the War on Terrorism
• Address to the UN General Assembly
• Presidential Address to the Nation on the Capture of Saddam Hussein

• 2004 GOP Convention Nomination Acceptance Speech (2004-09-02)
• Second Inaugural Address

• 2002 State of the Union Address
• 2003 State of the Union Address
• 2004 State of the Union Address
• 2005 State of the Union Address
• 2006 State of the Union Address

Other

• George W. Bush at IMDb
• Works by George W. Bush at Project Gutenberg
• George Bush, the Fiscal Conservative? by Harry Browne
• George W. Bush: military pilot Account of Air National Guard service
• Faith Based and Community Initiatives official website
• Graphs of approval ratings ,
• Time-analysis of Bush’s popularity .
• Template:Nndb name
• 2000 Florida recount information from CNN
• Family tree of George W. Bush

v t e Governors and lieutenant governors of Texas
Governors	J. P. Henderson Wood Bell J. W. Henderson Pease Runnels Houston Clark Lubbock Murrah Hamilton Throckmorton Pease Davis Coke Hubbard Roberts Ireland Ross Hogg Culberson Sayers Lanham Campbell Colquitt J. Ferguson Hobby Neff M. Ferguson Moody Sterling M. Ferguson Allred O'Daniel Stevenson Jester Shivers Daniel Connally Smith Briscoe Clements White Clements Richards Bush Perry Abbott
Lieutenant governors	Horton Greer Henderson Dickson Runnels Lubbock Clark Crockett Stockdale Jones J. W. Flanagan (acting) Campbell (ex officio) W. Flanagan (ex officio) Fountain (ex officio) Pickett (ex officio) Hubbard Sayers Storey Martin Gibbs Wheeler Pendleton Crane Jester Browning Neal A. B. Davidson Mayes Hobby Sr. Johnson L. Davidson T. W. Davidson Miller Witt Woodul Stevenson J. L. Smith Shivers Ramsey P. Smith Barnes Hobby Jr. Bullock Perry Ratliff Dewhurst Patrick

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