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| {{Infobox hurricane | |||
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| | Name=1815 North Carolina hurricane | |||
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| | Type=hurricane | |||
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| | Year=1815 | |||
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| | Basin=Atl | |||
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| | Image location=1795 Ocracoke Inlet map Jonathon Price.png | |||
| | Image name=a map of ] 20 years prior to the hurricane | |||
| | Formed={{start date|26 August 1815}} | |||
| | Dissipated={{end date|6 September 1815}} | |||
| | 1-min winds= | |||
| | Pressure= | |||
| | Damages=.060 | |||
| | Inflated=0 | |||
| | Fatalities=at least 15 total | |||
| | Areas=], ], ], ], ] | |||
| | Hurricane season=] | |||
| }} | |||
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| The '''1815 North Carolina hurricane''' caused the most severe flooding in ] since 1795. First detected east of the ] on 26 August, the disturbance drifted toward the northwestern ], arriving by 29 August. The hurricane soon approached ] on 1 September, and subsequently made ] near ] in ] on 3 September. The gale reached ] by 5 September, departing the region on 6 September. The hurricane caused significant impact even before coming ashore; many vessels were damaged, grounded, capsized, or destroyed offshore throughout the course of the storm. Extensive damage to corn, cotton, and rice crops was also noted. Flood waters brought rivers as much as {{convert|8|ft|m|abbr=on}} above normal, inundating streets and structures. Overall, the hurricane inflicted at least 15 deaths throughout its existence,{{#tag:ref|Deaths are totaled as follows: Five individuals drowned at a residence near ], another four died nearby, and six were knocked overboard on the ''Julia''.|group="nb"}} and more than $60,000 (1815 ]) in property damage.{{#tag:ref|All damage figures in the article are in 1815 ] unless otherwise stated.|group="nb"}} | |||
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| == Meteorological history == | |||
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| The 1815 North Carolina hurricane was first detected far east of the ] on 26 August.<ref name="Chenoweth2006-224">Chenoweth 2006, p. 224</ref> The disturbance was next sighted at ] on 29 August, where it produced severe winds. Eventually, it approached ] by 1 September, before making ] near ] on 3 September, where the hurricane's effects lasted for three days.<ref name="Ludlum1963-112">Ludlum 1963, p. 112</ref> The storm then swept inland, curving east of ] and nearing ] soon thereafter. The hurricane subsequently veered northeastward at ], its deviation in track coinciding with a shift in winds toward the northeast west of the system's trajectory.<ref name="Ludlum1963-113">Ludlum 1963, p. 113</ref> Tracking northeast, the system entered the ] and passed into the open waters of the ] after transiting over ] on 5 September, and continued to parallel the ].<ref name="Hairr2008-47">Hairr 2008, p. 47</ref> Gales were observed on ] and in portions of ], with heavy rain and strong winds noted. The disturbance remained offshore, however, and the system eventually departed the region on the morning of 6 September.<ref name="Ludlum1963-113">Ludlum 1963, p. 113</ref> | |||
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| == Impact == | |||
| Maritime losses as a result of the hurricane were considerable. On the evening of 31 August, the 140-ton British vessel ''Spring'', which originated from ], was beached near ] within the vicinity of the Raccoon Keys. Massive waves caused the boat to disintegrate, and the crew fled on a ] toward ], surviving but losing the ship's cargo.<ref name="Fraser2009-71">Fraser 2009, p. 71</ref> The craft ''Brutus'', meanwhile, overturned while en route toward Charleston from ], suffering the loss of its rigging and main boom. Despite experiencing damage to its cargo of cheese and potatoes, the ship arrived in Charleston safely. Meanwhile, off of ], the storm dismasted the clipper ''Richmond Packet'' which was delivering Spanish wine. Along the coast of Charleston, high waves prevented ships from docking at port, and boats did not remain with their moorings, with one breaking free and washing aground at ]. Moving up the coast, the storm leveled fields of cotton, pushed salt water upstream, and destroyed dams protecting rice fields on the ], destroying the year's harvest. An editor of the newspaper ''Savannah Republican'' composed a poem reflecting upon and lamenting the plight of seamen who died in the storm.<ref name="Fraser2009-72">Fraser 2009, p. 72</ref> At ] near Charleston, the hurricane beached several vessels, and from Charleston to ], intense gusts and copious rainfall ruined cotton and rice fields in low-lying regions.<ref name="Hairr2008-43">Hairr 2008, p. 43</ref> | |||
| The hurricane destroyed ships from ] to ], ruined crops, uprooted forests, displaced ]s, and demolished roads inland.<ref name="Hairr2008-41">Hairr 2008, p. 41</ref> At ], the storm inflicted damage to numerous buildings, among them the ], which suffered the loss of its chimneys. The city's wharves also experienced moderate damage, with a sloop from Bermuda capsizing and a brig separating from port, drifting toward a nearby plantation. A ] at ] and several other offshore barrier islands endured severe damage, with the hurricane producing a {{convert|14|ft|m|abbr=on}}-high ] in some regions, driving thousands of pounds of salt to sea. In all, the salterns at Masonboro Island suffered approximately $60,000 (1815 ]) in losses. Damage was similarly severe near ] and locations along the ]. At ], meanwhile, two schooners struck a sand bar and another two were grounded nearby,<ref name="Hairr2008-44">Hairr 2008, p. 44</ref> and three other vessels later washed into a nearby forest. A second saltworks was completely obliterated, and on a nearby beach, a residence was destroyed, with five family members drowned. A second house was also swept away, with four individuals inside killed.<ref name="Hairr2008-45">Hairr 2008, p. 45</ref> Majestic ]s throughout the state were uprooted, and doors of houses near ] burst open despite being firmly locked shut. At ], the hurricane was believed to have been worse than the ]. Winds uprooted numerous trees at ], obstructing roads, with similar impacts at ]. Significant crop damage was also noted at ], where fences were toppled, and fields of corn, orchards, and forests ruined.<ref name="Ludlum1963-113"/> | |||
| The remnants of a small unidentified vessel were discovered, abandoned, near the origin of the ], likely delivering cheese from ]. At ] on the ], several structures along the shoreline experienced damage, and several under construction ships were wrecked. Nearby at the ] and ] Banks, several watercraft were destroyed. On the eastern sector of the latter, ] was nearly washed away by the high storm surge generated by the hurricane.<ref name="Hairr2008-45"/> The barracks of the fort were lifted afloat for some time, with survivors clinging to its roof. To the north, another 30 boats were found destroyed near ]. Six men were killed after being knocked overboard upon the ''Julia'', which was washed aground between ] and Ocracoke. Additionally, a number of vessels were grounded near ]. Inland, thousands of trees and many structures were toppled, and fields of crops were flooded, disrupting the impending harvests. ] suffered especially acutely, with the waters of the ] breaking their banks and inundating the town with {{convert|6|ft|m|abbr=on}} of water;<ref name="Hairr2008-46">Hairr 2008, p. 46</ref> there, the flood was considered to be the worst since 1795.<ref name="Ludlum1963-113"/> Buildings disintegrated under the force of high winds and flood waters, and many people attempted to escape their residences. Meanwhile, at ], the storm caused the neighboring ] to rise at a speed of {{convert|15|in|cm|abbr=on}} per hour before peaking at a height {{convert|8|ft|m|abbr=on}} above normal. Massive amounts of lumber and naval goods were swept away by the high waters, and numerous ships broke free of their moorings, of which two were beached.<ref name="Hairr2008-47"/> | |||
| Four British ships were forced to dock at ] after experiencing damage on 5 September, and at ], similarly severe gales were endured by ships at ]. Heavy rain occurred in sections of ] on 5 and 6 September, though no significant damage occurred.<ref name="Ludlum1963-113"/> | |||
| == See also == | |||
| {{Portal|Tropical cyclones}} | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| == Notes == | |||
| === Footnotes === | |||
| {{reflist|group="nb"}} | |||
| === Citations === | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| === References === | |||
| *{{cite journal|author=Chenoweth, Michael|title=A Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity, 1700–1855|journal=]|year=2006|volume=76|issue=1–2|pages=169–240|doi=10.1007/s10584-005-9005-2|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/Chenoweth/chenoweth06.pdf|location=]}} | |||
| *{{cite book|author=Fraser, Walter J., Jr.|title=Lowcountry Hurricanes|year=2009|publisher=]|location=]|isbn=0-8203-2866-9}} | |||
| *{{cite book|author=Hairr, John|title=The Great Hurricanes of North Carolina|year=2008|publisher=The History Press|location=]|isbn=1-59629-391-8}} | |||
| *{{cite book|author=]|title=Early American hurricanes, 1492–1870|year=1963|publisher=]|location=]|isbn=0-933876-16-5}} | |||
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Revision as of 19:58, 13 March 2014
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