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| kallar is one among the three clans in tamilnadu namely Kallar,Maravar,Agamudiyar which is known as Mudukulathur.Kalla means black.Even kings like Raja Raja cholan, sivagangai king Muthu vaduganathar belong to kallar community.Kallar community has nearly 2000 sub names which none other caste hold it. | |||
| {{for|the caste of Northern India|Kalwar (caste)}} | |||
| {{Infobox ethnic group | |||
| |image = | |||
| |caption = | |||
| |group = Kallar | |||
| |pop = | |||
| |popplace = ], ], ] | |||
| |languages = ] | |||
| |religions = ]m, ] | |||
| |related = ], ]. | |||
| }} | |||
| The '''Kallar''' (or '''Kallan''', formerly spelled as '''Colleries''') are one of the three related castes of southern India which constitute the ] confederacy.<ref>{{cite book |title= Kingship and Political Practice in Colonial India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages= 62, 87, 193 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=aqKSTs4ajsAC&pg=PA193}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Sociology and Social Research |volume=11 |publisher=University of Southern California |page=121 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LvYcAQAAMAAJ&q=kallar+thief&dq=kallar+thief&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IGEbT_-qFuGuiQKt9_WXCA&ved=0CEUQ6AEwAw}}</ref> The Kallar, along with the ] and ], constitute a united social caste on the basis of parallel professions, though their locations and heritages are wholly separate from one another.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&pg=PA287 |page=287 |title=A Social History of India |first=S. N. |last=Sadasivan}}</ref> | |||
| ==Etymology== | |||
| ''Kallar'' is a ] word meaning "thief". Their history has included periods of banditry.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cegr6zH9PFEC&pg=PA242 |page=242 |title=The Hollow Crown: Ethnohistory of an Indian Kingdom |first=Nicholas B. |last=Dirks |authorlink=Nicholas Dirks |edition=2nd |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=1993 |isbn=9780472081875}}</ref> Other proposed etymological origins include "black skinned", "hero", and "]-tappers".<ref>{{cite book |first=G. |last=Kuppuram |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lPcgAAAAMAAJ&q=kallar+brave+etymology&dq=kallar+brave+etymology&source=bl&ots=EaOB-ZjQgN&sig=grsOtzNs6qoBfuA6zt1pkPb5p-U&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GQROUK7_F47K0AGszoGABA&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAw |title=India through the ages: history, art, culture, and religion, Volume 1 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |year=1988 |page=366}}</ref> | |||
| The anthropologist Susan Bayly notes that the name, as with that of ], was a title bestowed by Tamil poligars (warrior-chiefs) on pastoral peasants who acted as their armed retainers. The majority of those poligars, who during the late 17th- and 18th-centuries controlled much of the ] region as well as the Tamil area, had themselves come from the Kallar, Maravar and ] communities.<ref name="Bayly2001p39">{{cite book |title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age |first=Susan |last=Bayly |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-79842-6 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC |page=39}}</ref> ''Kallar'' is synonymous with the western Indian term, '']'', having connotations of thievery but also of upland pastoralism.<ref name="Bayly2001p61">{{cite book |title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age |first=Susan |last=Bayly |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-79842-6 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC |page=61}}</ref> According to Bayly, ''Kallar'' should be considered a "title of rural groups in Tamilnad with warrior-pastoralist ancestral traditions."<ref>{{cite book |title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age |first=Susan |last=Bayly |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-79842-6 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC |page=385}}</ref> | |||
| ==Caste origins== | |||
| Bayly notes that the Kallar and Maravar identities as a caste, rather than as a title, "... were clearly not ancient facts of life in the region. Insofar as these people of the turbulent poligar country really did become castes, their bonds of affinity were shaped in the relatively recent past."<ref name="Bayly2001p61" /> Prior to the late 18th-century, their exposure to ], the concept of ] and practices such as ] that define the Indian caste system was minimal. Thereafter, the evolution as a caste developed as a result of various influences, including increased interaction with other groups as a consequence of jungle clearances, state-building and ideological shifts.<ref name="Bayly2001p39" /> | |||
| ==Culture== | |||
| Among the traditional customs of the Kallar noted by colonial officials was the use of the "collery stick" ({{lang-ta|], kallartādi}}), a bent ] or "false boomerang" which could be thrown up to 100 yards.<ref name="YuleBurnell1903">{{cite book|author1=Sir Henry Yule|author2=Arthur Coke Burnell|title=Hobson-Jobson: a glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6Z5iAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA236|accessdate=21 March 2012|year=1903|publisher=J. Murray|pages=236–}}</ref> Though described as a "false" boomerang, other writers indicate that it was capable of returning to its thrower, and also noted the weapon was used in deer-hunting.<ref name="OppertVarmā1880">{{cite book|author1=Gustav Salomon Oppert|author2=Lakshmīkānta Varmā|author3=Śukra|coauthors=Albrecht Weber, Vaiśaṃpāyana|title=On the weapons, army organisation, and political maxims of the ancient Hindus: with special reference to gunpowder and firearms|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Q8MIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA18|accessdate=21 March 2012|year=1880|publisher=Higginbotham|pages=18–}}</ref> Writing in 1957, ] noted that despite the weapon's frequent mention in literature, it had disappeared amongst the Pramalai Kallar.<ref name="DumontStern1986">{{cite book|author1=Louis Dumont|author2=A. Stern|author3=Michael Moffatt|title=A South Indian subcaste: social organization and religion of the Pramalai Kallar|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=eQduAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=21 March 2012|year=1986|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> | |||
| ===Diet=== | |||
| The Kallar were traditionally a non-vegetarian people,<ref></ref> though a 1970s survey of Tamilnad indicated that 30% of Kallar surveyed, though non-vegetarian, refrained from eating fish after puberty.<ref></ref> Meat, though present in the Kallar diet, was not frequently eaten but restricted to Saturday nights and festival days. Even so, this small amount of meat was sufficient to affect perceptions of Kallar social status.<ref></ref> | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 14:20, 1 April 2014
kallar is one among the three clans in tamilnadu namely Kallar,Maravar,Agamudiyar which is known as Mudukulathur.Kalla means black.Even kings like Raja Raja cholan, sivagangai king Muthu vaduganathar belong to kallar community.Kallar community has nearly 2000 sub names which none other caste hold it.