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| Conventional archaeological understanding tended to date at around 2000–2500 BC. However ] gave dates as early as 3705 BC on wooden tools and 2874 BC on human remains.<ref> S. Svyatko et al. 2009. New Radiocarbon Dates and a Review of the Chronology of Prehistoric Populations from the Minusinsk Basin, Southern Siberia, Russia. Radiocarbon 2009.1, 243–273 & appendix I p.266</ref> The earliest of these dates have now been rejected, giving a date of around 3300 BC for the start of the culture.<ref>D.W. Anthony, Two IE phylogenies, three PIE migrations, and four kinds of steppe pastoralism, The Journal of Language Relationship, vol. 9 (2013), pp. 1-21.</ref> | Conventional archaeological understanding tended to date at around 2000–2500 BC. However ] gave dates as early as 3705 BC on wooden tools and 2874 BC on human remains.<ref> S. Svyatko et al. 2009. New Radiocarbon Dates and a Review of the Chronology of Prehistoric Populations from the Minusinsk Basin, Southern Siberia, Russia. Radiocarbon 2009.1, 243–273 & appendix I p.266</ref> The earliest of these dates have now been rejected, giving a date of around 3300 BC for the start of the culture.<ref>D.W. Anthony, Two IE phylogenies, three PIE migrations, and four kinds of steppe pastoralism, The Journal of Language Relationship, vol. 9 (2013), pp. 1-21.</ref> | ||
| The culture is mainly known from its ]s, with the deceased buried in conic or rectangular enclosures, often in a supine position, reminiscent of burials of the ], believed to be Indo-European. Settlements have also been discovered. The Afanasevo people became the first food-producers in the area by breeding cattle, horses, and sheep. Metal objects and the presence of wheeled vehicles are documented. These resemblances to the ] make the Afanasevo culture is a strong candidate to represent the earliest cultural form of a people later called the ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Anthony|first=David W.|title=The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World|year=2007|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=978-0-691-05887-0|pages=264–265; 308|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nLIufwC4szwC&pg=PA308}}</ref><ref>''], ].'' The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. London.</ref><ref>'']'' Миграция тохаров в свете археологии // Stratum plus. Т. 2. С. 178—187.</ref> | The culture is mainly known from its ]s, with the deceased buried in conic or rectangular enclosures, often in a supine position, reminiscent of burials of the ], believed to be Indo-European.{{fact}} Settlements have also been discovered. The Afanasevo people became the first food-producers in the area by breeding cattle, horses, and sheep. Metal objects and the presence of wheeled vehicles are documented. These resemblances to the ] make the Afanasevo culture is a strong candidate to represent the earliest cultural form of a people later called the ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Anthony|first=David W.|title=The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World|year=2007|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=978-0-691-05887-0|pages=264–265; 308|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nLIufwC4szwC&pg=PA308}}</ref><ref>''], ].'' The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. London.</ref><ref>'']'' Миграция тохаров в свете археологии // Stratum plus. Т. 2. С. 178—187.</ref> But also some evidences shows there is link between ] peoples and Afenesovo culture<ref> Encyclopedia, quote: ''"It is hard to precisely specify the beginning of Turkish history. There is a high probability that the oldest culture of Central Asia, the so-called Anav Culture, which was unearthed at the end of toilsome archaeological and anthropological research and has a history that goes back to 4000 B.C., has ties to proto-Turks. As we move forward into the more recent millennia of history, we more clearly see the linkage between the cultures of Kelteminar and Afenesavo (3000 B.C.), Andronova (1700 B.C.), Karasuk (1200 B.C.), Tagar and Tashtyk (700 B.C.) and proto-Turks. There is plenty of scientific evidence proving this linkage, most notably among archaeological findings obtained from the Pazyryk and Issyk mounds"''.</ref> | ||
| The culture became known from excavations in the ] area of the ], southern ], but the culture was also widespread in western ], northern ], and eastern and central ], with connections or extensions in ] and the ] area. | The culture became known from excavations in the ] area of the ], southern ], but the culture was also widespread in western ], northern ], and eastern and central ], with connections or extensions in ] and the ] area. | ||
Revision as of 17:19, 15 April 2014
The Afanasievo culture is the earliest Eneolithic archaeological culture found until now in south Siberia, occupying the Minusinsk Basin, Altay and Eastern Kazakhstan.
Conventional archaeological understanding tended to date at around 2000–2500 BC. However radiocarbon gave dates as early as 3705 BC on wooden tools and 2874 BC on human remains. The earliest of these dates have now been rejected, giving a date of around 3300 BC for the start of the culture.
The culture is mainly known from its inhumations, with the deceased buried in conic or rectangular enclosures, often in a supine position, reminiscent of burials of the Yamna culture, believed to be Indo-European. Settlements have also been discovered. The Afanasevo people became the first food-producers in the area by breeding cattle, horses, and sheep. Metal objects and the presence of wheeled vehicles are documented. These resemblances to the Yamna culture make the Afanasevo culture is a strong candidate to represent the earliest cultural form of a people later called the Tocharians. But also some evidences shows there is link between Turkic peoples and Afenesovo culture
The culture became known from excavations in the Minusinsk area of the Krasnoyarsk Krai, southern Siberia, but the culture was also widespread in western Mongolia, northern Xinjiang, and eastern and central Kazakhstan, with connections or extensions in Tajikistan and the Aral area.
The Afanasevo culture was succeeded by the Andronovo culture as it spread eastwards, and later the Karasuk culture.
Notes
- S. Svyatko et al. 2009. New Radiocarbon Dates and a Review of the Chronology of Prehistoric Populations from the Minusinsk Basin, Southern Siberia, Russia. Radiocarbon 2009.1, 243–273 & appendix I p.266
- D.W. Anthony, Two IE phylogenies, three PIE migrations, and four kinds of steppe pastoralism, The Journal of Language Relationship, vol. 9 (2013), pp. 1-21.
- Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 264–265, 308. ISBN 978-0-691-05887-0.
- James P. Mallory, Victor H. Mair. The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. London.
- Клейн Л. С. Миграция тохаров в свете археологии // Stratum plus. Т. 2. С. 178—187.
- The Turks Encyclopedia, quote: "It is hard to precisely specify the beginning of Turkish history. There is a high probability that the oldest culture of Central Asia, the so-called Anav Culture, which was unearthed at the end of toilsome archaeological and anthropological research and has a history that goes back to 4000 B.C., has ties to proto-Turks. As we move forward into the more recent millennia of history, we more clearly see the linkage between the cultures of Kelteminar and Afenesavo (3000 B.C.), Andronova (1700 B.C.), Karasuk (1200 B.C.), Tagar and Tashtyk (700 B.C.) and proto-Turks. There is plenty of scientific evidence proving this linkage, most notably among archaeological findings obtained from the Pazyryk and Issyk mounds".
Sources
- H. P. Francfort, The Archeology of Protohistoric Central Asia and the Problems of Identifying Indo-European and Uralic-Speaking populations (review)
- Kozshin, P, "O psaliach is afanasievskih mogil", Sovetskaya Archeologiya 4, 189–93 (1970)
- Einführung in die Ethnologie Zentralasiens Marion Linska, Andrea Handl, Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek (2003) (.doc version)
- Mallory, J. P. (1997), "Afanasevo Culture", Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Fitzroy Dearborn.
- Mallory, J. P.; Mair, Victor H. (2000), The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West, London: Thames & Hudson.