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Revision as of 06:55, 24 June 2006 view sourceTamfang (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers57,138 editsm →Common Effects of Stalking on a Victim’s Physiological Health:: dab← Previous edit Revision as of 03:07, 26 June 2006 view source Alienus (talk | contribs)7,662 editsm Hi, Tony!!!Next edit →
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According to the National Center For The Victims Of Crime, 1 out of every 12 women will be stalked during her lifetime. 1 out of 45 men will be stalked during his lifetime. Over one million women and nearly 380,000 men are stalked annually. Exactly like any other crime or clinical disorder, stalking exists on a continuum of severity. The stalking may be so subtle that the victim may not even aware that it is happening, or the perpetrator may have no malicious intent. They may even have a sincere belief that the victim would like them, or have a desire to help the victim. Most cases of stalking do not ever rise to extreme levels of violence or harassment. According to the National Center For The Victims Of Crime, 1 out of every 12 women will be stalked during her lifetime. 1 out of 45 men will be stalked during his lifetime. Over one million women and nearly 380,000 men are stalked annually. Exactly like any other crime or clinical disorder, stalking exists on a continuum of severity. The stalking may be so subtle that the victim may not even aware that it is happening, or the perpetrator may have no malicious intent. They may even have a sincere belief that the victim would like them, or have a desire to help the victim. Most cases of stalking do not ever rise to extreme levels of violence or harassment.


Many other stalking cases are not sexually motivated at all. It must be recalled that the essence of stalking is, besides as a means to obtain private information about someone else, sometimes a way of inflicting '''menace'''. This is a tactic commonly employed by ] against their enemies, and many unscrupulous ] employ underworld-associated people to use this capability to their advantage, often victimizing the innocent{{fact}}. Many other stalking cases are not sexually motivated at all. It must be recalled that the essence of stalking is, besides as a means to obtain private information about someone else, sometimes a way of inflicting '''menace'''. This is a tactic commonly employed by ] against their enemies, and many unscrupulous ] employ underworld-associated people to use this capability to their advantage, often victimizing the innocent {{fact}}.


Governments, particularly authoritarian ones, can also employ stalking as an obvious form of ] against ]s and people whom they perceive as enemies of the state. This tactic is often abused to repress ] and opposition. It is not uncommon for the ] to have an ] or a number of informants follow suspected dissidents and report on their activities. (See also ].) Governments, particularly authoritarian ones, can also employ stalking as an obvious form of ] against ]s and people whom they perceive as enemies of the state. This tactic is often abused to repress ] and opposition. It is not uncommon for the ] to have an ] or a number of informants follow suspected dissidents and report on their activities. (See also ].)
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'''Resentful stalkers:''' pursue a vendetta because of a sense of grievance against the victims - motivated mainly by the desire to frighten and distress the victim. '''Resentful stalkers:''' pursue a vendetta because of a sense of grievance against the victims - motivated mainly by the desire to frighten and distress the victim.


'''Intimacy seekers:''' The intimacy seeker seeks to establish an intimate, loving relationship with their victim. To them, the victim is a long sought-after soul mate, and they were meant to be together. Also, they may have the delusion that the victim is in love with them--usually called erotomania. '''Intimacy seekers:''' The intimacy seeker seeks to establish an intimate, loving relationship with their victim. To them, the victim is a long sought-after soul mate, and they were meant to be together. Also, they may have the delusion that the victim is in love with them--usually called erotomania.


'''Eroto-manic stalker:''' This stalker believes that the victim is in love with them. The erotomaniac reinterprets what their victim says and does to support the delusion, and is convinced that the imagined romance will eventually become a permanent union. They often target a celebrity or a person of a higher social status. '''Eroto-manic stalker:''' This stalker believes that the victim is in love with them. The erotomaniac reinterprets what their victim says and does to support the delusion, and is convinced that the imagined romance will eventually become a permanent union. They often target a celebrity or a person of a higher social status.

Revision as of 03:07, 26 June 2006

Abuse
Types
Related topics
For other uses, see Stalking (disambiguation).

Stalking is a legal term for repeated harassment or other forms of invasion of a person's privacy in a manner that causes fear to its target. Statutes vary between jurisdiction but may include such acts as:

  • repeated following;
  • unwanted contact (by letter or other means of communication);
  • observing a person's actions closely for an extended period of time; or
  • contacting family members, friends, or associates of a target inappropriately;

Motives

Many stalking cases come out of previous relationships, and are conducted by people who are otherwise considered "normal". A sizable minority of stalking cases, typically the more severe and lengthy ones, are sometimes done out of a pathological obsession or derangement. Stalking is often a form of psychological abuse.

Stalking may involve the intent to acquire private information or objects. Common victims of stalking include:

  • ex-husbands/wives
  • ex-boyfriends/girlfriends (somebody stalking an ex-lover whom they want back, or even a present lover of an ex-lover, or other cases of unrequited love)
  • people in highly visible or social professions, such as teachers, counsellors, doctors and celebrities (a fan stalking a celebrity, or public figure)
  • prominent dissidents, political or otherwise
  • whistleblowers, activists, revenge for hire

According to the National Center For The Victims Of Crime, 1 out of every 12 women will be stalked during her lifetime. 1 out of 45 men will be stalked during his lifetime. Over one million women and nearly 380,000 men are stalked annually. Exactly like any other crime or clinical disorder, stalking exists on a continuum of severity. The stalking may be so subtle that the victim may not even aware that it is happening, or the perpetrator may have no malicious intent. They may even have a sincere belief that the victim would like them, or have a desire to help the victim. Most cases of stalking do not ever rise to extreme levels of violence or harassment.

Many other stalking cases are not sexually motivated at all. It must be recalled that the essence of stalking is, besides as a means to obtain private information about someone else, sometimes a way of inflicting menace. This is a tactic commonly employed by underworld organisations against their enemies, and many unscrupulous debt-collection agencies employ underworld-associated people to use this capability to their advantage, often victimizing the innocent .

Governments, particularly authoritarian ones, can also employ stalking as an obvious form of surveillance against criminals and people whom they perceive as enemies of the state. This tactic is often abused to repress dissent and opposition. It is not uncommon for the secret police to have an informant or a number of informants follow suspected dissidents and report on their activities. (See also police state.)

Mullen et al (2000) identify six types of stalkers:

Rejection stalkers: pursue their victims in order to reverse, correct or avenge a rejection (e.g. divorce, separation, termination).

Resentful stalkers: pursue a vendetta because of a sense of grievance against the victims - motivated mainly by the desire to frighten and distress the victim.

Intimacy seekers: The intimacy seeker seeks to establish an intimate, loving relationship with their victim. To them, the victim is a long sought-after soul mate, and they were meant to be together. Also, they may have the delusion that the victim is in love with them--usually called erotomania.

Eroto-manic stalker: This stalker believes that the victim is in love with them. The erotomaniac reinterprets what their victim says and does to support the delusion, and is convinced that the imagined romance will eventually become a permanent union. They often target a celebrity or a person of a higher social status.

Incompetent suitor: despite poor social/courting skills, possess a sense of entitlement to an intimate relationship with those who have attracted their amorous interest.

Predatory stalker: spy on the victim in to prepare and plan an attack - usually sexual – on the victim.

Laws on stalking

The laws against stalking in different jurisdictions vary, and so do the definitions. Some make the act illegal as it stands, while others do only if the stalking becomes threatening or endangers the receiving end. The first law to criminalise stalking in developed countries is the one in California, enacted in 1990. Within seven years thereafter, every state in the United States and some other common-law jurisdictions followed suit to create the crime of stalking, perhaps under different names such as criminal harassment or criminal menace. In England and Wales, liability may arise in the event that the victim suffers either mental or physical harm as a result of being stalked (see R. v. Constanza).

Many states in the US also recognize stalking as grounds for issuance of a civil restraining order. Since this requires a lower burden of proof than a criminal charge, laws recognizing non-criminal allegations of stalking suffer the same risk of abuse seen with false allegations of domestic violence.

In 2000, Japan enacted a national law to combat this behaviour. However, the nature of the acts of stalking can be viewed as acts "interfering the tranquility of others' lives", and are prohibited under petty offence laws in China, made in 1987 (replaced by a new law, but the substance is preserved). Stalking, as in the context of organised crimes suppression, is expressly forbidden under Macau's laws.

Slang meanings of "stalk" are often used imprecisely without the malicious sense often associated with stalking.

Effects of Stalking

Common effects of stalking on a victim's mental and emotional health include:

Common Effects of Stalking on a Victim’s Physiological Health:

  • ,,,

Stalked public figures

In some celebrity stalking cases, the behaviour is quite harmless. In other cases, however, the celebrities being targeted:

For a detailed list of stalked celebrities, see List of stalked celebrities.

See also

External links

Category: