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| <small><center>Please note that this article is specifically about the dried up, smoked variant of—and not to be confused with—the drug ].</center></small> | |||
| , and smoked to get a high from the THC]] | |||
| ] | |||
| '''Marijuana''' (also spelled '''marihuana''') is a ] that results from drying the leaves and buds of the female (and sometimes male) plants in the '']'' genus, also known as hemp plants. This variant of the plant is rolled into either a ] or a ] and smoked (inhaled) in order to unlock the ] contained within the plant and get it to the brain's ].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=marijuana |dictionary=Merriam-Webster |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Incorporated |location=Springfield|accessdate= 26 April 2014}}</ref> Marijuana also has ] in it, which acts as an anti-psychotic.<ref>{{cite journal |last=West |first=David P. |date=February 27, 1998 |title=Hemp and Marijuana: Myths and Realities |url=http://www.naihc.org/hemp_information/content/hemp.mj.html |publisher=North American Hemp Council |accessdate=24 April 2014}}</ref> Marijuana is also used to make foods (such as brownies and cookies) that have a psychoactive effect after eating them.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/marijuana6.htm |title=How Marijuana Works |last1=Bonsor |first1=Kevin |last2=Gerbis |first2=Nicholas |date=02 July 2001 |website=] |publisher=HowStuffWorks, Inc. |accessdate=26 April 2014}}</ref> | |||
| ==Etymology== | |||
| The word "marijuana" is used both for the ] plant and for one of the ] made from it.<ref name=OED>{{cite web |title=Marijuana |work=] |volume= |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/114102?redirectedFrom=marijuana#eid |date=June 2013}}</ref> The form ''marihuana'' is first attested in ]; it then spread to other varieties of ] and to ], ], and other languages.<ref name=OED/><ref name=histories>{{cite book |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |author=American Heritage Dictionaries |title=Spanish Word Histories and Mysteries: English Words That Come From Spanish |pages=142–143 |year=2007 |isbn=0-618-91054-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTYBbGybtNEC&q=marijuana#v=snippet&q=marijuana&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| The term was originally spelled variously as ''marihuana'', ''mariguana'', etc. in ].<ref name=histories/> The ultimate derivation is unknown. According to the '']'', it may come from the ] ''mallihuan'', meaning prisoner.<ref name=OED/> Author ] notes that this etymology was popularized by ] in the 1930s, during his campaigns against the drug.<ref>{{cite book |title= Cannabis: A History |last= Booth |first= Martin |authorlink= Martin Booth|coauthors= |year= 2005 |publisher= Picador |location= |isbn= |page= |pages= 179–180 |url= |accessdate=}}</ref> However, linguist Jason D. Haugen finds no semantic basis for a connection to ''mallihuan'', suggesting that the phonetic similarity may be "a case of accidental ]".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haugen |first1=Jason D.|year= |title=Borrowed Borrowings: Nahuatl Loan Words in English |journal=Lexis: E-Journal in English Lexicology |volume=3 |issue= |pages=63–106 |issn=1951-6215 |url=http://screcherche.univ-lyon3.fr/lexis/IMG/pdf/Lexis_3.pdf#page=63 |accessdate=August 8, 2011}}</ref>{{rp|94}} | |||
| Additionally, traditional association with the personal name María Juana ("Mary Jane") is probably a ]. The original Mexican Spanish used forms with the letter 'h' (''marihuana''). Forms using the letter 'j' (''marijuana'') seem to be an innovation of English, though they later appeared in French and in Spanish, probably due to English influence.<ref name=OED/><ref>"Marijuana". ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary'', V3.0, 1999.</ref> | |||
| The word entered into English usage in the late 19th century. According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the first known appearance of a form of the word in that language is in ]'s 1873 ''The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America''.<ref name=OED/> Other early variants include ''marihuma'' first recorded in 1905, ''marihuano'' in 1912, and ''marahuana'' in 1914.<ref>Dale H. Gieringer (2006), , Contemporary Drug Problems, Federal Legal Publication.</ref> Through the early 20th century, however, both the drug and the plant were more commonly known as "]" or "]". "Marihuana"'s currency in ] increased dramatically in the 1930s, when it was preferred as an exotic-sounding alternative name during the debates of the drug's use.<ref name=OED/> It has been suggested that it was promoted by opponents of the drug, who wanted to stigmatize it with a "foreign-sounding name".<ref name=histories/> | |||
| Some references prefer the term "cannabis", for instance in the ]. Laws in the United States, such as the ], often use the term "marihuana" or "marijuana," and many ] organizations in the U.S., such as the ] and the ], also use this term. However, some supporters of legalization eschew "marijuana" in favor of the more scientific cannabis, as they consider the former pejorative.<ref>{{cite news |title= Don’t Call It ‘Pot’ in This Circle; It’s a Profession|first= McKinley|last= Jesse|newspaper= ]|date= April 23, 2010|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/24/us/24pot.html |accessdate=March 24, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| ==Penalties== | |||
| ===Possession=== | |||
| In the United States, Marijuana is federally illegal. The penalties go from 15 days in jail with a fine no more than $1000 (first offense) up to 3 years in jail and a fine no more than $5000. Crimes for Possession of marijuana are considered ].<ref name="penalties">{{cite web |url=http://norml.org/laws/item/federal-penalties-2 |title=FEDERAL Laws & Penalties |website=] |publisher=NORML Foundation |accessdate=26 April 2014}}</ref> | |||
| ===Sale=== | |||
| For the sale of less than 110 lbs. of the substance there is a fine of up to $250,000 and up to 5 years in prison. Selling 110-218 lbs. worth of marijuana has a fine not to exceed $1,000,000 and up to 20 years in prison. For the sale of 220 to 2,202 lbs. of marijuana, the penalty is a minimum of 5 years in prison, up to a maximum of 40 years incarcerated with a fine up to $500,000. For sales over 2,202 lbs., the accused my serve a minimum of 10 years in prison, up to a maximum of life and may have a fine of at most $1,000,000. Crimes for the sales of marijuana are considered ].<ref name="penalties"/> | |||
| ===Cultivation=== | |||
| For the growing of less than 50 plants, the penalty is not to exceed 5 years in prison and a $250,000 fine. Growing 50 to 99 plants carries up to 20 years of prison time and a fine not to exceed $1,000,000. Penalties for the growth of 100-999 plants are 5-40 years in prison with up to a $500,000 fine. For 1000 plants or more being cultivated, there are penalties of a fine up to $1,000,000 and a minimum 10-year prison sentence (the maximum being life). Crimes of cultivation of marijuana are considered felonies as well.<ref name="penalties"/> | |||
| ===Paraphernalia=== | |||
| Selling explicit marijuana paraphernalia has a possible penalty of 3 years in prison and is considered a felony.<ref name="penalties"/> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{Portal|Cannabis}} | |||
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| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| {{wiktionary|marijuana}} | |||
| {{commons|Marijuana}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| *, Alan Piper, '']'' 153, 2005. | |||
| *, Kevin Bonsor; Nicholas Gerbis, "How Marijuana Works". | |||
| {{cannabis resources}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Marijuana (Word)}} | |||
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Revision as of 12:27, 1 May 2014
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