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{{Latin letter info|s}} |
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{{Latin letter info|s}} |
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'''S''' ([[English alphabet#Letter |
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'''S''' (] ''ess'' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|s}},<ref>Spelled 'es'- in compound words</ref> plural ''esses''<ref>"S", ''],'' 2nd edition (1989); ''Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged'' (1993); "ess," op. cit.</ref>) is the nineteenth (19th) ] in the ]. |
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==History== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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! Phoenician <br/> '']'' |
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! Etruscan<br> S |
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! Greek <br/> '']'' |
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| style="width:33%" | ] |
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| style="width:33%" | ] |
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| style="width:33%" | ] |
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] ] ("teeth") represented a ] {{IPA|/ʃ/}} (as in '<b/>''sh''ip'). ] did not have this sound, so the Greek ] (Σ) came to represent {{IPA|/s/}}. In ] and ], the {{IPA|/s/}} value was maintained, and only in modern languages has the letter been used to represent other sounds. |
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===Long s=== |
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The ] form of 's' was 'ſ', called the ], up to the fourteenth century or so, and the form 'S' was used then only as uppercase in the same manner that the forms 'G' and 'A' are only uppercase. With the introduction of printing, the modern form 's' began to be used at the end of words by some printers. Later, it was used everywhere in print and eventually spread to manuscript letters as well. For example, "sinfulness" would be rendered as "ſinfulneſſ" in all medieval hands, and later it was "ſinfulneſs" in some ] hands and in print. The modern spelling "sinfulness" did not become widespread in print until the beginning of the 19th century, largely to prevent confusion of 'ſ' with the lowercase ']' in typefaces which had a very short horizontal stroke in their lowercase 'f'. The ] of 'ſs' (or 'ſz') became the ] ''ess-tsett'', ']'. |
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It is commonly believed that it was the London printer ] (1745–1831) who popularized the modern "round s", in place of the elongated 'ſ', although exactly when he did this is unclear. In his multivolume series, ''The British Theatre'', he began using the short form instead of the elongated letter circa 1785, not entirely at first but in later years more and more consistently. His edition of Shakespeare, in 1785, was advertised with the claim that he "ventured to depart from the common mode by rejecting the long 'ſ' in favor of the round one, as being less liable to error....."<ref>Stanley Morison, ''A Memoir of John Bell, 1745–1831'' (1930, Cambridge Univ. Press) page 105; Daniel Berkeley Updike, ''Printing Types, Their History, Forms, and Use – a study in survivals'' (2nd. ed, 1951, Harvard Univ. Press) page 293.</ref> In the field of more ephemeral publications, Bell began a London newspaper called ''The World'', of which it has been said that a "vital change ... first made in ''The World'', entitled No. 1 of that paper (for Monday, January 1, 1787) to be chronicled in any kalendar of typographical progress: the abolition of the long 'ſ'...."<ref>Stanley Morison, ''A Memoir of John Bell, 1745–1831'' (1930, Cambridge Univ. Press) page 118.</ref> Bell may have popularized it, but he did not invent it; in his letter of March 26, 1786 to Francis Childs, Benjamin Franklin wrote "the Round s .... begins to be the Mode, and in nice printing the Long 'ſ' is rejected entirely." |
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== Usage == |
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The letter S represents the ] or ] {{IPA|/s/}} in most languages and the IPA. It also commonly represents the ] or ] {{IPA|/z/}}, as in ] '' 'mesa' '' or English 'rose' and 'bands', or may represent the ] {{IPA|}}, as in most ] when syllable-finally, in ], in ] (before 'p', 't') and some English words as 'sugar', since ] became a dominant feature, and {{IPA|}}, as in English 'measure' (also because of yod-coalescence), ] '' 'Islão' '' or, in many sociolects of ], '' 'esdrúxulo','' while in some ], it is merged with ] 'c' and 'z' and pronounced {{IPA|}}. |
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"Sh" is a common letter combination in English; when used as a digraph the two letters represent {{IPA|}} in every instance. |
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The letter S is the seventh most common letter in ] and the third-most common consonant (after ']' and ']'). In English and many other languages, primarily ] ones like ] and ], final 's' is the usual mark of ] ]s. It also usually indicates English ] ] ]s. |
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==Related letters and other similar characters== |
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{{columns-list|2| |
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*Σ σ : ] |
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*{{Unicode|S̈ s̈}}: ] |
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*С с : ] |
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*Ц ц : ] |
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*{{unicode|ẞ ß}} : ] or "sharp S" |
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*ſ : ] |
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*ſ : ] |
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*{{IPA|ʃ}} : ] (used in the ] for the ]) |
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*{{IPA|ʃ}} : ] (used in the ] for the ]) |
Media related to S at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of S at Wiktionary
