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| {{Refimprove|date=January 2013}} | |||
| {{Japanese name|Fukuzawa}} | |||
| {{Infobox person | |||
| |name=Fukuzawa Yukichi | |||
| |image=FukuzawaYukichi.jpg | |||
| |image_size=200px | |||
| |caption=Fukuzawa Yukichi<br />] in Paris, 1862. | |||
| |birth_date={{birth-date|January 10 1835|January 10 1835 }} | |||
| |death_date={{death-date|February 3 1901|February 3 1901 }} (aged 66) | |||
| |birth_place= Nakacheu, ], ] | |||
| |death_place= ], Japan | |||
| |other_names = 子圍, 三十一谷人 | |||
| }} | |||
| {{nihongo|'''Fukuzawa Yukichi'''|福澤 諭吉|extra=January 10, 1835 – February 3, 1901}} was a ] author, ] writer, teacher, ], ] and ] who founded ], the newspaper ''Jiji-Shinpo'' and the ]. He was an early ]ese civil rights activist and liberal ideologist. His ideas about government and social institutions made a lasting impression on a rapidly changing ] during the ]. He is regarded as one of the founders of modern Japan. He is called a Japanese ]. | |||
| == Early life == | |||
| ] | |||
| Fukuzawa Yukichi was born into an impoverished low-ranking ] family of the Okudaira Clan of ] (now ], ]) in 1835. His family lived in Osaka, the main trading center for Japan at the time.<ref name="unesco">{{Harvtxt|Nishikawa|1993}}</ref> His family was poor following the early death of his father, who was also a Confucian scholar. At the age of 5 he started ], and by the time he turned 14 had studied major writings such as the '']'', '']'', '']'' and '']''.{{cn|date=January 2014}} Fukuzawa was greatly influenced by his lifelong teacher, Shōzan Shiraishi, who was a scholar of ] and ]. When he turned 19 in 1854, shortly after Commodore ]'s arrival in Japan, Fukuzawa's brother (the family patriarch) asked Yukichi to travel to ], where the ] colony at ] was located, in order to enter a school of Dutch studies ''(]). '' He instructed Yukichi to learn ] so that he might study European cannon designs and gunnery. | |||
| ]'', members of the ]. Fukuzawa Yukichi sits on the right.]] | |||
| ] | |||
| Although Fukuzawa did travel to Nagasaki, his stay was brief as he quickly began to outshine his host in Nagasaki, Okudaira Iki. Okudaira planned to get rid of Fukuzawa by writing a letter saying that Fukuzawa's mother was ill. Seeing through the fake letter Fukuzawa planned to travel to ] and continue his studies there because he knew he would not be able to in his home domain, ], but upon his return to Osaka, his brother persuaded him to stay and enroll at the ] school run by physician and ''rangaku'' scholar ]. Fukuzawa studied at Tekijuku for three years and became fully proficient in the Dutch language. In 1858, he was appointed official Dutch teacher of his family's domain, ], and was sent to Edo to teach the family's vassals there. | |||
| The following year, Japan opened up three of its ports to American and European ships, and Fukuzawa, intrigued with ], traveled to ] to see them. When he arrived, he discovered that virtually all of the European merchants there were speaking ] rather than Dutch. He then began to study English, but at that time, English-Japanese interpreters were rare and dictionaries nonexistent, so his studies were slow. | |||
| In 1859, the ] sent ]. Fukuzawa volunteered his services to Admiral ]. Kimura's ship, the ], arrived in ] in 1860. The delegation stayed in the city for a month, during which time Fukuzawa had himself photographed with an American girl, and also found a ], from which he began serious study of the English language. | |||
| == Political movements == | |||
| ]. (Washington shipyard).]] | |||
| Upon his return in 1860, Fukuzawa became an official translator for the ]. Shortly thereafter he brought out his first publication, an English-Japanese ] which he called "Kaei Tsūgo" (translated from a ]-English dictionary) which was a beginning for his series of later books. In 1862, he visited ] as one of the two English translators in bakufu's 40-man embassy, the ]. During its year in Europe, the Embassy conducted ]s with ], ], the ], ], and finally ]. In Russia, the embassy unsuccessfully negotiated for the southern end of ] (in Japanese ]). | |||
| The information collected during these travels resulted in his famous work ''Seiyō Jijō'' ({{lang|ja|西洋事情}}, "Things western"), which he published in ten volumes in 1867, 1868 and 1870. The books describe western culture and institutions in simple, easy to understand terms, and they became immediate best-sellers. Fukuzawa was soon regarded as the foremost expert on all things western, leading him to conclude that his mission in life was to educate his countrymen in new ways of thinking in order to enable Japan to resist European ]. | |||
| In 1868 he changed the name of the school he had established to teach Dutch to ], and from then on devoted all his time to education. While Keiō's initial identity was that of a private school of Western studies (Keio-gijuku), it expanded and established its first university faculty in 1890. Under the name ], it became a leader in Japanese higher education. | |||
| In 1901, Fukuzawa Yukichi was buried at ], in the ] area of Tokyo. Alumni of Keio-Gijuku University hold a ceremony there every year on February 3. | |||
| == Works == | |||
| Fukuzawa's writings may have been the foremost of the ] and ]. | |||
| === English-Japanese dictionary === | |||
| On 1860, he published ''English-Japanese dictionary'' ("Zōtei Kaei Tsūgo"). It was his first publication. He bought ''English-Chinese dictionary'' ("Kaei Tsūgo") at San Francisco on 1860. He translated it to Japanese and he added the Japanese translations to the original textbook. In his book, he invented the new Japanese characters VU ({{lang|ja|ヴ}}) to represent the pronunciation of VU and VA ({{lang|ja|ヷ}}) to represent the pronunciation of VA. For example, the name ] is written by {{lang|ja|ベートー'''ヴ'''ェン}} in Japanese now. | |||
| === All the countries of the world, for children written in verse === | |||
| His famous textbook ''Sekai Kunizukushi'' ("All the countries of the world, for children written in verse", 1869) became a best seller and was used as an official school textbook. His inspiration for writing the books came when he tried to teach world geography to his sons. At the time there were no textbooks on the subject, so he decided to write one himself. He started by buying a few Japanese geography books for children, named ''Miyakoji'' ("City roads") and ''Edo hōgaku'' ("Tokyo maps"), and practiced reading them aloud. He then wrote ''Sekai Kunizukushi'' in six volumes in the same lyrical style. The first volume covered Asian countries, the second volume detailed African countries, European countries were discussed in the third, South American countries in the fourth, and North American countries and Australia in the fifth. Finally, the sixth volume was an appendix that gave an introduction to world geography. | |||
| === An Encouragement of Learning === | |||
| " (1872), written by Fukuzawa Yukichi and Obata Tokujirō.]] | |||
| Between 1872 and 1876, he published 17 volumes of ''Gakumon no Susume'' ("An Encouragement of Learning" or more idiomatically "On Studying"<ref>]</ref>). In these texts, Fukuzawa outlines the importance of understanding the principle of equality of opportunity and that study was the key to greatness. He was an avid supporter of education and believed in a firm mental foundation through education and studiousness. In the volumes of ''Gakumon no Susume'', influenced by ''Elements of Moral Science'' (1835, 1856 ed.) by ] President ], Fukuzawa advocated his most lasting principle, "national independence through personal independence." Through personal independence, an individual does not have to depend on the strength of another. With such a self-determining social morality, Fukuzawa hoped to instill a sense of personal strength among the people of Japan, and through that personal strength, build a nation to rival all others. His understanding was that western society had become powerful relative to other countries at the time because western countries fostered ], ] (independence), ] and exchange of ideas. | |||
| === ''An Outline of a Theory of Civilization'' === | |||
| '' (1875).]] | |||
| Fukuzawa published many influential essays and critical works. A particularly prominent example is ''Bunmeiron no Gairyaku'' ("An Outline of a Theory of Civilization"<ref>]</ref>) published in 1875, in which he details his own theory of civilization. It was influenced by ''Histoire de la civilisation en Europe'' (1828; Eng. trans in 1846) by ] and '']'' (1872-1873, 2nd London ed.) by ]. According to Fukuzawa, civilization is relative to time and circumstance, as well in comparison. For example, at the time ] was relatively civilized in comparison to some ]n colonies, and European nations were the most civilized of all. | |||
| Colleagues in the ] intellectual society shared many of Fukuzawa's views, which he published in his contributions to ''Meiroku Zasshi'' (Meiji Six Magazine), a scholarly journal he helped publish. In his books and journals, he often wrote about the word "civilization" and what it meant. He advocated a move toward "civilization", by which he meant material and spiritual well-being, which elevated human life to a "higher plane". Because material and spiritual well-being corresponded to knowledge and "virtue," to "move toward civilization" was to advance and pursue knowledge and virtue themselves. He contended that people could find the answer to their life or their present situation from "civilization." Furthermore, the difference between the weak and the powerful and large and small was just a matter of difference between their knowledge and education. | |||
| He argued that Japan shouldn't import guns and materials. Instead it should support the acquisition of knowledge, which would eventually take care of the material necessities. He talked of the Japanese concept of being ] or ] (], jitsugaku) and the building of things that are basic and useful to other people. In short, to Fukuzawa, "civilization" essentially meant the furthering of knowledge and education. | |||
| == Criticism == | |||
| Fukuzawa was later criticized as a supporter of Japanese ] because of an essay "]" ("Escape from Asia") published in 1885 and posthumously attributed to him, as well as for his support of the ] (1894–1895). Yet, "Datsu-A Ron" was actually a response to a failed attempt by ] to organize an effective reform faction. The essay was published as a withdrawal of his support. Nevertheless the assistance provided to radical Koreans during this era was never intended to lead to complete independence for the peninsula, but on the contrary sought to bring Korea under ever greater Japanese influence. This was amply demonstrated by the power-plays undertaken in Korea by both Koreans supported by Fukuzawa and the ] during the First Sino-Japanese War. | |||
| According to ''Fukuzawa Yukichi no Shinjitsu'' ("The Truth of Fukuzawa Yukichi", 2004, ISBN 4-16-660394-9) by ], this view is a misunderstanding due to the influence of ], who was the author of a biography of Fukuzawa (1932) and the editor of his ''Complete Works'' (1925–1926 and 1933–1934). According to Hirayama, Ishikawa inserted anonymous editorials into the ''Complete Works'', and inserted historically inaccurate material into his biography. In fact, says Hirayama, Fukuzawa did criticize the Chinese and Korean governments but he did not discriminate against the Chinese and Korean people. Discriminatory statements attributed to Fukuzawa, he says, were actually due to Ishikawa. | |||
| {{cquote|The material in ''Fukuzawa Yukichi Complete Works'' (1958-1964) volumes 1 to 7 must be distinguished from that in volumes 8 to 16. Volumes 1 to 7 contain signed works, but the Jiji Shinpō editorials in volumes 8 to 16 are almost all unsigned works chosen by Ishikawa. Six of the editorials in volume 16 were written six months after Fukuzawa's death, and of course cannot have been written by Fukuzawa.}} | |||
| == Legacy == | |||
| ] | |||
| Fukuzawa's most important contribution to the reformation effort, though, came in the form of a newspaper called '']'' ({{lang|ja|時事新報}}, "Current Events"), which he started in 1882, after being prompted by ], ], and ] to establish a strong influence among the people through publishing. All agreed the government should take the form of a ], and as reforms began, Fukuzawa, whose fame was already unquestionable, began production of ''Jiji Shinpo'', which received wide circulation, encouraging the people to enlighten themselves and to adopt a moderate political attitude towards the change that was being engineered within the social and political structures of Japan. He translated many books and journals into Japanese on a wide variety of subjects, including ], the ], ] and ], and published many books (in multiple volumes) and journals himself describing western society, his own ] and change, etc. | |||
| ] banknote engraved by ].]] | |||
| Fukuzawa was one of the most influential people ever that helped Japan modernize into the country it is today. He never accepted any high position and stayed a normal Japanese citizen for his whole life. By the time of his death, he was revered as one of the founders of modern Japan. All of his work was written and was released at a critical juncture in the Japanese society and uncertainty for the Japanese people about their future after the signing of the ], their realization in the weakness of the Japanese government at the time (Tokugawa Shogunate) and its inability to repel the American and European influence. It should also be noted that there were bands of ] that forcefully opposed the Americans and Europeans and their friends through murder and destruction. Fukuzawa was in danger of his life as a samurai group killed one of his colleagues for advocating policies like those of Fukuzawa. Fukuzawa wrote at a time when the Japanese people were undecided on whether they should be bitter about the American and European forced treaties and imperialism, or to understand the West and move forward. Fukuzawa greatly aided the ultimate success of the pro-modernization forces. | |||
| Fukuzawa appears on the current 10,000-] banknote and has been compared to ] in the ]. Franklin appears on the similarly-valued ]. Although all other figures appearing on Japanese banknotes changed when the recent redesign was released, Fukuzawa remained on the 10,000-yen note. | |||
| <!-- | |||
| As a marketing gimmick, Fukuzawa's portrait from the 10,000-yen note is used on the packaging of a weight-loss product marketed primarily to Spanish-speaking customers as "Te Chino del Dr. Ming" (Chinese Tea of Dr. Ming). {{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} | |||
| --> | |||
| ] in ]]] | |||
| Yukichi Fukuzawa's former residence in the city of ] in ] is a Nationally Designated Cultural Asset. The house and the Yukichi Fukuzawa Memorial Hall are the major tourist attractions of this city.<ref>], p. 36.</ref> | |||
| Yukichi Fukuzawa was a firm believer that Western education surpassed Japan's. However, he did not like the idea of debates in parliaments. As early as 1860, Yukichi Fukuzawa traveled to ] and the ]. He believed that the problem in ] was the undervalued mathematics and science.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}} Also, these suffered from a "lack of the idea of independence." The Japanese conservatives were not happy about Fukuzawa's view of Western education. Since he was a family friend of conservatives, he took their stand to heart. Fukuzawa admitted that he went a little too far.<ref>], p. 37.</ref> | |||
| One words sums up his entire theme and that is "independence." Yukichi Fukuzawa believed that national independence was the framework to society in the West. However, to achieve this independence, as well as personal independence, Fukuzawa advocated Western learning. He believed that public virtue would increase as people became more educated.<ref name="unesco" /> | |||
| == Bibliography == | |||
| === Original Japanese Books === | |||
| # (''Zōtei Kaei Tsūgo'', 1860) | |||
| # (''Seiyō Jijō'', 1866, 1868 and 1870) | |||
| # (''Raijyū Sōhō'', 1867) | |||
| # (''Seiyō Tabiannai'', 1867) | |||
| # (''Jyōyaku Jyūichi-kokki'', 1867) | |||
| # (''Seiyō Isyokujyū'', 1867) | |||
| # (''Heishi Kaicyū Binran'', 1868) | |||
| # (''Kinmō Kyūri Zukai'', 1868) | |||
| # (''Yōhei Meikan'', 1869) | |||
| # (''Shōcyū Bankoku-Ichiran'', 1869) | |||
| # (''Eikoku Gijiindan'', 1869) | |||
| # (''Shin-ei Kosai-shimatsu'', 1869) | |||
| # (''Sekai Kunizukushi'', 1869) | |||
| # (''Hibi no Oshie'', 1871) - These books were written for Fukuzawa's first son Ichitarō and second son Sutejirō. | |||
| # (''Keimō Tenarai-no-Fumi'', 1871) | |||
| # (''Gakumon no Susume'', 1872–1876) | |||
| # (''Dōmō Oshie-Gusa'', 1872) | |||
| # (''Katawa Musume'', 1872) | |||
| # (''Kaireki-Ben'', 1873) | |||
| # (''Chōai-no-Hō'', 1873) | |||
| # (''Nihon Chizu Sōshi'', 1873) | |||
| # (''Moji-no-Oshie'', 1873) | |||
| # (''Kaigi-Ben'', 1874) | |||
| # (''Bunmeiron no Gairyaku'', 1875) | |||
| # (''Gakusya Anshinron'', 1876) | |||
| # (''Bunkenron'', 1877) | |||
| # (''Minkan Keizairoku'', 1877) | |||
| # (''Fukuzawa Bunsyū'', 1878) | |||
| # (''Tsūkaron'', 1878) | |||
| # (''Tsūzoku Minkenron'', 1878) | |||
| # (''Tsūzoku Kokkenron'', 1878) | |||
| # (''Minjyō Ittushin'', 1879) | |||
| # (''Kokkairon'', 1879) | |||
| # (''Jiji Shōgen'', 1881) | |||
| # (''Jiji Taiseiron'', 1882) | |||
| # (''Teishitsuron'', 1882) | |||
| # (''Heiron'', 1882) | |||
| # (''Tokuiku-Ikan'', 1882) | |||
| # (''Gakumon-no Dokuritsu'', 1883) | |||
| # (''Zenkoku Cyōheiron'', 1884) | |||
| # (''Tsūzoku Gaikōron'', 1884) | |||
| # (''Nihon Fujinron'', 1885) | |||
| # (''Shijin Syoseiron'', 1885) | |||
| # (''Hinkōron'', 1885) | |||
| # (''Nannyo Kosairon'', 1886) | |||
| # (''Nihon Nanshiron'', 1888) | |||
| # (''Sonnōron'', 1888) | |||
| # (''Kokkai-no Zento; Kokkai Nankyoku-no Yurai; Chian-Syōgen; Chisoron'', 1892) | |||
| # (''Jitsugyōron'', 1893) | |||
| # (''Fukuō Hyakuwa'', 1897) | |||
| # (''Fukuzawa Zensyū Cyogen'', 1897) | |||
| # (''Fukuzawa Sensei Ukiyodan'', 1898) | |||
| # Discourses of study for success (''Syūgyō Rittishihen'', 1898) | |||
| # (''Fukuō Jiden'', 1899) | |||
| # (''Onnadaigaku Hyōron; Shin-Onnadaigaku'', 1899) | |||
| # (''Fukuō Hyakuyowa'', 1901) | |||
| # (''Meiji Jyūnen Teicyū Kōron; Yasegaman-no Setsu'', 1901) | |||
| === English translations === | |||
| *{{Citation|others=Revised translation by ], with a foreword by ]|origyear=1966|year=1980|title=The Autobiography of Yukichi Fukuzawa|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=NY|isbn=0-231-08373-4}} | |||
| *{{Citation|others=Revised translation by ], with a foreword by ]|year=2007|title=The Autobiography of Yukichi Fukuzawa|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=NY|isbn=978-0-231-13987-8}} | |||
| * , (Paperback) Keio University Press | |||
| **{{Anchor|Dilworth&Hurst2008|}} vol.1 ''''. 2008. Translation by ], ]. ISBN 978-4-7664-1560-5 | |||
| **{{Anchor|Dilworth2012|}} vol.2 ''''. 2012. Translation by David A. Dilworth. ISBN 978-4-7664-1684-8 | |||
| ** vol.3 ''The Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi''. 201?. (forthcoming) | |||
| ** vol.4 ''Essays on Family and Women''. 201?. Revised translation and with an introduction by Helen Ballhatchet. (forthcoming) | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| == See also == | |||
| {{Portal|Japan|Biography}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{commons|Category:Fukuzawa Yukichi|Fukuzawa Yukichi}} | |||
| {{wikiquote}} | |||
| *{{Cite book|author=Michael Adas|authorlink=Michael Adas|coauthors=], ]|year=1993|title=Turbulent Passage: A Global History of the Twentieth Century|publisher=Longman Publishing Group|isbn=0-06-501039-6|ref=Adas&Stearns&Schwartz1993}} | |||
| *{{Citation|last=Nishikawa|first=Shunsaku|year=1993|title=FUKUZAWA YUKICHI1 (1835-1901)|journal=Prospects: the quarterly review of comparative education|volume=vol. XXIII|issue=no. 3/4|pages=493–506|publisher=]|url=http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/fukuzawe.pdf|format=PDF}} | |||
| == Further reading == | |||
| *{{Citation|last=Lu|first=David John|authorlink=David John Lu|year=2005|title=Japan: A Documentary History: The Dawn of History to the Late Tokugawa Period|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=1-56324-907-3}} | |||
| *{{Citation|last=Kitaoka|first=Shin-ichi|authorlink=Shinichi Kitaoka|date=March–April 2003|title=Pride and Independence: Fukuzawa Yukichi and the Spirit of the Meiji Restoration (Part 1)|journal=Journal of Japanese Trade and Industry|publisher=Japan Economic Foundation|url=http://www.jef.or.jp/en/jti/200303_019.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20030331142744/http://www.jef.or.jp/en/jti/200303_019.html|archivedate=2003-03-31|ref=Kitaoka2003a}} | |||
| *{{Citation|last=Kitaoka|first=Shin-ichi|authorlink=Shinichi Kitaoka|date=May–June 2003|title=Pride and Independence: Fukuzawa Yukichi and the Spirit of the Meiji Restoration (Part 2)|journal=Journal of Japanese Trade and Industry|publisher=Japan Economic Foundation|url=http://www.jef.or.jp/en/jti/200305_025.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20030506055242/http://www.jef.or.jp/en/jti/200305_025.html|archivedate=2003-05-06|ref=Kitaoka2003b}} | |||
| *{{Citation|author=]|year=2009|title=Civilization and Enlightenment: The Early Thought of Fukuzawa Yukichi|edition=Hardcover|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-674-03108-1}} | |||
| *{{Citation|author=Tamaki, Norio|year=2001|title=Yukichi Fukuzawa, 1835-1901: The Spirit of Enterprise in Modern Japan|edition=Hardcover|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=United Kingdom|isbn=0-333-80121-0}} | |||
| == External links == | |||
| * | (]) | |||
| * by Fukuzawa Yukichi (Part One, English Translation) | |||
| * at ] {{ja icon}} | |||
| {{Authority control|VIAF=71431899}} | |||
| {{Persondata | |||
| | NAME = Fukuzawa Yukichi | |||
| | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | |||
| | SHORT DESCRIPTION = Japanese writer | |||
| | DATE OF BIRTH = January 10, 1835 | |||
| | PLACE OF BIRTH = ], ] | |||
| | DATE OF DEATH = February 3, 1901 | |||
| | PLACE OF DEATH = ], Japan | |||
| }} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Fukuzawa, Yukichi}} | |||
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