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'''Khowar''' ({{Nastaliq|کھوار}}), also known as '''Chitrali''', is an ] of the ] branch, spoken by 1000,000 people in ] in ], in the ] district of ] (including the ], Phandar ] and Gupis), and in parts of Upper ]. ] have also migrated heavily to Pakistan's major urban centres with ], ], ] and ], having sizeable populations. It is spoken as a second language in the rest of ] and ]. There are believed to be small numbers of Khowar speakers in ], ], ] and ].
'''Chitrali''', is an ] of the ] branch, spoken by 1000,000 people in ] in ], in the ] district of ] (including the ], Phandar ] and Gupis), and in parts of Upper ]. ] have also migrated heavily to Pakistan's major urban centres with ], ], ] and ], having sizeable populations. It is spoken as a second language in the rest of ] and ]. There are believed to be small numbers of Khowar speakers in ], ], ] and ].
Khowar has been influenced by ] to a greater degree than other Dardic languages, and less by Sanskrit than ] or the Kohistani languages. ] (''Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh'') was among the first westerners to study Khowar and claimed that further research would prove Khowar to be equally derived from "Zend" (], Old Persian) and Sanskrit.{{cite quote|date=October 2013}}
Khowar has been influenced by ] to a greater degree than other Dardic languages, and less by Sanskrit than ] or the Kohistani languages. ] (''Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh'') was among the first westerners to study Khowar and claimed that further research would prove Khowar to be equally derived from "Zend" (], Old Persian) and Sanskrit.{{cite quote|date=October 2013}}
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Revision as of 12:37, 12 June 2014
"Khowar" redirects here. For the ethnic group, see Chitrali people.
Khowar has been influenced by Iranian languages to a greater degree than other Dardic languages, and less by Sanskrit than Shina or the Kohistani languages. John Biddulph (Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh) was among the first westerners to study Khowar and claimed that further research would prove Khowar to be equally derived from "Zend" (Avestan, Old Persian) and Sanskrit.
Khowar may also have nasalized vowels and a series of long vowels /aː/, /eː/, /iː/, /oː/, and /uː/. Sources are inconsistent on whether length is phonemic, with one author stating "vowel-length is observed mainly as a substitute one. The vowel-length of phonological value is noted far more rarely." Unlike the neighboring and related Kalasha language, Khowar does not have retroflex vowels.
Khowar has been written in the Nasta'liq script since the early twentieth century. Prior to that, the administrative and literary language of the region was Persian and works such as poetry and songs in Khowar were passed down in oral tradition. Today Urdu and English are the official languages and the only major literary usage of Khowar is in both poetry and prose composition. Khowar has also been written in the Roman script since the 1960s.
Bashir, Elena (2001) Spatial Representation in Khowar. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
Morgenstierne, Georg (1947) Some Features of Khowar Morphology. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap, Vol. XIV, Oslo.
Morgenstierne, Georg (1957) Sanskritic Words in Khowar. Felicitation Volume Presented to S.K. Belvalkar. Benares. 84-98
Mohammad Ismail Sloan (1981) Khowar-English Dictionary. Peshawar. ISBN 0-923891-15-3.
Decker, Kendall D. (1992). Languages of Chitral (Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 5). National Institute of Pakistani Studies, 257 pp. ISBN 969-8023-15-1.
