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| The most standardized form (Kajkavian-Ikavian) became the cultivated language of administration and intellectuals from the Istrian peninsula along the Croatian coast, across central Croatia up into the northern valleys of the Drava and the Mura. The cultural apex of this 17th century idiom is represented by the editions of "''Adrianskoga mora sirena''" ("Siren of Adriatic Sea") by ] and "''Putni tovaruš''" ("Traveling escort") by ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.matica.hr/Vijenac/vijenac349.nsf/AllWebDocs/Dva_brata_i_jedna_Sirena_ |title=Matica Hrvatska - Dva brata i jedna Sirena |accessdate=9 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.matica.hr/www/wwwizd2.nsf/AllWebDocs/zrinskipvtnitovarvs |title=Matica Hrvatska - Putni tovaruš - izvornik (I.) |accessdate=9 March 2012 }}</ref> | The most standardized form (Kajkavian-Ikavian) became the cultivated language of administration and intellectuals from the Istrian peninsula along the Croatian coast, across central Croatia up into the northern valleys of the Drava and the Mura. The cultural apex of this 17th century idiom is represented by the editions of "''Adrianskoga mora sirena''" ("Siren of Adriatic Sea") by ] and "''Putni tovaruš''" ("Traveling escort") by ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.matica.hr/Vijenac/vijenac349.nsf/AllWebDocs/Dva_brata_i_jedna_Sirena_ |title=Matica Hrvatska - Dva brata i jedna Sirena |accessdate=9 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.matica.hr/www/wwwizd2.nsf/AllWebDocs/zrinskipvtnitovarvs |title=Matica Hrvatska - Putni tovaruš - izvornik (I.) |accessdate=9 March 2012 }}</ref> | ||
| However, this first linguistic renaissance in Croatia was halted by the ] by the ] ] in Vienna in 1671.<ref name="tanner">{{cite book |title= Croatia: a Nation Forged in War |last=Tanner |first=Marcus |year=1997 |publisher= Yale University Press |location=New Haven, USA |isbn=0-300-06933-2 |page=50 |pages= |accessdate=8 March 2012}}</ref> Subsequently the Croatian elite in the 18th century gradually abandoned this combined Croatian standard |
However, this first linguistic renaissance in Croatia was halted by the ] by the ] ] in Vienna in 1671.<ref name="tanner">{{cite book |title= Croatia: a Nation Forged in War |last=Tanner |first=Marcus |year=1997 |publisher= Yale University Press |location=New Haven, USA |isbn=0-300-06933-2 |page=50 |pages= |accessdate=8 March 2012}}</ref> Subsequently the Croatian elite in the 18th century gradually abandoned this combined Croatian standard.<ref name="malic">{{cite book |first=Dragica |last=Malić |authorlink=Dragica Malić |year=1997 |title=Razvoj hrvatskog književnog jezika|isbn=953-0-40010-1}}{{page needed|date=July 2014}}</ref> After an Austrian initiative of 1850, the uniform Neo-Shtokavian became common in the Croatian elite.<ref name="malic"> | ||
| ===Illyrian period=== | ===Illyrian period=== | ||
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Croatian /kroʊˈeɪʃən/ ( Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [xř̩ʋaːtskiː]) is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian language used by Croats, principally in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Serbian province of Vojvodina and other neighbouring countries. It is the official and literary standard of Croatia and one of the official languages of the European Union. Croatian is also one of the official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina and neighbouring countries.
Standard Croatian is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian, Shtokavian, more specifically on Eastern Herzegovinian, which is also the basis of Standard Serbian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin. All other Serbo-Croatian dialects are also spoken by ethnic Croats (Chakavian, Kajkavian, and Torlakian (by the Krashovani)). These four dialects, and the four national standards, are usually subsumed under the term "Serbo-Croatian" in English, though this term is controversial for native speakers, and paraphrases such as "Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian" are therefore sometimes used instead, especially in diplomatic circles.
In the mid-18th the first attempts to provide a Croatian literary standard began on the basis of Neo-Shtokavian dialect which served as a supraregional lingua franca pushing back regional vernaculars in Chakavian, Kajkavian and Shtokavian. The decisive role was played by Croatian Vukovians which in the late 19th and the beginning of the 20th century cemented the usage of Ijekavian Neo-Shtokavian as a literary standard, as well as phonological orthography.
Croatian is written in Gaj's Latin alphabet.
History
Modern language and standardization
In the late medieval period up to the 17th century, the majority of semi-autonomous Croatia was ruled by two domestic dynasties of princes (banovi), the Zrinski and the Frankopan, which were linked by inter-marriage. Toward the 17th century, both of them attempted to unify Croatia both culturally and linguistically, writing in a mixture of all three principal dialects (Chakavian, Kajkavian and Shtokavian), and calling it "Croatian", "Dalmatian", or "Slavonian". It is still used now in parts of Istria, which became a crossroads of various mixtures of Chakavian with Ekavian/Ijekavian/Ikavian dialects.
The most standardized form (Kajkavian-Ikavian) became the cultivated language of administration and intellectuals from the Istrian peninsula along the Croatian coast, across central Croatia up into the northern valleys of the Drava and the Mura. The cultural apex of this 17th century idiom is represented by the editions of "Adrianskoga mora sirena" ("Siren of Adriatic Sea") by Petar Zrinski and "Putni tovaruš" ("Traveling escort") by Katarina Zrinska.
However, this first linguistic renaissance in Croatia was halted by the political execution of Petar Zrinski and Fran Krsto Frankopan by the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I in Vienna in 1671. Subsequently the Croatian elite in the 18th century gradually abandoned this combined Croatian standard. After an Austrian initiative of 1850, the uniform Neo-Shtokavian became common in the Croatian elite.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). Supported by various South Slavic proponents, Neo-Shtokavian was adopted at the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850, laying the foundation for the unified Serbo-Croatian literary language.
Differences between Standard Croatian and Standard Serbian and Bosnian
Main article: Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian See also: Serbo-Croatian phonology and Serbo-Croatian grammarSociopolitical standpoints
Croatian, although technically a form of Serbo-Croatian, is sometimes considered a distinct language by itself. Purely linguistic considerations of languages based on mutual intelligibility (abstand languages) are frequently incompatible with sociopolitical conceptions of language, so that varieties that are mutually intelligible may be designated separate languages. Along these lines, the various standard forms of Serbo-Croatian, whose differences are often exaggerated for political reasons., and many Croats and even Croatian linguists regard Croatian as a separate language that is considered key to national identity. Croatian is the only standardized variety exclusively in the Latin script (the others are also written in Cyrillic). The rejection of the term "Serbo-Croatian" as a cover term for all these forms is often based on the argument that the official language in Yugoslavia, a standardized form of Serbo-Croatian, was "artificial" or a political tool used to combine two distinct people. Within ex-Yugoslavia, the term has largely been replaced by the ethnic terms Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian. These have been used as language names historically as well, though not always distinctively; the Croatian–Hungarian Agreement, for example, designated "Croatian" as one of its official languages, and Croatian became an official EU language upon accession of Croatia to the EU on 1 July 2013. In 2013, the EU started publishing a Croatian language version of its official gazette.
Current situation
Standard Croatian is the official language of the Republic of Croatia and, along with Standard Bosnian and Standard Serbian, one of three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is also official in the regions of Burgenland (Austria), Molise (Italy) and Vojvodina (Serbia). Additionally, it has co-official status alongside Romanian in the communes of Carașova and Lupac, Romania. In these localities, Croats or Krashovani make up the majority of the population, and education, signage and access to public administration and the justice system are provided in Croatian, alongside Romanian. There are eight Croatian language universities in the world: the universities of Zagreb, Split, Rijeka, Osijek, Zadar, Dubrovnik, Pula, and Mostar.
There is regulatory body that determines the proper usage of Croatian. The current standard language is generally laid out in the grammar books and dictionaries used in education, such as the school curriculum prescribed by the Ministry of Education and the university programmes of the Faculty of Philosophy at the four main universities. Attempts are being made to revive Croatian literature in Italy. The most prominent recent editions describing the Croatian standard language are:
- Hrvatski pravopis by the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics, available online
- Rječnik hrvatskoga jezika by Anić
- Rječnik hrvatskoga jezika by Šonje et al
- Hrvatski enciklopedijski rječnik, by a group of authors
- Hrvatska gramatika by Barić et al.
Also notable are the recommendations of Matica hrvatska, the national publisher and promoter of Croatian heritage, and the Lexicographical institute Miroslav Krleža, as well as the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Numerous representative Croatian linguistic works were published since the independence of Croatia, among them three voluminous monolingual dictionaries of contemporary Croatian.
See also
- Croatian Language Corpus
- Croatian National Corpus
- Days of the Croatian Language
- Language secessionism in Serbo-Croatian
- Mutual intelligibility
- Dialects of Serbo-Croatian
- Pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language
References
- Croatian at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
- "Linguistic Lineage for Croatian". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 2010-01-26.
- "Serbo-Croatian". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
The official language of Croatia is Croatian (Serbo-Croatian). The same language is referred to by different names, Serbian (srpski), Serbo-Croat (in Croatia: hrvatsko-srpski), Bosnian (bosanski), based on political and ethnic grounds. the language that used to be officially called Serbo-Croat has gotten several new ethnically and politically based names. Thus, the names Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian are politically determined and refer to the same language with possible slight variations. ("Croatia: Language Situation", in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2 ed., 2006.) - David Dalby, Linguasphere (1999/2000, Linguasphere Observatory), pg. 445, 53-AAA-g, "Srpski+Hrvatski, Serbo-Croatian".
- Benjamin W. Fortson IV, Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, 2nd ed. (2010, Blackwell), pg. 431, "Because of their mutual intelligibility, Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian are usually thought of as constituting one language called Serbo-Croatian."
- Václav Blažek, "On the Internal Classification of Indo-European Languages: Survey" retrieved 20 Oct 2010, pp. 15–16.
- E.C. Hawkesworth, "Serbian-Croatian-Bosnian Linguistic Complex", in the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd edition, 2006.
- Radio Free Europe – Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Or Montenegrin? Or Just 'Our Language'? Živko Bjelanović: Similar, But Different, Feb 21, 2009, accessed Oct 8, 2010
- Bičanić et al. (2013:55)
- Bičanić et al. (2013:84)
- "Croatia: Themes, Authors, Books | Yale University Library Slavic and East European Collection". Library.yale.edu. 2009-11-16. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
- Gazi, Stephen (1973). A History of Croatia. New York: Philosophical library. ISBN 978-0-8022-2108-7.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - Van Antwerp Fine, John (2006). When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans. Michigan, USA: University of Michigan Press. pp. 377–379. ISBN 978-0-472-11414-6.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - Kalsbeek, Janneke (1998). "The Čakavian dialect of Orbanići near Žminj in Istria". Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics. 25. Rodopi.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - "Matica Hrvatska - Dva brata i jedna Sirena". Retrieved 9 March 2012.
- "Matica Hrvatska - Putni tovaruš - izvornik (I.)". Retrieved 9 March 2012.
- Tanner, Marcus (1997). Croatia: a Nation Forged in War. New Haven, USA: Yale University Press. p. 50. ISBN 0-300-06933-2.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Malić, Dragica (1997). Razvoj hrvatskog književnog jezika. ISBN 953-0-40010-1.
- Cvetkovic, Ljudmila. "Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Or Montenegrin? Or Just 'Our Language'? – Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty © 2010". Rferl.org. Retrieved 2010-11-01.
- Benjamin W. Fortson IV, Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, 2nd ed. (2010, Blackwell), pg. 431.
- Snježana Ramljak; Library of the Croatian Parliament, Zagreb, Croatia (June 2008). ""Jezično" pristupanje Hrvatske Europskoj Uniji: prevođenje pravne stečevine i europsko nazivlje". Croatian Political Science Review (in Serbo-Croatian). 45 (1). Faculty of Political Science, University of Zagreb. ISSN 0032-3241. Retrieved 2012-02-27.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - David Crystal "Language Death", Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 11, 12
- http://www.crohis.com/izvori/nagodba2.pdf
- "Vandoren: EU membership – challenge and chance for Croatia – Daily – tportal.hr". Daily.tportal.hr. 2010-09-30. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
- "Applications for Croatian linguists". EU careers. 2012-06-21. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
- "Službeni list Europske unije" (in Croatian). European Union. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - "Croatia". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2010-12-21.
- "Ethnologue report for Bosnia and Herzegovina". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 2010-12-21.
- Kinda-Berlakovich, Andrea Zorka (2006). "Hrvatski nastavni jezik u Gradišću u školsko-političkome kontekstu". LAHOR. 1 (1). Croatian Philological Society: 27–35. ISSN 1846-2197.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - "Endangered languages in Europe: report". Helsinki.fi. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
- "www.puma.vojvodina.gov.rs". Puma.vojvodina.gov.rs. Retrieved 2010-12-21.
- "Structura Etno-demografică a României". Edrc.ro. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
- "Structura Etno-demografică a României". Edrc.ro. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
- "Structura Etno-demografică a României". Edrc.ro. Retrieved 2010-12-21.
- "From Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 2010-01-26.
Further reading
- Bičanić, Ante; Frančić, Anđela; Hudeček, Lana; Mihaljević, Milica (2013), Pregled povijesti, gramatike i pravopisa hrvatskog jezika (in Croatian), Croatica
- Banac, Ivo: Main Trends in the Croatian Language Question, YUP 1984
- Blum, Daniel (2002). Sprache und Politik : Sprachpolitik und Sprachnationalismus in der Republik Indien und dem sozialistischen Jugoslawien (1945-1991). Beiträge zur Südasienforschung ; vol. 192 (in German). Würzburg: Ergon. p. 200. ISBN 3-89913-253-X. OCLC 51961066.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Franolić, Branko: A Historical Survey of Literary Croatian, Nouvelles Editions Latines, 1984
- Franolić, Branko: A Bibliography of Croatian Dictionaries, Paris, Nouvelles Editions Latines, 1985 139p
- Franolić, Branko: Language Policy in Yugoslavia with special reference to Croatian, Paris, Nouvelles Editions Latines 1988
- Franolić, Branko and Mateo Žagar: A Historical Outline of Literary Croatian & The Glagolitic Heritage of Croatian Culture, Erasmus & CSYPN, London & Zagreb 2008 ISBN 978-953-6132-80-5
- Greenberg, Robert David (2004). Language and identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and its disintegration. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925815-4. (reprinted in 2008 as ISBN 978-0-19-920875-3)
- Gröschel, Bernhard (2009). Das Serbokroatische zwischen Linguistik und Politik: mit einer Bibliographie zum postjugoslavischen Sprachenstreit. Lincom Studies in Slavic Linguistics ; vol 34 (in German). Munich: Lincom Europa. p. 451. ISBN 978-3-929075-79-3. LCCN 2009473660. OCLC 428012015. OL 15295665W.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Kačić, Miro: Croatian and Serbian: Delusions and Distortions, Novi Most, Zagreb 1997
- Kordić, Snježana (2010). Jezik i nacionalizam. Rotulus Universitas (in Croatian). Zagreb: Durieux. p. 430. ISBN 978-953-188-311-5. LCCN 2011520778. OCLC 729837512. OL 15270636W. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Moguš, Milan: A History of the Croatian Language, NZ Globus, 1995
- Težak, Stjepko: "Hrvatski naš (ne)zaboravljeni" , 301 p., knjižnica Hrvatski naš svagdašnji (knj. 1), Tipex, Zagreb, 1999, ISBN 953-6022-35-4 (Croatian)
External links
 | This article's use of external links may not follow Misplaced Pages's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
- Croatian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
- EUdict – online dictionary – translation from Croatian into many languages and vice versa
- Croatian Language Corpus
- Croatian Language Portal Template:Hr icon
- Croatian Language E-Learning Center
- Croatian Old Dictionary Portal
Language history
- Croatian Glagolitic Script
- Croatian Cyrillic Script
- Croatian Glagolitic Manuscripts held outside of Croatia
- The Croatian Language Today, a lecture given by dr. Branko Franolić
- History of Croatian Dictionaries and Grammar books at Yale University Library – Slavic and East European Collection
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