List of nearest exoplanets: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively ← Previous edit Next edit →Content deleted Content addedVisual WikitextInline

Revision as of 23:36, 8 July 2014 editNergaal (talk \| contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers48,094 edits →List ← Previous edit		Revision as of 17:07, 15 July 2014 edit undoArtman40 (talk \| contribs)2,039 editsmNo edit summaryNext edit →
Line 1:		Line 1:
			{{update}}

	] is a star 25 light-years away with an exoplanet (]) that has been directly imaged in 2013 by ].]]		] is a star 25 light-years away with an exoplanet (]) that has been directly imaged in 2013 by ].]]

Revision as of 17:07, 15 July 2014

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

Astronomers have identified a total of 65 exoplanets within 50 light-years of the Solar System, but the existence of at least another 34 unconfirmed exoplanets has been proposed. This corresponds to only 35 stars with confirmed planetary systems (and six with only unconfirmed exoplanets) of the around 1,400 stars that are estimated to be located within 50 light-years away. Of the around 133 stars which are nearby and bright enough to be visible with the naked eye, so far, only 18 have confirmed planetary systems.

Reports of planetary systems first came in 1996 for three stars located over 40 light-years away: 55 Cancri, Upsilon Andromedae, and 47 Ursae Majoris. Since 1999, more planets were reported, including a total of five planets revolving around 55 Cancri, and four planets around Gliese 876, Upsilon Andromedae. Eight star systems have three confirmed planetary partners; four other have only two planets; while the remaining 20 systems have only one confirmed planet. A total of seven planets have been suggested to Gliese 667 C (but only two have been confirmed), six around Gliese 581 and HD 40307, and a total of five planets revolving around Tau Ceti (all unconfirmed).

The closest star with a confirmed exoplanet is Gliese 674, 14.8 light-years away from our Solar System. Of the other 41 star systems that are closer, the closest, Alpha Centauri (4.1 light-years away), has been suggested to contain a planetary companion that may be similar in size to Earth. Of the 35 planetary systems located within 50 light-years, 20 are located within 40 light-years, 11 are within 30 light-years, and only four are within 20 light-years.

Out of the 65 confirmed planets within 50 light-years, more than half were found to revolve around their star closer and complete an orbit faster than Mercury does around the Sun, and 18 have a more eccentric orbit than that of Mercury. Considering their minimum masses, 46 exoplanets are expected to be gas giants, and only 19 under 10 times more massive than Earth. The smallest of these has minimum mass of 2.4 times that of Earth's and revolves around 82 G. Eridani, 20 light-years away. Only three exoplanets have had their radii measured from transit events with their host stars: Gliese 436 b at 0.365 R_J, 55 Cancri e at 0.178 R_J and GJ 1214 b at 0.238 R_J.

Criteria

There is no official organization that acknowledges reports for the existence of exoplanets, but the Working Group on Extrasolar Planets of the International Astronomical Union has adopted in 2003 a working definition limiting the upper masses of exoplanets below that where thermonuclear fusion of deuterium occurs. This limit is calculated to be around 13 times the mass of Jupiter and above it an object is classified as a brown dwarf.

For the purpose of this list, an exoplanet is regarded as unconfirmed when there is only a single (primary) report which presents its discovery, but there are no follow-up papers discussing their existence. There are a few examples where the existence of an exoplanet has been discussed in multiple papers, but there exists a minority of skeptics. For example, Alpha Centauri Bb has received criticism on the methods used to propose the existence of the planet. Several reports of exoplanets nearby have been made but these proposals have been widely disproven since, as was the case for Teegarden's star and VB 10.

Usually nearby exoplanets have been discovered by measuring the changes in the radial velocity of the host star, which allows for a precise estimate of their orbital parameters, but does not allow for an estimate of their orbital inclination (i). Because of this challenge, only 17 of the 66 exoplanets have their masses measured, while for the others, only their minimum masses (M_real*sin(i)) are known. It is generally expected that most of these masses to be close to their true masses, as there is only about a 13% chance for the mass of a exoplanet to be more than double its minimum mass. However, there have been a few cases where planetary candidates were suggested but later refinement showed that these were more than 13 times more massive than Jupiter, and thus are likely brown dwarfs. This has been the case for WISE 0458+6434 B, WISE 1217+16A B, 2M 0746+20 B, MOA-2008-BLG-379L B, SDSS 141624 B, or HD 104304 B.

There are known examples of free-floating sub-brown dwarfs, sometimes referred as "rogue planets", that are excluded from this list, such as: WISE 0855–0714 and UGPS J072227.51-054031.2.

Notable uncertainties exist for the known distances to some stars. Because of this, some sources regard some stars as being within the 50 light-years (ly) threshold, but these stars were not included in the current list: Mu Arae (50.59 ly), 51 Pegasi (50.7 ly), Tau Boötis (50.9 ly).

List

Key to colors
	Mercury, Earth and Jupiter (for comparison purposes)
	Unconfirmed exoplanets
	Confirmed multiplanetary systems

Host star system						Companion exoplanet (in order from star)							Notes
Name	Distance (ly)	Apparent magnitude	Mass (M_☉)	Temperature (K)	Age (Gyr)	Label	Mass (M_J)	Semimajor axis (AU)	Orbital period (days)	Eccentricity	Inclination (°)	Discovery year	Notes
Sun	0	−26.74	1.000	5,780	4.57	Mercury	0.00017	0.387	87.97	0.205	—	—	—
						Earth	0.00314	1.0	365.26	0.0167	—	—	—
						Jupiter	1	5.204	4,332.6	0.0488	—	—	—
Alpha Centauri	4.09	1.33	0.934	5,210	5.0	Bb	>0.00355	0.04185	3.24	~0	—	2012
Luhman 16	6.59	23.0	~0.04	~1,300	<4.5	–	~10	—	—	—	—	2013
Epsilon Eridani	10.49	3.73	0.820	5,120	0.66	b	1.55	3.38	2,500	0.25	30.1	2000
						d	—	~20	—	—	—	2008
						c	~0.1	~40	~100,000	~0.3	—	2002
Epsilon Indi	11.81	4.83	0.762	4,630	1.3	–	>0.97	8.57	>10,000	—	—	2002
Tau Ceti	11.90	3.50	0.783	5,340	5.8	b	>0.0063	0.105	<12.7	0.16	—	2012
						c	>0.0098	0.195	35.4	0.03	—	2012
						d	>0.0113	0.374	94.1	0.08	—	2012
						e	>0.0135	0.552	168	0.05	—	2012
						f	>0.0208	1.35	642	0.03	—	2012
Kapteyn's star	12.76	8.85	0.281	3,550	8.0	b	>0.015	0.168	48.6	0.21	–	2014
Kapteyn's star	12.76	8.85	0.281	3,550	8.0	c	>0.022	0.311	122	0.23	–	2014
Gliese 687	14.77	9.15	0.431	3,400	—	b	>0.058	0.1635	38.1	0.04	—	2014
Gliese 674	14.81	9.36	0.354	3,610	0.55	b	>0.0349	0.0387	4.69	0.20	—	2007
Gliese 876	15.29	10.2	0.334	3,350	2.5	d	0.0215	0.0208	1.938	0.21	50	2005
						c	0.714	0.130	30.1	0.26	48.1	2000
						b	2.276	0.208	61.1	0.032	48.9	2000
						e	0.046	0.334	124	0.055	59.5	2010
Gliese 832	16.16	8.67	0.450	3,620	—	c	>0.157	0.162	35.7	0.03	—	2014
Gliese 832	16.16	8.67	0.450	3,620	—	b	>0.689	3.6	3,420	0.08	—	2008
82 G. Eridani	19.71	4.26	0.701	5,490	14.0	b	>0.0085	0.1207	18.3	—	—	2011
						c	>0.0076	0.2036	40.1	—	—	2011
						d	>0.015	0.3499	90.3	—	—	2011
Gliese 581	20.37	10.55	0.31	3,500	8.0	e	>0.028	0.028	3.15	0.32	—	2009
						b	>0.05	0.041	5.37	0.031	—	2005
						c	>0.017	0.073	12.9	0.07	—	2007
						g	>0.01	0.146	36.7	—	—	2010
						d	>0.019	0.22	66.6	0.21	—	2007
						f	>0.023	0.758	430	—	—	2010
Gliese 667	23.60	10.22	0.33	3,600	>2.0	Cb	>0.0178	0.050	7.20	0.122	—	2009
						Ch	>0.0035	0.0893	17.0	0.06	—	2013
						Cc	>0.0117	0.125	28.1	0.133	—	2011
						Cf	>0.0085	0.156	39.0	0.03	—	2013
						Ce	>0.0085	0.213	62.2	0.02	—	2013
						Cd	>0.0218	0.304	106	0.68	—	2012
						Cg	>0.0145	0.549	256	0.08	—	2013
Fomalhaut	25.13	1.16	1.920	8,590	0.55	b	>3.0	115	~620,000	0.11	—	2008
61 Virginis	27.90	4.74	0.942	5,530	8.96	b	>0.016	0.0502	4.22	0.12	—	2009
						c	>0.0573	0.2175	38.0	0.14	—	2009
						d	>0.072	0.476	123	0.35	—	2009
Gliese 785	28.78	6.13	0.778	5,140	7.8	b	>0.053	0.32	74.7	0.13	—	2010
Gliese 785	28.78	6.13	0.778	5,140	7.8	c	>0.075	1.18	526	0.32	—	2011
Gliese 433	28.97	9.79	0.48	3,550	—	b	>0.0182	0.058	7.37	0.08	—	2009
Gliese 433	28.97	9.79	0.48	3,550	—	c	>0.14	3.6	3,700	0.17	—	2012
Gliese 849	29.67	10.42	0.490	3,600	—	b	>0.9	2.35	1,910	0.012	—	2006
Gliese 849	29.67	10.42	0.490	3,600	—	c	>0.77	~5	7,050	0.218	—	2013
HD 102365	30.08	4.89	0.890	5,650	9.0	b	>0.05	0.46	122	0.34	—	2011
Gliese 176	30.25	9.96	0.490	3,350	—	b	>0.0265	0.066	8.78	—	—	2007
Gliese 176	30.25	9.96	0.490	3,350	—	c	>0.044	0.18	40	—	—	2009
Gliese 436	33.08	10.68	0.452	3,350	6.0	UCF-1.01	0.0009	0.0185	1.37	—	86.7	2012
						b	0.0724	0.0288	2.64	0.15	85.8	2004
						UCF-1.02	>0.00085	—	—	—	—	2012
Gliese 649	33.74	9.62	0.542	3,700	—	c	>0.03	0.043	4.48	0.2	—	2013
Gliese 649	33.74	9.62	0.542	3,700	—	b	>0.328	1.135	598	0.3	—	2009
Pollux	33.79	1.15	2.080	4,670	0.72	b	>2.9	1.69	589	0.02	—	2006
Gliese 86	35.17	6.17	0.796	5,350	2.03	b	>4.0	0.11	15.8	0.046	—	2000
HIP 57050	35.88	11.9	0.340	3,190	—	b	>0.298	0.1635	41.4	0.31	—	2010
54 Piscium	36.07	5.8	0.882	5,220	5.1	Ac	>0.09	0.186	31.0	0.04	—	2013
54 Piscium	36.07	5.8	0.882	5,220	5.1	Ab	0.23	0.284	62.2	0.63	83	2003
Gliese 370	36.37	7.67	0.687	4,720	5.6	b	>0.011	0.26	58.4	0.11	—	2011
Gliese 179	40.1	11.96	0.357	3,370	—	b	>0.82	2.41	2,290	0.21	—	2010
55 Cancri	40.25	5.95	0.905	5,200	10.2	e	0.0262	0.0156	0.737	<0.06	81	2004
						b	>0.8	0.1134	14.7	0.016	—	1996
						c	>0.169	0.240	44.3	0.053	—	2002
						f	>0.144	0.781	261	0.0002	—	2007
						d	4.80	5.76	5,200	0.03	53	2002
HD 69830	40.75	5.95	0.849	5,360	7.0	b	0.13	0.0785	8.67	0.1	13	2006
						c	0.17	0.186	31.6	0.13	13	2006
						d	0.26	0.63	197	0.07	13	2006
HD 147513	41.68	5.38	1.072	5,930	0.65	b	>1.21	1.32	528	0.26	—	2003
GJ 1214	42.25	14.71	0.157	3,030	6.0	b	0.0203	0.0143	1.580	0.27	88.67	2009
HD 40307	42.39	7.2	0.740	4,980	1.2	b	>0.0126	0.0468	4.31	0.2	—	2008
						c	>0.0208	0.0799	9.62	0.06	—	2008
						d	>0.0299	0.1321	20.4	0.07	—	2008
						e	>0.011	0.1886	34.6	0.15	—	2012
						f	>0.0164	0.247	51.8	0.02	—	2012
						g	>0.0223	0.6	198	0.29	—	2012
Upsilon Andromedae	44.00	4.09	1.310	6,210	3.8	b	0.62–1.24	0.059	4.62	0.013	>30	1996
						c	~14	0.861	238	0.24	8	1999
						d	10.19	2.55	1,300	0.27	24	1999
						e	>1.059	5.25	3,850	0.0054	—	2010
47 Ursae Majoris	45.87	5.10	1.063	5,880	7.4	b	2.53–7	2.1	1,078	0.032	—	1996
						c	>0.54	3.6	2,390	0.098	—	2001
						d	>1.64	11.6	14,000	0.16	—	2010
Gamma Cephei	46.00	3.23	1.26	4,760	6.6	Ab	1.85–19	2.05	903	0.049	5.7	2003
HIP 79431	46.96	11.34	0.491	3,190	—	b	>2.1	0.36	112	0.29	—	2010
Nu Lupi	48.27	5.65	0.91	5,660	10.4	b	>0.0166	0.0933	11.6	0.18	—	2011
						c	>0.0358	0.1665	27.6	0.16	—	2011
						d	>0.03	0.411	107	0.43	—	2011
Gliese 163	48.92	11.3	0.40	3,500	3.0	b	>0.0334	0.0607	8.63	0.0106	—	2012
						e	>0.012	0.10	19.5	0.32	—	2013
						c	>0.0228	0.1254	25.6	0.094	—	2013
						f	>0.023	0.33	108	0.41	—	2013
						d	>0.0695	1.027	601	0.40	—	2012
HD 176051	48.89	5.22	0.71	6,000	8.1	Bb	>1.5	1.76	1,020	—	—	2010
Gliese 317	49.2	12.0	0.42	3,510	—	b	1.8–3.6	1.15	692	0.11	>25	2007
Gliese 317	49.2	12.0	0.42	3,510	—	c	>2.0	~30	>10,000	0.81	—	2007
HD 38858	49.6	5.97	0.886	5,660	6.2	b	>0.0961	1.038	407	0.27	—	2011

Statistics

Planetary systems

Template:Multicol

Systems by planet count
Confirmed exoplanets	No. of systems	Systems
5	1	55 Cancri
4	2	Gliese 876, Upsilon Andromedae
3	8	82 G. Eridani, Gliese 581, 61 Virginis, HD 69830, HD 40307, 47 Ursae Majoris, Nu Lupi, Gliese 163
2	4	Gliese 667, Gliese 785, Gliese 433, Gliese 649
1	20	—
Total	35
0	7	—

Template:Multicol-break

Systems by distance
Distance	Confirmed systems	Unconfirmed systems
< 10 light-years	0	2
10–20 light-years	4	5
20–30 light-years	7	0
30–40 light-years	9	0
40–50 light-years	15	0

Systems visible with the naked eye
Visible host star?	Confirmed systems	Unconfirmed systems
Yes (V < 6.5)	18	4
No (V > 6.5)	17	3

Template:Multicol-end

Exoplanets

Template:Multicol

Exoplanets by mass
Type	Subtype	Mass range	Confirmed	Unconfirmed
Terrestrial	Sub-terran	<0.0015 M_J (<0.5 M_E)	0	2
	Terran	0.0015–0.006 M_J (0.5–2 M_E)	0	2
	Super-terran	0.006–0.03 M_J (2–10 M_E)	19	20
Gas giant	Neptunian	0.03–0.15 M_J (10–50 M_E)	18	4
	Jovian	0.15–1.8 M_J (50–600 M_E)	17	3
	Super-jovian	>1.8 M_J (>600 M_E)	11	2
Total			65	33

Exoplanets by orbital radius
Orbital radius	Confirmed	Unconfirmed
< 0.4 AU	39	21
0.4–1.0 AU	6	4
1.0–5.0 AU	16	3
>5.0 AU	4	4

Exoplanets by orbital period
Orbital period	Confirmed	Unconfirmed
< 90 days	36	17
90–365 days	9	7
1–12 years	17	3
>12 years	3	4

Exoplanets by orbital eccentricity
Orbital eccentricity	Confirmed	Unconfirmed
< 0.02	6	1
0.02–0.20	36	14
> 0.20	18	11

Template:Multicol-break

Exoplanets by discovery year
Year	Confirmed	Unconfirmed
1996	3	0
1999	2	0
2000	3	1
2001	1	0
2002	2	2
2003	3	0
2004	2	0
2005	2	0
2006	5	0
2007	5	2
2008	5	1
2009	8	1
2010	8	2
2011	11	0
2012	3	12
2013	2	9
2014	0	4
Total	65	34

Template:Multicol-end

Notes

Current list is compiled from the following databases:
"The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia".

"Exoplanets Data Explorer".

"Open Exoplanet Catalogue".

"NASA Exoplanet Archive".
For reference, the 99th and 100th closest known star systems, Gliese 892 and LHS 3003 (Proxima Hydrae), are about 21 light-years away from the Solar System.
According to the Bortle scale, an astronomical object visible to the naked eye under "typical" dark-sky conditions in a rural area if it has an apparent magnitude smaller than +6.5. To the unaided eye, the limiting magnitude is +7.6 to +8.0 under "excellent" dark-sky conditions (with effort).
This recently-discovered exoplanet is regarded as unconfirmed as when there is only a single (primary) report discussion its existence.

References

^ Richard Powell (2006). "Stars within 50 light years". An Atlas of the Universe. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
^ Butler, R. Paul; et al. (1997). "Three New 51 Pegasi Type Planets". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 474 (2): L115–L118. Bibcode:1997ApJ...474L.115B. doi:10.1086/310444.
R. P. Butler; Marcy, Geoffrey W. (1996). "A Planet Orbiting 47 Ursae Majoris". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 464 (2): L153–L156. Bibcode:1996ApJ...464L.153B. doi:10.1086/310102. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |display-authors=2 (help)
Dumusque, X. (17 October 2012). "An Earth mass planet orbiting Alpha Centauri B" (PDF). Nature. 490. Bibcode:2012Natur.491..207D. doi:10.1038/nature11572. Retrieved 17 October 2012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ "GJ 436 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
^ "55 Cnc e". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
^ "GJ 1214 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
Boss, Alan P.; Butler, R. Paul; Hubbard, William B.; Ianna, Philip A.; Kürster, Martin; Lissauer, Jack J.; Mayor, Michel; Meech, Karen J.; Mignard, Francois; Penny, Alan J.; Quirrenbach, Andreas; Tarter, Jill C.; Vidal-Madjar, Alfred (2007). "Working Group on Extrasolar Planets". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 1 (T26A): 183. doi:10.1017/S1743921306004509. ISSN 1743-9213.
Carlisle, Camille (18 October 2012). "Planet Found in Alpha Centauri System". Sky and Telescope. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
Barnes J.R.; et al. (July 2012). "ROPS: A New Search for Habitable Earths in the Southern Sky". The Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 424 (1): 591–604. arXiv:1204.6283. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.424..591B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21236.x. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
Pravdo, Steven H.; Shaklan, Stuart B. (2009). "An ultracool Star's Candidate Planet". The Astrophysical Journal. 700 (1). Iopscience.iop.org: 623–632. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/700/1/623.
"The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia — VB 10 b". Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
Andrew Cumming; R. Paul Butler; Geoffrey W. Marcy; et al. (2008). "The Keck Planet Search: Detectability and the Minimum Mass and Orbital Period Distribution of Extrasolar Planets". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 120 (867): 531–554. arXiv:0803.3357. Bibcode:2008PASP..120..531C. doi:10.1086/588487. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author3= (help)
"WISE 0458+6434 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"WISE 1217+16A b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"2M 0746+20 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2012-01-20. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"2M 0746+20". Open Exoplanet Catalogue. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"MOA-2008-BLG-379L". Open Exoplanet Catalogue. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"SDSS 141624 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2010-01-18. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
"HD 104304 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2010-05-05. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
"alpha Cen B b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"alf Cen B b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-05-27. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
Star's age taken from: Bazot, M.; Bourguignon, S.; Christensen-Dalsgaard, J.; Bourguignon; Christensen-Dalsgaard (2012). "A Bayesian approach to the modelling of alpha Cen A". MNRAS. 427 (3): 1847. arXiv:12.09.0222. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.427.1847B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21818.x. {{cite journal}}: Check |arxiv= value (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
Hatzes, Artie P. (2013). "The Radial Velocity Detection of Earth-mass Planets in the Presence of Activity Noise: The Case of α Centauri Bb". The Astrophysical Journal. 770 (2): article id. 133. arXiv:1305.4960. Bibcode:2013ApJ...770..133H. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/770/2/133.
Luhman, K. L. (2013). "Discovery of a Binary Brown Dwarf at 2 Parsecs from the Sun". arXiv:1303.2401 .
"LUH (AB) b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2013-12-05. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
"epsilon Eri b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"eps Eridani b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
^ Reffert, S.; Quirrenbach, A. (2011-02-11). "Mass constraints on substellar companion candidates from the re-reduced Hipparcos intermediate astrometric data: nine confirmed planets and two confirmed brown dwarfs". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 527. edp Sciences: A140. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015861. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Anglada-Escudé, Guillem; Butler, R. Paul (2012). "The HARPS-TERRA Project. I. Description of the Algorithms, Performance, and New Measurements on a Few Remarkable Stars Observed by HARPS". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 200 (2): article id. 15. arXiv:1202.2570. Bibcode:2012ApJS..200...15A. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/200/2/15.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Zechmeister, M.; Kürster, M.; Endl, M.; Lo Curto, G.; Hartman, H.; Nilsson, H.; Henning, T.; Hatzes, A. P.; Cochran, W. D. (2013). "The planet search programme at the ESO CES and HARPS. IV. The search for Jupiter analogues around solar-like stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 552: id.A78. arXiv:1211.7263. Bibcode:2013A&A...552A..78Z. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116551.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Backman, D.; Marengo, M.; Stapelfeldt, K.; Su, K.; Wilner, D.; Dowell, C. D.; Watson, D.; Stansberry, J.; et al. (2009). "Epsilon Eridani's Planetary Debris Disk: Structure and Dynamics based on Spitzer and CSO Observations". Astrophysical Journal. 690 (2): 1522–1538. arXiv:0810.4564. Bibcode:2009ApJ...690.1522B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/690/2/1522.
Quillen, A. C. and Thorndike, S. (2002). "Structure in the ε Eridani Dusty Disk Caused by Mean Motion Resonances with a 0.3 Eccentricity Planet at Periastron". The Astrophysical Journal. 578 (2): L149–L152. arXiv:astro-ph/0208279. Bibcode:2002ApJ...578L.149Q. doi:10.1086/344708.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Zechmeister, M.; Kürster, M.; Endl, M.; Lo Curto, G.; Hartman, H.; Nilsson, H.; Henning, T.; Hatzes, A. P.; Cochran, W. D. (2013). "The planet search programme at the ESO CES and HARPS". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 552: A78. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116551. ISSN 0004-6361.
"tau Cet b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2012-12-19. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
^ Open Exoplanet Catalogue. "tau Ceti". Open Exoplanet Catalogue. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"tau Cet c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2012-12-19. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
"tau Cet d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2012-12-19. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
"tau Cet e". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2012-12-19. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
^ Kasting, J. F.; Kopparapu, R.; Ramirez, R. M.; Harman, C. E. (2013). "Remote life-detection criteria, habitable zone boundaries, and the frequency of Earth-like planets around M and late K stars". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. doi:10.1073/pnas.1309107110. ISSN 0027-8424.
"tau Cet f". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2012-12-19. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
"Kapteyn's b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-06-30.
"Kapteyn's c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-06-30.
"Gl 687 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 674 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 674 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2007-04-25. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"Gliese 876 d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2010-12-14. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
^ Rivera, Eugenio J.; Laughlin1, Gregory; Butler, R. Paul; Vogt, Steven S.; Haghighipour, Nader; Meschiari, Stefano (2010). "The Lick-Carnegie Exoplanet Survey: a Uranus-Mass Fourth Planet for GJ 876 in an Extrasolar Laplace Configuration". The Astrophysical Journal. 719 (1). Iopscience.iop.org: 890–899. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/719/1/890.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
"Gliese 876 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2010-12-14. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"Gliese 876 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"Gliese 876 e". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 832 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-06-30.
"GJ 832 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 832 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2010-11-13. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
Interpolated temperature value from NASA Exoplanet Archive, per: Bessell, M. S. (1995). "The Temperature Scale for Cool Dwarfs". In Tinney, C. G. (ed.). The Bottom of the Main Sequence - and Beyond, Proceedings of the ESO Workshop. Springer-Verlag. p. 123. Bibcode:1995bmsb.conf..123B. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
^ "HD 20794 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 20794 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-09-02. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 20794 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-09-02. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 20794 d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-09-02. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
^ "GJ 581 e". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"Gl 581 e". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-09-13. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"Gl 581 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-09-13. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"Gl 581 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-09-13. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"Gl 581 g". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-09-13. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"Gl 581 d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-09-13. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"Gl 581 f". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-09-13. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
^ Feroz, F.; Hobson, M. P. (2014). "Bayesian analysis of radial velocity data of GJ667C with correlated noise: evidence for only two planets". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 437 (4): 3540–3549. arXiv:1307.6984. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.437.3540F.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "GJ 667 C b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 667C b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2012-02-14. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 667C h". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2013-11-28. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 667C c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2012-02-14. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 667C f". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2013-11-28. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 667C e". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2013-06-26. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 667C d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 667C g". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2013-11-28. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"Fomalhaut b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"Fomalhaut b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
^ "61 Vir b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
^ "61 Vir b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2009-12-15. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 192310 c". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"Gl 785 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 192310 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-09-03. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 433 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 433 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2012-02-14. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 433 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2012-02-14. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 433 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 849 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 849 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 102365 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 102365 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-01-11. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 176 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 176 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 176 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2010-12-17. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
^ "GJ 436 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 436 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 436 d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
^ "GJ 649 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"Gl 649 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"Gl 649 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2009-12-17. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"beta Gem b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 62509 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 86 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"Gl 86 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2009-10-07. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HIP 57050 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HIP 57050 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2010-04-27. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
^ "HD 3651 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 3651 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 3651 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 85512 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 85512 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-09-02. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 179 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"Gl 179 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"55 Cnc e". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"55 Cnc b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"55 Cnc c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"55 Cnc f". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"55 Cnc d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
^ "HD 69830 c". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 69830 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 69830 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2010-10-19. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 69830 d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2010-10-19. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 147513 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 147513 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2010-12-29. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 1214 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
^ "HD 40307 c". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 40307 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2008-10-14. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 40307 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2008-10-14. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 40307 d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2008-10-14. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 40307 e". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2012-11-08. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 40307 f". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2012-11-08. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 40307 g". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2012-11-08. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
^ "upsilon And b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"ups And b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"ups And c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"ups And d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"ups And e". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
^ "47 UMa c". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"47 Uma b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2010-03-10. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"47 Uma c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"47 Uma d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"gamma Cep b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"gamma Cephei b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HIP 79431 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HIP 79431 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2010-01-11. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 136352 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-09-12. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 136352 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-09-12. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 136352 d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-09-12. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
^ "GJ 163 c". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"Gj 163 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
^ Bonfils, X. (2013). "The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XXXIV. A planetary system around the nearby M dwarf GJ163, with a super-Earth possibly in the habitable zone". arXiv:1306.0904 . {{cite arXiv}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |url= (help); Unknown parameter |accessdate= ignored (help)
"Gj 163 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"Gj 163 d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 176051 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2010-10-22. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 317 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 317 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-11-14. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"Gliese 317". Open Exoplanet Catalogue. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"GJ 317 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-11-14. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"HD 38858 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-09-12. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
^ Bortle, John E. (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Sky and Telescope. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
^ "HEC: Periodic Table of Exoplanets". Planetary Habitability Laboratory. University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo. 2014-04-17. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
"The One Hundred Nearest Star Systems". Research Consortium On Nearby Stars. 2012-01-01. Retrieved 2014-05-20.

External links

"All Candidates detected". The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 2014-03-02.
"Exoplanets Data Explorer". Retrieved 2014-03-02.
"Open Exoplanet Catalogue". Retrieved 2014-03-02.
"NASA Exoplanet Archive". Retrieved 2014-05-12.

Stars

List

Formation

Evolution

Classification

Early Late Main sequence O B A F G K M Subdwarf O B WR OB Subgiant Giant Blue Red Yellow Bright giant Supergiant Blue Red Yellow Hypergiant Yellow Carbon S CN CH White dwarf Chemically peculiar Am Ap/Bp CEMP HgMn He-weak Barium Lambda Boötis Lead Technetium Be Shell B Helium Extreme Blue straggler
Remnants	Compact star Parker's star White dwarf Helium planet Neutron Radio-quiet Pulsar Binary X-ray Magnetar Stellar black hole X-ray binary Burster SGR
Hypothetical	Blue dwarf Black dwarf Exotic Boson Electroweak Strange Preon Planck Dark Dark-energy Quark Q Black hole star Black Hawking Quasi-star Gravastar Thorne–Żytkow object Iron Blitzar White hole

Nucleosynthesis

Structure

Properties

Star systems

Earth-centric
observations

Lists

Exoplanets

Main topics

Sizes
and
types

Terrestrial	Carbon planet Coreless planet Desert planet Dwarf planet Hycean planet Ice planet Iron planet (Super-Mercury) Lava planet Ocean world Mega-Earth Sub-Earth Super-Earth
Gaseous	Eccentric Jupiter Mini-Neptune (Gas dwarf) Helium planet Hot Jupiter Hot Neptune Gas giant Ice giant Super-Jupiter Super-Neptune Super-puff Ultra-hot Jupiter Ultra-hot Neptune
Other types	Blanet Brown dwarf Chthonian planet Circumbinary planet Circumtriple planet Disrupted planet Double planet Ecumenopolis Eyeball planet Giant planet Mesoplanet Planemo Planet/Brown dwarf boundary Planetesimal Protoplanet Pulsar planet Sub-brown dwarf Sub-Neptune Toroidal planet Ultra-cool dwarf Ultra-short period planet (USP)