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| {{hatnote|"Crabapple" and "Wild apple" redirect here. For the cultivated fruit, see ]. For the unrelated Australian tree, see '']''. For other uses, see ] and ]}} | |||
| {{italic title}} | |||
| {{taxobox | |||
| |image = Purple prince crabapple tree.JPG | |||
| |image_caption = ''Malus 'Purple Prince'''<ref>Cirrus Digital </ref> | |||
| |regnum = ]ae | |||
| |unranked_divisio = ] | |||
| |unranked_classis = ] | |||
| |unranked_ordo = ] | |||
| |ordo = ] | |||
| |familia = ] | |||
| | subfamilia = ]<ref name=Potter>Potter, D., et al. (2007). Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae. ''Plant Systematics and Evolution''. 266(1–2): 5–43. <nowiki></nowiki></ref> | |||
| |tribus = ] | |||
| |subtribus = ] | |||
| |genus = '''''Malus''''' | |||
| |genus_authority = ] | |||
| |subdivision_ranks = Species | |||
| |subdivision = *See text | |||
| |}} | |||
| '''''Malus''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|eɪ|l|ə|s}}<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|l|ə|s}}), ''']''', is a ] of about 30–55 ]<ref>{{cite journal | author=Phipps, J.B. et aL.| title=A checklist of the subfamily Maloideae (Rosaceae)| journal=Can. J. Bot.| year=1990| volume=68 | pages=2209 | doi=10.1139/b90-288 | issue=10}}</ref> of small ] ]s or ]s in the family ], including the domesticated ] (''M. domestica''). The other species are generally known as '''crabapples''', crab apples, crabs, or wild apples. | |||
| The genus is ] to the ] zone of the Northern Hemisphere. | |||
| ==Description== | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ]}}</ref> but some, such as this cultivar 'Golden Hornet', are yellow]] | |||
| ] | |||
| Apple trees are typically {{convert|4|–|12|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall at maturity, with a dense, twiggy crown. The ] are {{convert|3|–|10|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, alternate, simple, with a serrated margin. The ]s are borne in ]s, and have five ]s, which may be white, pink or red, and are ], with usually red stamens that produce copious ], and a ]; flowering occurs in the spring after 50–80 ]s (varying greatly according to subspecies and cultivar). | |||
| Apples require ] between individuals by ]s (typically ]s, which freely visit the flowers for both ] and ]); all are self-sterile, and (with the exception of a few specially developed cultivars) self-pollination is impossible, making pollinating insects essential. Several ''Malus'' species, including domestic apples, ] freely.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/00-011.htm|title=Crabapple Pollenizers for Apples|publisher=Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food|author=Ken Wilson and D.C. Elfving|accessdate=12 Sep 2013}}</ref> They are used as food plants by the ]e of a large number of ] species; see ]. | |||
| The ] is a globose ], varying in size from {{convert|1|–|4|cm|in|abbr=on}} diameter in most of the wild species, to {{convert|6|cm|in|abbr=on}} in ''M. sylvestris sieversii'', {{convert|8|cm|in|abbr=on}} in ''M. domestica'', and even larger in certain cultivated orchard apples. The centre of the fruit contains five ]s arranged star-like, each containing one or two ]s. | |||
| == Cultivation == | |||
| For the ''Malus domestica'' cultivars, the cultivated apples, see ]. | |||
| Crabapples are popular as compact ornamental trees, providing blossom in Spring and colourful fruit in Autumn. The fruits often persist throughout Winter. Numerous hybrid cultivars have been selected, of which 'Evereste'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Malus'' 'Evereste'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1248|accessdate=20 July 2013}}</ref> and 'Red Sentinel'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Malus'' 'Red Sentinel'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1259|accessdate=20 July 2013}}</ref> have gained ]'s ]. | |||
| Other varieties are dealt with under their species names. | |||
| Some crabapples are used as ]s for domestic apples to add beneficial characteristics.<ref></ref> For example, varieties of Baccata, also called Siberian crab, rootstock is used to give additional cold hardiness to the combined plant for orchards in cold northern areas.<ref></ref> | |||
| They are also used as ]s in apple ]s. Varieties of crabapple are selected to bloom contemporaneously with the apple variety in an orchard planting, and the crabs are planted every sixth or seventh tree, or limbs of a crab tree are grafted onto some of the apple trees. In emergencies, a bucket or drum bouquet of crabapple flowering branches are placed near the beehives as orchard pollenizers. See also ]. | |||
| Because of the plentiful blossoms and small fruit, crabapples are popular for use in ] culture. | |||
| == Uses == | |||
| Crabapple fruit is not an important crop in most areas, being extremely sour and (in some species) woody, and is rarely eaten raw for this reason. In some southeast Asian cultures they are valued as a sour condiment, sometimes eaten with salt and chilli pepper, or shrimp paste. | |||
| Some crabapples varieties are an exception to the reputation of being sour, and can be very sweet, such as the 'Chestnut' cultivar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.starkbros.com/growing-guide/plant-manuals/fruit-trees/apple-trees/chestnut-crabapple|title=The Growing Guide|publisher=Stark Bro's Nurseries & Orchards Co.}}</ref> | |||
| Crabapples are an excellent source of ], and their juice can be made into a ruby-coloured ] with a full, spicy flavour.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rombauer|first=I.|authorlink=Irma S. Rombauer|author2=Becker, M. R. |author3=Becker, E. |title=All About Canning & Preserving (] series)|publisher=Scribner|location=New York|origyear=2002|pages=72|isbn=0-7432-1502-8|year=2002}}</ref> A small percentage of crabapples in ] makes a more interesting flavour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cider.org.uk/part1.htm|title=The Science of Cidermaking|publisher=Andrew Lea|accessdate=November 2013}}</ref> As ] ''Wergulu'', the crab apple is one of the nine plants invoked in the ] '']'', recorded in the 10th century. | |||
| Apple wood gives off a pleasant scent when burned, and smoke from an apple wood fire gives an excellent flavour to ] foods.<ref name=Fraser>{{cite web |last=Fraser |first=Anna |title=Properties of different trees as firewood |date=22 August 2005, 17 July 2008 |url=http://web.archive.org:80/web/20071011022757/www.the-tree.org.uk/ }}</ref> It is easier to cut when green; dry apple wood is exceedingly difficult to carve by hand.<ref name=Fraser/> It is a good wood for cooking fires because it burns hot and slow, without producing much flame.<ref name=Fraser/> | |||
| Crabapple has been ] as one of the 38 plants that are used to prepare ],<ref name="Vohra2004">{{cite book|author=D. S. Vohra|title=Bach Flower Remedies: A Comprehensive Study|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=icG8onA0ys8C&pg=PR3|accessdate=2 September 2013|date=1 June 2004|publisher=B. Jain Publishers|isbn=978-81-7021-271-3|page=3}}</ref> a kind of ] promoted for its effect on health. However according to ], "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer".<ref>{{cite web | |||
| |url=http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-help/about-cancer/treatment/complementary-alternative/therapies/flower-remedies | |||
| |title=Flower remedies | |||
| |publisher=] | |||
| |accessdate=September 2013 | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| == Species == | |||
| {{div col||25em}} | |||
| * '']''—Southern crabapple | |||
| * '']''—Chinese pearleaf crabapple | |||
| * '']''—Siberian crabapple | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']''—Sweet crabapple | |||
| * '']''—Orchard apple | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']''—Japanese crabapple | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']''—Oregon or Pacific crabapple | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']''—Flowering crabapple | |||
| * '']''—Tea crabapple | |||
| * '']''—Prairie crabapple | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']''—Midget crabapple | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']''—feral ''M. domestica''? | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']''—Asian wild or Almaty apple | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']''—European wild apple | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| {{div col end}} | |||
| ==Cultivars== | |||
| *''Malus'' × ''moerlandsii'' ] 'profusion' - Profusion crabapple | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * {{Wayback|date=20070208143219|url=http://www.ext.vt.edu/departments/envirohort/articles/fruits_and_nuts/drescra.html|df=yes}} | |||
| * : a cooperative among ], ], and the ]. | |||
| {{Commons|Malus}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 07:24, 16 July 2014
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