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| ]<sup>†</sup> || {{sort|0.1|~0.1}} || {{sort|940|~40}} || {{sort|99999|~100,000}} || {{sort|0.3|~0.3}} || — || 2002 | ]<sup>†</sup> || {{sort|0.1|~0.1}} || {{sort|940|~40}} || {{sort|99999|~100,000}} || {{sort|0.3|~0.3}} || — || 2002
|<ref>{{cite doi|10.1086/344708 }}</ref> |<ref>{{cite doi|10.1086/344708 }}</ref>
|-
| ] || 8.09 || ||0.404 || 3,730 ||
| ] || ≥ 5.35 || 0.0717 || 11.4433 || - || — || 2014
|<ref>http://arxiv.org/abs/1408.5645</ref>
|- style="background:#BFBFBF;" |- style="background:#BFBFBF;"
| ] || 11.81 || {{sort|0483|4.83}} || 0.762 || 4,630 || {{sort|013|1.3}} | ] || 11.81 || {{sort|0483|4.83}} || 0.762 || 4,630 || {{sort|013|1.3}}

Revision as of 23:38, 26 August 2014

Fomalhaut is a star 25 light-years away with an exoplanet (Fomalhaut b) that has been directly imaged in 2013 by NASA.

Astronomers have identified a total of 65 exoplanets within 50 light-years of the Solar System, but the existence of at least another 34 unconfirmed exoplanets has been proposed. This corresponds to only 35 stars with confirmed planetary systems (and six with only unconfirmed exoplanets) of the around 1,400 stars that are estimated to be located within 50 light-years. Of the around 133 nearby stars which are bright enough to be visible with the naked eye, so far, only 18 have confirmed planetary systems.

Reports of planetary systems first came in 1996 for three stars located over 40 light-years away: 55 Cancri, Since 1999, more planets have been reported, including a total of five planets revolving around 55 Cancri, and four planets around Gliese 876, Upsilon Andromedae. Eight star systems have three confirmed planetary partners, four other have only two planets, while the remaining 20 systems have only one confirmed planet. A total of seven planets have been suggested for Gliese 667 C (but only two have been confirmed), six around Gliese 581 and HD 40307, and a total of five planets revolving around Tau Ceti (all unconfirmed).

The closest star with a confirmed exoplanet is Gliese 674, 14.8 light-years away from our Solar System. Of the other 41 star systems that are closer, the closest, Alpha Centauri (4.1 light-years away), has been suggested to contain a planetary companion that may be similar in size to Earth. Of the 35 planetary systems located within 50 light-years, 20 are located within 40 light-years, 11 are within 30 light-years, and only four are within 20 light-years.

Out of the 65 confirmed planets within 50 light-years, more than half were found to revolve around their star closer and complete an orbit faster than Mercury does around the Sun, and 18 have a more eccentric orbit than that of Mercury. Considering their minimum masses, 46 exoplanets are expected to be gas giants, and only 19 under ten times more massive than Earth. The smallest of these has minimum mass of 2.4 times that of Earth's and revolves around 82 G. Eridani, 20 light-years away. Only three exoplanets have had their radii measured from transit events with their host stars: Gliese 436 b at 0.365 RJ, 55 Cancri e at 0.178 RJ and GJ 1214 b at 0.238 RJ.

Inclusion criteria

There is no official organization that acknowledges reports for the existence of exoplanets, but the Working Group on Extrasolar Planets of the International Astronomical Union adopted in 2003 a working definition limiting the upper masses of exoplanets below that where thermonuclear fusion of deuterium occurs. This limit is calculated to be around 13 times the mass of Jupiter, and above it, an object is classified as a brown dwarf.

For the purpose of this list, an exoplanet is regarded as unconfirmed when there is only a single (primary) report which presents its discovery, but there are no follow-up papers discussing their existence. There are a few examples where the existence of an exoplanet has been discussed in multiple papers, but there exists a minority of skeptics. For example, Alpha Centauri Bb has received criticism on the methods used to propose the existence of the planet. Several reports of nearby exoplanets have been made but these proposals have been widely disproven since, as was the case for Teegarden's star and VB 10.

Usually, nearby exoplanets have been discovered by measuring the changes in the radial velocity of the host star, which allows for a precise estimate of their orbital parameters, but does not allow for an estimate of their orbital inclination (i). Because of this challenge, only 17 of the 66 exoplanets have their masses measured, while for the others, only their minimum masses (Mreal*sin(i)) are known. It is generally expected that most of these masses to be close to their true masses, as there is only about 13% chance for the mass of an exoplanet to be more than double its minimum mass. However, there have been a few cases where planetary candidates were suggested but later refinement showed that these were more than 13 times more massive than Jupiter, and thus are likely brown dwarfs. This has been the case for WISE 0458+6434 B, WISE 1217+16A B, 2M 0746+20 B, MOA-2008-BLG-379L B, SDSS 141624 B, and HD 104304 B.

There are known examples of potential free-floating sub-brown dwarfs, sometimes referred as "rogue planets", that are excluded from this list, such as WISE 0855–0714 and UGPS J072227.51-054031.2.

Notable uncertainties exist for the distances measured for some stars. Because of this, some sources regard some stars as being within the 50 light-years (ly) threshold, but these stars were not included in the current list: Mu Arae (50.59 ly), 51 Pegasi (50.7 ly), Tau Boötis (50.9 ly).

List

Key to colors
Mercury, Earth and Jupiter (for comparison purposes)
Unconfirmed exoplanets
Confirmed multiplanetary systems
Host star system Companion exoplanet (in order from star) References
Name Distance
(ly)
Apparent
magnitude
Mass
(M☉)
Temperature
(K)
Age
(Gyr)
Label Mass
(MJ)
Semi-major axis
(AU)
Orbital period
(days)
Eccentricity
Inclination
(°)
Discovery year
Sun 0 −26.74 1.000 5,780 4.57 Mercury 0.00017 0.387 87.97 0.205 — — —
Earth 0.00314 1.0 365.26 0.0167 — — —
Jupiter 1 5.204 4,332.6 0.0488 — — —
Alpha Centauri 4.36 1.33 0.934 5,210 5.0 Bb >0.00355 0.04185 3.24 ~0 — 2012
Luhman 16 6.59 23.0 ~0.04 ~1,300 <4.5 – ~10 — — — — 2013
Epsilon Eridani 10.49 3.73 0.820 5,120 0.66 b 1.55 3.38 2,500 0.25 30.1 2000
d — ~20 — — — 2008
c ~0.1 ~40 ~100,000 ~0.3 — 2002
Groombridge 34 8.09 0.404 3,730 b ≥ 5.35 0.0717 11.4433 - — 2014
Epsilon Indi 11.81 4.83 0.762 4,630 1.3 – >0.97 8.57 >10,000 — — 2002
Tau Ceti 11.90 3.50 0.783 5,340 5.8 b >0.0063 0.105 <12.7 0.16 — 2012
c >0.0098 0.195 35.4 0.03 — 2012
d >0.0113 0.374 94.1 0.08 — 2012
e >0.0135 0.552 168 0.05 — 2012
f >0.0208 1.35 642 0.03 — 2012
Kapteyn's star 12.76 8.85 0.281 3,550 8.0 b >0.015 0.168 48.6 0.21 – 2014
c >0.022 0.311 122 0.23 – 2014
Gliese 687 14.77 9.15 0.431 3,400 — b >0.058 0.1635 38.1 0.04 — 2014
Gliese 674 14.81 9.36 0.354 3,610 0.55 b >0.0349 0.0387 4.69 0.20 — 2007
Gliese 876 15.29 10.2 0.334 3,350 2.5 d 0.0215 0.0208 1.938 0.21 50 2005
c 0.714 0.130 30.1 0.26 48.1 2000
b 2.276 0.208 61.1 0.032 48.9 2000
e 0.046 0.334 124 0.055 59.5 2010
Gliese 832 16.16 8.67 0.450 3,620 — c >0.157 0.162 35.7 0.03 — 2014
b >0.689 3.6 3,420 0.08 — 2008
82 G. Eridani 19.71 4.26 0.701 5,490 6.1–12.7 b >0.0085 0.1207 18.3 — — 2011
c >0.0076 0.2036 40.1 — — 2011
d >0.015 0.3499 90.3 — — 2011
Gliese 581 20.37 10.55 0.31 3,500 8.0 e >0.028 0.028 3.15 0.32 — 2009
b >0.05 0.041 5.37 0.031 — 2005
c >0.017 0.073 12.9 0.07 — 2007
g >0.01 0.146 36.7 — — 2010
d >0.019 0.22 66.6 0.21 — 2007
f >0.023 0.758 430 — — 2010
Gliese 667 23.60 10.22 0.33 3,600 >2.0 Cb >0.0178 0.050 7.20 0.122 — 2009
Ch >0.0035 0.0893 17.0 0.06 — 2013
Cc >0.0117 0.125 28.1 0.133 — 2011
Cf >0.0085 0.156 39.0 0.03 — 2013
Ce >0.0085 0.213 62.2 0.02 — 2013
Cd >0.0218 0.304 106 0.68 — 2012
Cg >0.0145 0.549 256 0.08 — 2013
Fomalhaut 25.13 1.16 1.920 8,590 0.55 b >3.0 115 ~620,000 0.11 — 2008
61 Virginis 27.90 4.74 0.942 5,530 8.96 b >0.016 0.0502 4.22 0.12 — 2009
c >0.0573 0.2175 38.0 0.14 — 2009
d >0.072 0.476 123 0.35 — 2009
HD 192310 28.78 6.13 0.778 5,140 7.8 b >0.053 0.32 74.7 0.13 — 2010
c >0.075 1.18 526 0.32 — 2011
Gliese 433 28.97 9.79 0.48 3,550 — b >0.0182 0.058 7.37 0.08 — 2009
c >0.14 3.6 3,700 0.17 — 2012
Gliese 849 29.67 10.42 0.490 3,600 — b >0.9 2.35 1,910 0.012 — 2006
c >0.77 ~5 7,050 0.218 — 2013
HD 102365 30.08 4.89 0.890 5,650 9.0 b >0.05 0.46 122 0.34 — 2011
Gliese 176 30.25 9.96 0.490 3,350 — b >0.0265 0.066 8.78 — — 2007
c >0.044 0.18 40 — — 2009
Gliese 436 33.08 10.68 0.452 3,350 6.0 UCF-1.01 0.0009 0.0185 1.37 — 86.7 2012
b 0.0724 0.0288 2.64 0.15 85.8 2004
UCF-1.02 >0.00085 — — — — 2012
Gliese 649 33.74 9.62 0.542 3,700 — c >0.03 0.043 4.48 0.2 — 2013
b >0.328 1.135 598 0.3 — 2009
Pollux 33.79 1.15 2.080 4,670 0.72 b >2.9 1.69 589 0.02 — 2006
Gliese 86 35.17 6.17 0.796 5,350 2.03 b >4.0 0.11 15.8 0.046 — 2000
HIP 57050 35.88 11.9 0.340 3,190 — b >0.298 0.1635 41.4 0.31 — 2010
54 Piscium 36.07 5.8 0.882 5,220 5.1 Ac >0.09 0.186 31.0 0.04 — 2013
Ab 0.23 0.284 62.2 0.63 83 2003
HD 85512 36.37 7.67 0.687 4,720 5.6 b >0.011 0.26 58.4 0.11 — 2011
Gliese 179 40.1 11.96 0.357 3,370 — b >0.82 2.41 2,290 0.21 — 2010
55 Cancri 40.25 5.95 0.905 5,200 10.2 e 0.0262 0.0156 0.737 <0.06 81 2004
b >0.8 0.1134 14.7 0.016 — 1996
c >0.169 0.240 44.3 0.053 — 2002
f >0.144 0.781 261 0.0002 — 2007
d 4.80 5.76 5,200 0.03 53 2002
HD 69830 40.75 5.95 0.849 5,360 7.0 b 0.13 0.0785 8.67 0.1 13 2006
c 0.17 0.186 31.6 0.13 13 2006
d 0.26 0.63 197 0.07 13 2006
HD 147513 41.68 5.38 1.072 5,930 0.65 b >1.21 1.32 528 0.26 — 2003
GJ 1214 42.25 14.71 0.157 3,030 6.0 b 0.0203 0.0143 1.580 0.27 88.67 2009
HD 40307 42.39 7.2 0.740 4,980 1.2 b >0.0126 0.0468 4.31 0.2 — 2008
c >0.0208 0.0799 9.62 0.06 — 2008
d >0.0299 0.1321 20.4 0.07 — 2008
e >0.011 0.1886 34.6 0.15 — 2012
f >0.0164 0.247 51.8 0.02 — 2012
g >0.0223 0.6 198 0.29 — 2012
Upsilon Andromedae 44.00 4.09 1.310 6,210 3.8 b 0.62–1.24 0.059 4.62 0.013 >30 1996
c ~14 0.861 238 0.24 8 1999
d 10.19 2.55 1,300 0.27 24 1999
e >1.059 5.25 3,850 0.0054 — 2010
47 Ursae Majoris 45.87 5.10 1.063 5,880 7.4 b 2.53–7 2.1 1,078 0.032 — 1996
c >0.54 3.6 2,390 0.098 — 2001
d >1.64 11.6 14,000 0.16 — 2010
Gamma Cephei 46.00 3.23 1.26 4,760 6.6 Ab 1.85–19 2.05 903 0.049 5.7 2003
HIP 79431 46.96 11.34 0.491 3,190 — b >2.1 0.36 112 0.29 — 2010
Nu Lupi 48.27 5.65 0.91 5,660 10.4 b >0.0166 0.0933 11.6 0.18 — 2011
c >0.0358 0.1665 27.6 0.16 — 2011
d >0.03 0.411 107 0.43 — 2011
Gliese 163 48.92 11.3 0.40 3,500 3.0 b >0.0334 0.0607 8.63 0.0106 — 2012
e >0.012 0.10 19.5 0.32 — 2013
c >0.0228 0.1254 25.6 0.094 — 2013
f >0.023 0.33 108 0.41 — 2013
d >0.0695 1.027 601 0.40 — 2012
HD 176051 48.89 5.22 0.71 6,000 8.1 Bb >1.5 1.76 1,020 — — 2010
Gliese 317 49.2 12.0 0.42 3,510 — b 1.8–3.6 1.15 692 0.11 >25 2007
c >2.0 ~30 >10,000 0.81 — 2007
HD 38858 49.6 5.97 0.886 5,660 6.2 b >0.0961 1.038 407 0.27 — 2011

Statistics

Planetary systems

Template:Multicol

Systems by planet count
Confirmed
exoplanets 		No. of
systems 		Systems
5 1 55 Cancri
4 2 Gliese 876, Upsilon Andromedae
3 8 82 G. Eridani, Gliese 581, 61 Virginis, HD 69830, HD 40307, 47 Ursae Majoris, Nu Lupi, Gliese 163
2 4 Gliese 667, HD 192310, Gliese 433, Gliese 649
1 20 —
Total 35
0 7 —

Template:Multicol-break

Systems by distance
Distance Confirmed
systems 		Unconfirmed
systems
< 10 light-years 0 2
10–20 light-years 4 5
20–30 light-years 7 0
30–40 light-years 9 0
40–50 light-years 15 0
Systems visible with the naked eye
Visible host star? Confirmed
systems 		Unconfirmed
systems
Yes (V < 6.5) 18 4
No (V > 6.5) 17 3

Template:Multicol-end

Exoplanets

Template:Multicol

Exoplanets by mass
Mass range Confirmed Unconfirmed
Sub-Earth-mass <0.0015 MJ (<0.5 ME) 0 2
Earth-mass 0.0015–0.006 MJ (0.5–2 ME) 0 2
Super-Earth-mass 0.006–0.03 MJ (2–10 ME) 19 20
Neptune-mass 0.03–0.15 MJ (10–50 ME) 18 4
Jupiter-mass 0.15–1.8 MJ (50–600 ME) 17 3
Super-Jupiter-mass >1.8 MJ (>600 ME) 11 2
Total 65 33
Exoplanets by orbital radius
Orbital radius Confirmed Unconfirmed Notes
< 0.4 AU 39 21 Mercury orbits at 0.39 AU
0.4–1.0 AU 6 4 Earth orbits at 1.0 AU
1.0–5.0 AU 16 3
>5.0 AU 4 4 Jupiter orbits at 5.2 AU
Exoplanets by orbital period
Orbital period Confirmed Unconfirmed Notes
< 90 days 36 17 Mercury takes 88 days
90–365 days 9 7
1–12 years 17 3 Jupiter takes 11.9 years
>12 years 3 4
Exoplanets by orbital eccentricity
Orbital eccentricity Confirmed Unconfirmed Notes
< 0.02 6 1 Earth's is 0.0167
0.02–0.20 36 14
> 0.20 18 11 Mercury's is 0.205

Template:Multicol-break

Exoplanets by discovery year
Year Confirmed Unconfirmed
1996 3 0
1999 2 0
2000 3 1
2001 1 0
2002 2 2
2003 3 0
2004 2 0
2005 2 0
2006 5 0
2007 5 2
2008 5 1
2009 8 1
2010 8 2
2011 11 0
2012 3 12
2013 2 9
2014 0 4
Total 65 34

Template:Multicol-end

See also

Notes

  1. Current list is compiled from the following databases:
    "The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia".
    "Exoplanets Data Explorer".
    "Open Exoplanet Catalogue".
    "NASA Exoplanet Archive".
  2. For reference, the 99th and 100th closest known star systems as of 2012, HR 8832 and LHS 3003 (Proxima Hydrae), are about 21 light-years away from the Solar System.
  3. According to the Bortle scale, an astronomical object visible to the naked eye under "typical" dark-sky conditions in a rural area if it has an apparent magnitude smaller than +6.5. To the unaided eye, the limiting magnitude is +7.6 to +8.0 under "excellent" dark-sky conditions (with effort).
  4. This recently-discovered exoplanet is regarded as unconfirmed as there is only a single (primary) report discussing its existence.

References

  1. ^ Powell, Richard (2006). "Stars within 50 light years". An Atlas of the Universe. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  2. Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1086/310444, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1086/310444 instead.
  3. Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1038/nature11572 , please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1038/nature11572 instead.
  4. ^ "GJ 436 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  5. ^ "55 Cnc e". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  6. ^ "GJ 1214 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  7. Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1017/S1743921306004509, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1017/S1743921306004509 instead.
  8. Carlisle, Camille (2012-10-18). "Planet Found in Alpha Centauri System". Sky and Telescope. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  9. Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21236.x, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21236.x instead.
  10. Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1088/0004-637X/700/1/623 , please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/700/1/623 instead.
  11. "The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia — VB 10 b". Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
  12. Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1086/588487, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1086/588487 instead.
  13. "WISE 0458+6434 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  14. "WISE 1217+16A b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  15. "2M 0746+20 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2012-01-20. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  16. "2M 0746+20". Open Exoplanet Catalogue. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  17. "MOA-2008-BLG-379L". Open Exoplanet Catalogue. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  18. "SDSS 141624 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2010-01-18. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
  19. "HD 104304 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2010-05-05. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
  20. Clavin, Whitney; Harrington, J. D. (2014-04-25). "NASA's Spitzer and WISE Telescopes Find Close, Cold Neighbor of Sun". NASA.gov. Archived from the original on 2014-04-25. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 2014-04-26 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1111.2Fj.1745-3933.2010.00927.x, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1111.2Fj.1745-3933.2010.00927.x instead.
  22. "alpha Cen B b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  23. "alf Cen B b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-05-27. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  24. Star's age taken from: Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21818.x, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21818.x instead.
  25. Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1088/0004-637X/770/2/133, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/770/2/133 instead.
  26. Luhman, K. L. (2013). "Discovery of a Binary Brown Dwarf at 2 Parsecs from the Sun". arXiv:1303.2401 .
  27. "LUH (AB) b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2013-12-05. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
  28. "epsilon Eri b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  29. "eps Eridani b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  30. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015861, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201015861 instead.
  31. Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1088/0067-0049/200/2/15 , please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1088/0067-0049/200/2/15 instead.
  32. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116551, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201116551 instead.
  33. Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1088/0004-637X/690/2/1522 , please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/690/2/1522 instead.
  34. Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1086/344708 , please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1086/344708 instead.
  35. http://arxiv.org/abs/1408.5645
  36. "tau Cet b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2012-12-19. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
  37. ^ Open Exoplanet Catalogue. "tau Ceti". Open Exoplanet Catalogue. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  38. "tau Cet c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2012-12-19. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
  39. "tau Cet d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2012-12-19. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
  40. "tau Cet e". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2012-12-19. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
  41. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1073/pnas.1309107110, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1073/pnas.1309107110 instead.
  42. "tau Cet f". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2012-12-19. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
  43. "Kapteyn's b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-06-30.
  44. "Kapteyn's c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-06-30.
  45. "Gl 687 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  46. "GJ 674 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  47. "GJ 674 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2007-04-25. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  48. "Gliese 876 d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2010-12-14. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  49. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1088/0004-637X/719/1/890 , please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/719/1/890 instead.
  50. "Gliese 876 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2010-12-14. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
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  52. "Gliese 876 e". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  53. "GJ 832 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-06-30.
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  56. Interpolated temperature value from NASA Exoplanet Archive, per: Bessell, M. S. (1995). "The Temperature Scale for Cool Dwarfs". In Tinney, C. G. (ed.). The Bottom of the Main Sequence - and Beyond, Proceedings of the ESO Workshop. Springer-Verlag. p. 123. Bibcode:1995bmsb.conf..123B. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
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  66. "Gl 581 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-09-13. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  67. "Gl 581 g". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-09-13. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  68. "Gl 581 d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-09-13. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  69. "Gl 581 f". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-09-13. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  70. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1093/mnras/stt2148 , please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1093/mnras/stt2148 instead.
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  73. "GJ 667C h". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2013-11-28. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
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  75. "GJ 667C f". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2013-11-28. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  76. "GJ 667C e". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2013-06-26. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  77. "GJ 667C d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  78. "GJ 667C g". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2013-11-28. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  79. "Fomalhaut b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  80. "Fomalhaut b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
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  85. "HD 192310 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-09-03. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  86. "GJ 433 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  87. "GJ 433 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2012-02-14. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
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  89. "GJ 433 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  90. "GJ 849 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  91. "GJ 849 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
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  94. "GJ 176 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
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  96. "GJ 176 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2010-12-17. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
  97. ^ "GJ 436 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
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  99. "GJ 436 d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  100. ^ "GJ 649 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  101. "Gl 649 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  102. "Gl 649 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2009-12-17. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  103. "beta Gem b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  104. "HD 62509 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  105. "GJ 86 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  106. "Gl 86 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2009-10-07. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  107. "HIP 57050 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
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  112. "HD 85512 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  113. "HD 85512 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-09-02. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
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  116. "55 Cnc e". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  117. "55 Cnc b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
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  119. "55 Cnc f". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  120. "55 Cnc d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
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  123. "HD 69830 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2010-10-19. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  124. "HD 69830 d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2010-10-19. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
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  130. "HD 40307 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2008-10-14. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  131. "HD 40307 d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2008-10-14. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  132. "HD 40307 e". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2012-11-08. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  133. "HD 40307 f". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2012-11-08. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  134. "HD 40307 g". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2012-11-08. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  135. ^ "upsilon And b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
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  137. "ups And c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  138. "ups And d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  139. "ups And e". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
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  142. "47 Uma c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  143. "47 Uma d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  144. "gamma Cep b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  145. "gamma Cephei b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  146. "HIP 79431 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  147. "HIP 79431 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2010-01-11. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  148. "HD 136352 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-09-12. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  149. "HD 136352 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-09-12. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  150. "HD 136352 d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-09-12. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
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  155. "Gj 163 d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  156. "HD 176051 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2010-10-22. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  157. "GJ 317 b". Exoplanets Data Explorer. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  158. "GJ 317 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-11-14. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  159. "Gliese 317". Open Exoplanet Catalogue. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  160. "GJ 317 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-11-14. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  161. "HD 38858 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-09-12. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
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