Ghetto uprisings: Difference between revisions

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	] led by the Germans for deportation to ]. Picture taken at Nowolipie street, near the intersection with Smocza.]]		] led by the Germans for deportation to ]. Picture taken at Nowolipie street, near the intersection with Smocza.]]

	'''Ghetto uprisings''' during ] were the armed revolts by ]s and other prisoners incarcerated in the newly established ] after the German ] in 1939, as well as its own ally the Soviet Union in 1941. In most instances, the ghetto resistance fighters took up arms against the Nazi plans to deport all inhabitants to ] and ]s with the aim of their mass extermination.<ref name="ushmm4">{{cite web \|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005407 \|title=Resistance in Ghettos \|publisher=Holocaust Encyclopedia \|work=Jewish Uprisings in Ghettos and Camps, 1941–1944 \|date=June 10, 2013 \|accessdate=9 January 2014}}</ref>		'''Ghetto uprisings''' during ] were the armed revolts by ]s and other prisoners incarcerated in the newly established ] after the German ] in 1939, as well as its own ally the Soviet Union in 1941. In most instances, the ghetto resistance fighters took up arms against the Nazi plans to deport all inhabitants to ] and ]s with the aim of their mass extermination.<ref name="ushmm4">{{cite web \|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005407 \|title=Resistance in Ghettos \|publisher=Holocaust Encyclopedia \|work=Jewish Uprisings in Ghettos and Camps, 1941–1944 \|date=June 10, 2013 \|accessdate=9 January 2014}}</ref>
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	Armed resistance was offered in over 100 ghettos.<ref name="ushmm">{{cite web \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126200522/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005213 \|title=Jewish Resistance \|publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum \|year=2011 \|accessdate=9 January 2014}}</ref> Some of these uprisings were more massive and organized, while others were small and spontaneous. The best known and the biggest of such uprisings took place in ] in April–May 1943.<ref name="ushmm3">{{cite web \|url=http://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/warsaw-ghetto-uprising \|title=April–May 1943, Warsaw Ghetto Uprising \|publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum \|work=Timeline of Events \|year=2013 \|accessdate=9 January 2014}}</ref> ~~The~~ ] ~~resulted~~ in the ~~death~~ of up to ~~7,000~~ ~~Jews~~ in ~~razed~~ ~~city~~ ~~district~~,{{~~Clarify~~\|date=September 2014\|~~reason~~=in ~~ONE~~ ~~razed~~ ~~district~~ or ~~several~~ or ~~what?~~}} ~~but there~~ were also other such struggles leading to the wholesale burning of the ghettos.<ref name="ushmm2">{{cite web \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028122151/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005188 \|title=Warsaw Ghetto Uprising \|publisher=Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington DC \|work=Holocaust Encyclopedia \|year=2012 \|accessdate=9 January 2014}}</ref>		Armed resistance was offered in over 100 ghettos.<ref name="ushmm">{{cite web \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126200522/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005213 \|title=Jewish Resistance \|publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum \|year=2011 \|accessdate=9 January 2014}}</ref> Some of these uprisings were more massive and organized, while others were small and spontaneous. The best known and the biggest of such uprisings took place in ] in April–May 1943.<ref name="ushmm3">{{cite web \|url=http://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/warsaw-ghetto-uprising \|title=April–May 1943, Warsaw Ghetto Uprising \|publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum \|work=Timeline of Events \|year=2013 \|accessdate=9 January 2014}}</ref> In the course of the ] 56,065 Jews were either killed on the spot or captured and transported aboard ] to ] before ] was raised to the ground, according ].<ref name="historynet">{{cite web \|url=http://www.historynet.com/world-war-ii-warsaw-ghetto-uprising.htm \|title=World War II: Warsaw Ghetto Uprising \|publisher=Originally published by ''World War II'' magazine \|date=12 June 2006 \|accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="zssedu">{{cite web \|url=http://zssedu.wordpress.com/2011/04/19/a-somber-anniversary/ \|title=A Somber Anniversary \|publisher=ZSSEDU \|date=19 April 2011 \|author=Marcin Wilczek \|accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref> There were also other such struggles leading to the wholesale burning of the ghettos.<ref name="ushmm2">{{cite web \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028122151/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005188 \|title=Warsaw Ghetto Uprising \|publisher=Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington DC \|work=Holocaust Encyclopedia \|year=2012 \|accessdate=9 January 2014}}</ref>
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	==Selected ghetto uprisings during the Holocaust==		==Selected ghetto uprisings during the Holocaust==

Revision as of 16:44, 4 September 2014

Ghetto uprisings during World War II were the armed revolts by Jews and other prisoners incarcerated in the newly established ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe after the German invasion of Poland in 1939, as well as its own ally the Soviet Union in 1941. In most instances, the ghetto resistance fighters took up arms against the Nazi plans to deport all inhabitants to concentration and extermination camps with the aim of their mass extermination.

Armed resistance was offered in over 100 ghettos. Some of these uprisings were more massive and organized, while others were small and spontaneous. The best known and the biggest of such uprisings took place in Warsaw in April–May 1943. In the course of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 56,065 Jews were either killed on the spot or captured and transported aboard Holocaust trains to extermination camps before the Ghetto was raised to the ground, according Stroop Report. There were also other such struggles leading to the wholesale burning of the ghettos.

Part of a series on

The Holocaust

Jews on selection ramp at Auschwitz, May 1944

Responsibility

Nazi Germany
People
Major perpetrators Adolf Hitler Heinrich Himmler Joseph Goebbels Heinrich Müller Reinhard Heydrich Adolf Eichmann Odilo Globocnik Theodor Eicke Richard Glücks Ernst Kaltenbrunner Rudolf Höss Christian Wirth
Organizations
Nazi Party Gestapo Schutzstaffel (SS) Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV) Einsatzgruppen Sturmabteilung (SA) Verfügungstruppe (SS-VT) Wehrmacht Trawniki men
Collaborators during World War II Nazi ideologues

Early policies

Victims

Ghettos

Jewish ghettos in
German-occupied Poland

List of selected ghettos

Camps

Nazi extermination camps
Auschwitz II-Birkenau Bełżec Chełmno Jasenovac Majdanek Sajmište Sobibor Treblinka
Nazi concentration camps
Auschwitz I Bergen-Belsen Bogdanovka Buchenwald Dachau Dora Gonars (Italy) Gross-Rosen Herzogenbusch Janowska Kaiserwald Mauthausen-Gusen Neuengamme Rab Ravensbrück Sachsenhausen Salaspils Stutthof Transnistria (Romania) Theresienstadt Uckermark Warsaw
Transit and collection camps
Belgium Breendonk Mechelen France Gurs Drancy Italy Bolzano Netherlands Amersfoort Westerbork Slovakia Sereď
Divisions
SS-Totenkopfverbände Concentration Camps Inspectorate Politische Abteilung Sanitätswesen
Extermination methods
Gas van Gas chamber Extermination through labour Einsatzgruppen Human medical experimentation

Atrocities

Pogroms
Kristallnacht Bucharest Dorohoi Iași Izieu Szczuczyn Jedwabne Plungė Radziłów pogrom Kaunas Lviv (Lvov) Marseille Tykocin Vel' d'Hiv Wąsosz
Einsatzgruppen
Babi Yar Bydgoszcz Częstochowa Kamianets-Podilskyi Ninth Fort Odessa Piaśnica Ponary Rumbula Erntefest
"Final Solution"
Wannsee Conference Mogilev Conference Operation "Reinhard" Holocaust trains Extermination camps
End of World War II
Wola massacre Death marches

Resistance

Ghetto uprisings
Auschwitz Protocols Vrba–Wetzler report Czesław Mordowicz Jerzy Tabeau Rudolf Vrba Alfréd Wetzler Bricha Jewish partisans Sonderkommando photographs Witold Pilecki Resistance movement in Auschwitz Związek Organizacji Wojskowej Witold's Report
Warsaw Białystok Łachwa Częstochowa

International response Joint Declaration by Members of
the United Nations

Aftermath

Reparations Agreement between
Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany

Lists

Holocaust survivors

Deportations of French Jews
to death camps

Resources

The Destruction of the
European Jews

Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos

Functionalism versus
intentionalism

Remembrance

Selected ghetto uprisings during the Holocaust

Notable instances included:

Będzin Ghetto Uprising also known as the Będzin-Sosnowiec Ghetto Uprising
Białystok Ghetto Uprising - organized by the Antyfaszystowska Organizacja Bojowa
Częstochowa Ghetto Uprising
Łachwa (Lakhva) Ghetto Uprising
Mińsk Mazowiecki Ghetto Retaliation action
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising organised by the ŻOB and ŻZW
Riga Ghetto Resistance movement

To some extent the armed struggle was also carried out during the final liquidation of the Ghettos in:

Kraków Ghetto
Łódź Ghetto
Lwów Ghetto
Marcinkonys Ghetto
Minsk Ghetto
Pińsk Ghetto
Sosnowiec Ghetto
Wilno (Vilna) Ghetto - resistance of the Fareinigte Partizaner Organizacje

References

"Resistance in Ghettos". Jewish Uprisings in Ghettos and Camps, 1941–1944. Holocaust Encyclopedia. June 10, 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
"Jewish Resistance". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
"April–May 1943, Warsaw Ghetto Uprising". Timeline of Events. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
"World War II: Warsaw Ghetto Uprising". Originally published by World War II magazine. 12 June 2006. Retrieved 4 September 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
Marcin Wilczek (19 April 2011). "A Somber Anniversary". ZSSEDU. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
"Warsaw Ghetto Uprising". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington DC. 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
"Map of the Jewish uprisings in World War II" (PDF file, direct download 169 KB). Yad Vashem. 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014.

Jewish Armed Resistance and Rebellions on the Yad Vashem website. Retrieved 9 January 2014.

Holocaust in German-occupied Poland

Main article: The Holocaust
Related articles by country: Belarus; Belgium; Croatia; Denmark; Estonia; France; Germany; Latvia; Lithuania; Norway; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Ukraine

Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks

Camps

Extermination	Auschwitz II-Birkenau Chełmno Majdanek Operation Reinhard Belzec Sobibor Treblinka
Concentration	Auschwitz I Gross-Rosen Kraków-Płaszów Potulice Soldau Stutthof Szebnie Trawniki Warsaw Danzig-Matzkau

Mass shootings

Pogroms

Ghettos

Other atrocities

Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators

Perpetrators

Organizers	Viktor Brack Josef Bühler Adolf Eichmann Theodor Eicke Ludwig Fischer Hans Frank Odilo Globocnik Richard Glücks Arthur Greiser Heinrich Himmler Hermann Höfle Fritz Katzmann Wilhelm Koppe Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger Franz Kutschera Erwin Lambert Ernst Lerch Georg Michalsen Oswald Pohl Heinz Reinefarth Julian Scherner Arthur Seyss-Inquart Jakob Sporrenberg Bruno Streckenbach Richard Thomalla Otto Wächter Dieter Wisliceny
Camp command	Hans Aumeier Richard Baer Wilhelm Boger Hermine Braunsteiner Irmfried Eberl Theodor van Eupen Kurt Franz Karl Frenzel Karl Fritzsch Amon Göth Maximilian Grabner Otto Hantke Fritz Hartjenstein Gottlieb Hering Rudolf Höss Franz Hössler Karl-Otto Koch Josef Kramer Arthur Liebehenschel Maria Mandl Heinrich Matthes Hermann Michel Karl Möckel Robert Mulka Johann Niemann Josef Oberhauser Franz Reichleitner Heinrich Schwarz Johann Schwarzhuber Franz Stangl Gustav Wagner Christian Wirth
Gas chamber executioners	Erich Bauer Kurt Bolender Lorenz Hackenholt Josef Klehr Hans Koch Herbert Lange Otto Moll Ludwig Plagge Adolf Theuer
Physicians	Franz von Bodmann Carl Clauberg Karl Gebhardt Horst Fischer Fritz Klein Josef Mengele Horst Schumann Alfred Trzebinski Eduard Wirths
Ghetto command	Heinz Auerswald Hans Biebow Josef Blösche Franz Bürkl Heinrich Klaustermeyer Franz Konrad Alexander Palfinger Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg Jürgen Stroop
Einsatzgruppen	Wolfgang Birkner Helmut Bischoff Lothar Beutel Paul Blobel Karl Brunner Ernst Damzog Gerhard Flesch Ludwig Hahn Felix Landau Josef Meisinger Bruno Müller Erich Naumann Emanuel Schäfer Hermann Schaper Karl Eberhard Schöngarth Udo von Woyrsch

Personnel

Camp guards

By camp

Organizations

Einsatzgruppen (SS)
Order Police battalions (Ordnungspolizei)
WVHA
RKFDV
VoMi
General Government
Hotel Polski

Collaboration

Resistance, victims, documentation and technical

Organizations

Uprisings

Leaders

Victim lists

Ghettos	Kraków Łódź Lviv (Lwów) Warsaw
Camps	Auschwitz Bełżec Gross-Rosen Izbica Majdanek Sobibór Soldau Stutthof Trawniki Treblinka

Documentation

Nazi sources	Auschwitz Album Frank memorandum Höcker Album Höfle telegram Katzmann Report Korherr Report Posen speeches Sobibor perpetrator album Special Prosecution Book – Poland Stroop Report Wannsee Conference
Witness accounts	Graebe affidavit Gerstein Report Vrba–Wetzler report Witold's Report Sonderkommando photographs
Concealment	Sonderaktion 1005

Technical and logistics

Aftermath, trials and commemoration

Aftermath

Trials

West German trials	Frankfurt Auschwitz trials Treblinka trials
Polish, East German, and Soviet trials	Auschwitz trial (Poland) Stutthof trials Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission

Memorials

Righteous Among the Nations

Polish wars and conflicts

General and related

Piast Poland

Polish–Veletian War Battle of Cedynia German–Polish War (1003–1018) Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis German–Polish War (1028–1031) Miecław's Rebellion 1072 war against Bohemia Siege of Głogów 1146 war against Germany 1156 war against Germany Galicia–Volhynia Wars
Mongol invasions	First Mongol invasion of Poland (1240/41) Second Mongol invasion of Poland (1259/60) Third Mongol invasion of Poland (1287/88) Battle of Legnica

Jagiellon Poland

Polish–Teutonic wars	Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk) Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332) Battle of Płowce Great War Battle of Grunwald Hunger War (1414) Gollub War (1422) Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435) Thirteen Years' War War of the Priests Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)
Władysław the White's rebellion Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438) Battle of Grotniki 1444 war against the Ottomans Battle of Varna Moldavian campaign (1497–1499) Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512–1522) Battle of Orsha Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1534–1537) Ottoman–Tatar Invasion of Lithuania and Poland

Commonwealth

Polish–Swedish wars	Livonian War campaign of Stephen Báthory Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570) War against Sigismund Battle of Stångebro Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1629 Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1611 Battle of Kircholm Polish–Swedish War of 1617–1618 Polish–Swedish War of 1621–1625 Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629 Northern War of 1655–1660 The Deluge Great Northern War
Danzig rebellion Battle of Lubieszów Siege of Danzig (1577) War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588) Battle of Byczyna 1589 Tatar Invasion Kosiński uprising 1593 Tatar Invasion Nalyvaiko Uprising Moldavian Magnate Wars Polish–Russian War of 1609–1618 Battle of Kłuszyn Zebrzydowski rebellion Thirty Years' War Battle of Humenné
Polish–Ottoman wars	Moldavian campaign (1497–1499) Polish–Ottoman War of 1620–1621 Battle of Chocim (1621) Polish–Ottoman War of 1633–1634 Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671) Polish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676 Battle of Chocim (1673) Great Turkish War War of the Holy League 1683–1699 Battle of Vienna
1624 Tatar Invasion Zhmaylo uprising Fedorovych uprising Smolensk War Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633) Pavlyuk uprising Ostryanyn uprising 1644 Tatar Invasion Khmelnytsky Uprising Battle of Berestechko Russo–Polish War of 1654–1667 War of the Polish Succession War of the Bar Confederation Polish–Russian War of 1792 Kościuszko Uprising

Poland partitioned

Second Republic

World War II in Poland

World War II Eastern Front Invasion of Poland Polish history, resistance, and contributions during World War II
Ghetto uprisings	Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Białystok Ghetto uprising Częstochowa Ghetto uprising
Italian Campaign Operation Tempest Operation Ostra Brama Lwów uprising Warsaw Uprising

People's Republic

Third Republic

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