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2014 Hong Kong protests
Police using tear gas against protesters
Date	27 September 2014 (27 September 2014) – ongoing
Location	Hong Kong, China
Parties
Pro-democracy activists Hong Kong Federation of Students Scholarism Occupy Central Hong Kong government Hong Kong Police Force
Lead figures
Joshua Wong Chi-fung Benny Tai Alex Chow Lester Shum CY Leung (Chief Executive of Hong Kong) Carrie Lam (Chief Secretary for Administration) Lai Tung-kwok (Secretary for Security) Andy Tsang (Commissioner of Police)
Casualties and losses
Arrests: 89 Injuries: 69 Injuries: 12

In September 2014, pro-democracy advocates in Hong Kong protested outside the government headquarters and occupied several major city intersections soon after the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) announced its decision on proposed electoral reform. The NPCSC would require a nomination committee to pre-approve up to three electoral candidates before proceeding to a vote involving the general population. After this election, the Chief Executive-elect would then still need to be formally appointed by the central government before officially taking the post.

The Hong Kong Federation of Students and Scholarism began protesting outside the government headquarters on 22 September 2014. On the evening of 26 September, several hundred demonstrators breached a security barrier and entered the front plaza of the Central Government Complex, which has been barred from public entry since July 2014. Officers cordoned off protesters within the courtyard and restricted their movement overnight, eventually removing them with force the next day, including student leader Joshua Wong, who was temporarily detained. Occupy Central announced that they would begin their civil disobedience campaign immediately.

Around noon on 28 September, protesters marched onto Harcourt Road and proceeded to occupy Queensway as well, blocking both east-west arterial routes in northern Hong Kong Island. After a several hour standoff, police attempted to disperse crowds with pepper spray, tear gas, and water cannon, and warned that they would open fire with rubber bullets if protesters did not leave.

Etymology

When Occupy Central with Love and Peace declared the launch of their campaign, many protesters came out with the purpose of supporting the students. Furthermore, the occupation phase of the campaign was organized neither by the the Hong Kong Federation of Students nor Occupy Central with Love and Peace. The term "Occupy Central" is used by China's government and pro-China advocates.

Named the Umbrella Revolution, the term was first introduced as Umbrella Movement by the protesters their own, to distinguish themselves from the prior protests initiated by the Hong Kong Federation of Students and Occupy Central, with the inspiration of the only "weapon" in their hands to defend themselves from the abusively use of pepper spray and latter teargas by the police force, and has been widely repeated by internet bloggers and Western sources. There was another source that claiming the the first appearance of this name was used by New Yorker Adam Cotton on Twitter on 26 September to describe this Hong Kong protest, which is incorrect as the major abusive usage of pepper spray and first use of teargas was on 27 September Hong Kong time.

Background

In the Sino-British Joint Declaration of 1984, the governments of the United Kingdom and China agreed that Hong Kong would revert back to Chinese control in July 1997 and stated the basic policies under which the city would be governed after the handover. Under the principle of "one country, two systems", Hong Kong would enjoy "a high degree of autonomy, except in foreign and defence affairs" for 50 years after the transfer of sovereignty. Annex I of the treaty states that Hong Kong's leader, the Chief Executive, would eventually be selected by election or through consultations and the legislature would be chosen through elections.

The Hong Kong Basic Law was drafted in accordance with the Joint Declaration and details how the former British colony would be governed. Socialism as practiced on the mainland would not be extended to Hong Kong. Instead, the territory would continue its previous capitalist system and way of life for a period of 50 years after 1997. Hong Kong would retain responsibility for its own domestic affairs including, but not limited to, the judiciary and courts of last resort, immigration and customs, public finance, currency, and extradition. Articles 45 and 68 of this "mini-constitution" prescribed that the Chief Executive would eventually be elected through universal suffrage.

Standing Committee decision on electoral reform

On 31 August 2014, the Tenth Session of the Standing Committee of the Twelfth National People's Congress set limits for the 2016 Legislative Council and 2017 Chief Executive elections. While calling for "universal suffrage," the decision imposes the standard that "the Chief Executive shall be a person who loves the country and loves Hong Kong" and requires that "the method for selecting the Chief Executive by universal suffrage must provide corresponding institutional safeguards for this purpose." The decision states that for the 2017 Chief Executive election, a nominating committee, similar to the present Election Committee system, be formed to nominate two to three candidates, each of whom must receive the support of more than half of the members of the nominating committee. After popular election of one of the nominated candidates, the Chief Executive-elect "will have to be appointed by the Central People's Government." The process of forming the 2016 Legislative Council would be unchanged, but following the new process for the election of the Chief Executive, a new system to elect the Legislative Council via universal suffrage would be developed with the approval of Beijing.

While Li Fei, a deputy secretary general of the Committee, said that the procedure would "protect the broad stability of Hong Kong now and in the future," pro-democracy advocates viewed the decision as a betrayal of the principle of "one person, one vote," as they feared that candidates deemed unsuitable by the Beijing authorities would stand no chance of being nominated. The Standing Committee decision is set to be the basis for electoral reform crafted by the Legislative Council, although Democratic Party legislative members have already promised to "veto this revolting proposal." In response, Occupy Central announced that it would organize civil disobedience protests. Simultaneously, the Hong Kong Federation of Students and the student pressure group Scholarism staged a coordinated class boycott and organised public rallies and street assemblies.

Stated goals by Hong Kong Federation of Students and Scholarism

• Universal suffrage
• Resignation of Chief Executive CY Leung
• Withdrawal of the decision by the National People's Congress Standing Committee

Class boycott

The student organisation Scholarism organised demonstration outside the Central Government Offices barricade on 13 September 2014. Protesters wearing yellow ribbons and blind-folded with red cloth declared class boycott on 26 September in response to the wider class boycott movement.

On 26 September, hundreds of protesters climbed across fences of the Civic Square and tried to tear down the metal barriers around the flag stage. The police force mobilized towards the Civic Square and confronted the protesters. After midnight, the organizers announced the start of civil disobedience.

Chronology

26–27 September

First clearance

At 12:45am on 27 September, a large police force was mobilised to surround some 100 protesters at the centre of the Civic Square, i.e. the forecourt at the eastern entrance of the Central Government Offices. At first, the police allowed protesters to leave voluntarily if they produced their personal identification documents. For those who refused to leave, each was carried away by at least four police officers. In an interview on 29 September with radio program "On a Clear Day", Joshua Wong Chi-fung reported that ten police officers carried him away. Protesters in the Square included secondary students and their parents, as well as representatives from student organisations. On the other hand, at 1:20am, the police applied pepper spray to the crowd near the Legislative Council, with some secondary students injured. A lady in the enclosed Square wished to go to the washroom, but her request was declined by the police. Scholarism representatives demanded that a female police officer deal with the issue, to no avail. She had to urinate in the plaza while other protesters covered her up with an umbrella. From the evening of September until the following midnight, 13 people were arrested including the Convenor of Scholarism Joshua Wong Chi-fung.

Second clearance

At 1:30 pm, the police force carried out the second round of clearance. 61 demonstrators were arrested. Forty-eight men and 13 women between the ages of 17 and 58 were taken into custody for forcible entry into government premises and unlawful assembly. The charges were later refuted by the media and the organizer: the "government premise" is indeed designated as public open space, and the assembly has been approved by the Central District Police. A 27-year-old man was also arrested for possession of an offensive weapon. All the arrested were detained at the Police College in Wong Chuk Hang. The police spokesman declared the assembly outside the Central Government Complex at Tim Mei Avenue illegal, and advised citizens against participating in the assembly, passing by or getting close to that area. The arrested demonstrators were released around 9pm, including Legislative Councillor Leung Kwok-hung and some HKFS members. But HKFS representatives Alex Chow Wing-Hong and Lester Shum were still detained. The police later cleared the assembly, arresting a total of 74 people who ranged from 16 to 58 years of age.

Bridge blockade

At 7:30pm, the riot police equipped with long shields shoved off protesters with fences outside CITIC Tower, and also blocked the Tower's exits as well as the United Centre footbridge. Citizens overlooking on the bridge raised their hands in front of the riot police. Authorities then swiftly dispelled people sitting on the ground; some were grabbed by hand and dragged away. The organisers confirmed that the police had already issued a Notice of No Objection approving the assembly, yet at 11pm, the police broke the agreement.

Conflicts arose

At 9:48pm, the police raised a red-flag warning at Tim Mei Avenue, protesters demanded reopening of roads. Meanwhile, streams of citizens also started to arrive at the Central Government Complex. They went there through the footbridge outside Admiralty Centre, and argued with the police regarding road reopening on the downward escalator. Besides, the police repeatedly broadcast the message that Tim Mei Avenue had been blocked due to congestion, and they rearranged their deployment. Chaos persisted, with conflicts breaking out at Tim Mei Avenue, Performing Arts Avenue, Admiralty Centre footbridge and other places.

At 10:20pm, protesters sat down at Performing Arts Avenue, trying to prevent the entry of police cars. But the cars forced their way in, and protesters immediately rushed to the front to stop them. Police formed a chain to let the cars pass. Amid the chaos, police raised a yellow flag and the protesters raised their hands in response.

At 11pm, the queue at Tim Mei Avenue extended to The Hong Kong Academy of Performing Arts. Around 700 people gathered on the Admiralty Centre bridge. No road was reopened. Some protesters even started to lie on the ground at Fenwick Pier Street to stop police cars from getting into Tim Mei Avenue. Protesters dressed in orange sitting on fences argued with the police at 10:30pm. The police later announced the retreat of the defence front, winning a round of applause from protesters.

28 September

Occupy Central started early

On 28 September at 1:30am, Benny Tai, one of the initiators of the Occupy Central movement who was at Tim Mei Avenue outside the Central Government Complex, announced the official start of Occupy Central, and that the campaign began right there at the Central Government Complex. This signified the commencement of a movement that had been publicised for 1 year and 8 months. The two demands of Occupy Central movement were: Immediate withdrawal of the decision on political reform by the National People's Congress Standing Committee, and immediate public consultation on the issue. Protesters who came in support of the student-initiated assembly now had doubts about the subsequent Occupy movement. Supporters believed that the widespread success of the assembly made it an excellent occasion to push for Occupy Central. Opposers, however, opined that the nature of the student-led campaign had changed.

Later that day it was reported that at least 34 people had been injured in that day's protests. The officials also asked the protesters to leave, though not all of them complied.

Protesters alliance at Harcourt Road

On the morning of 29 September, police blocked roads and bridges entering the Tim Mei Avenue assembly. Protest leaders summoned citizens to come to Admiralty to "anti-encircle" the police force

After seeing live broadcast of the students protesting and being surrounded by the police and seeing numerous Facebook posts asking for help, thousands of citizen rushed into Rodney Street, which is on the opposite side of Harcourt Road and Lung Wui Road. They demanded police to clear the way to the assembly.

At 4 pm, police forces started to suppress protesters led by Civic Passion at Rodney Street. Meanwhile at the Performing Arts Avenue, protesters broke through Police defense line at Harcourt Road and thousands of protesters entered Harcourt Road and walked back to Admiralty.

These protesters crossed the road shoulder in order to rescue protesters being suppressed on the other side of the road. Police forces were then "anti-surrounded" and had to retreat. At 4:20 pm, the two units allianced on Harcourt Road, which started the on-going occupation of Admiralty.

Occupation spread from Harcourt Road as evening approached. On the West side, citizens start occupation on Cotton Tree Drive, Queensway to Connaught Road Central and Chater Road. On the East side, citizens coming out of Wan Chai MTR Station start gathering on Lockhart Road, Fenwick Street and Fenwick Pier Street.

Tear gas fired

Tensions at the juncture of Tim Mei Avenue and Harcourt Road kept rising after several jostles which ended up with the usage of highly concentrated pepper spray. As the sky darkened on Sunday night, the armed riot police advanced gradually from Wanchai toward Admiralty. There were many protesters and spectators standing on the footbridge, and shouts echoed "Run! Riot police are coming! Run!". As the police progressed towards Central and Sheung Wan, a police officer unfurled a black banner that says "WARNING, TEAR SMOKE". At that point, shots of tear gas were fired, and protesters hastily distributed masks and bottles of water amongst themselves. The first few tear gas canisters were fired by armed riot police "anti-surrounded" at around 6pm on 28 September 2014, by the end of the day, the police force said they had fired 87 cans of tear gas. The tear gas triggered even more anger and more citizens joining.

Hong Kong police had not used tear gas since the 2005 anti-globalisation protests. Back then, the Hong Kong public primarily acted as spectators within the saga. Those protests involved officers battling militant South Korean protesters during a World Trade Organisation ministerial conference.

Rumors keep spreading in social networks, claiming the People's Liberation Army is ready to deploy. HKFS and Scholarism announced a retreat as they believe police had already used rubber bullets. But they declined that they confirmed this information during interview. Also, police force had previously rejected this rumor.

Hearing this announcement, hundreds of students considered retreating. Meanwhile in Central, riot police started pushing their defense line towards Admiralty, firing significant amounts of tear gas without warning. Protesters retreated to Admiralty. Some other protesters retreated and set new strongholds in Causeway Bay and Mong Kok. The tear gas used has been identified by Campaign Against Arms Trade as being manufactured by Chemring Group.

29 September

With the closure of Admiralty Station and the use of tear gas in Admiralty, protests spread to other parts of the city, including Wan Chai, Causeway Bay, Mong Kok, and universities. At dawn after the night of tear gas, protesters that remained in the occupation area reduced significantly. Yet, police had changed their strategy, easing their defense level; some police negotiation cadres were at the occupation areas to negotiate with protesters to urge them to leave. A police spokesperson announced that 87 tear gas canisters were deployed, 89 protesters were arrested, 41 were injured, 12 being police.

30 September

Protests are being organized largely over social media. Fearing that the mobile phone networks may be disabled by the government, protesters have been turning to FireChat, an app which relies on Wi-Fi and Bluetooth to pass messages daisy chain-style. Micha Benoliel, the CEO of Open Garden (the developer of FireChat) has stated that there has been a huge surge in downloads from Hong Kong, with more than 100,000 new accounts created in less than 24 hours. Usage had spiked during protests in Taiwan and Iran earlier in the year, but never on this scale.

1 October

1 October is the National Day of the People's Republic of China. Joshua Wong and several Scholarism members attended the flag raising ceremony at the Golden Bauhinia Square. Scholarism promised to not say any slogans or make any gestures during the flag raising. Instead, the students faced away from the flag to show their discontent. Scholarism was allowed to enter the plaza without a full-body search, which was unusual since such procedures were carried out by security guards and police at the 2013 flag raising ceremony. Other protesters chanted slogans requesting Leung to step down.

Various scholars have been volunteering to give public lectures at the occupied sites.

Malware in the form of a phishing attack was conducted on the protestors, allegedly to monitor protestors, speculated to be from the programming and activist group Code4HK or from China's intelligence agencies.

2 October

An Op-editorial in the state–run People's Daily' stated that Hong Kong residents should support authorities in their efforts to deploy police enforcement and restore the social order in Hong Kong, and warned of consequences towards Hong Kong's economy and China-US relations if the protests continue.

Logistics

Cleanup

Some protestors volunteered to clean up the streets after the night of tear gas and pepper spray crackdown.

Reactions

Domestic reactions

Public opinion towards police action

Director of Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor Law Yuk-kai was dissatisfied with the unnecessary violence by the police, believing that students only broke into the Civic Square to sit-in peacefully, with no intentions of destroying government premises. He questioned the mobilisation of riot police while protesters staged no conflict, and the use of truncheons was not minimally violent as the police stated, because truncheons could severely harm protesters. In 27 September afternoon, Alan Leong Kah-kit of the Civic Party read aloud on stage outside the Central Government Complex a statement signed by pan-democrats. The statement wrote that the police exercised unnecessary violence against protesters in 26 September evening, when the students were only trying to enter the Civic Square with no violent actions. The statement also urged the government to free all students. President of The Chinese University of Hong Kong Student Union Tommy Cheung Sau-yin said, all that the students did was raise their hands, and crowd management was well done, this student movement was however smeared as a violent action. He also criticised the police's attack on citizens.

In an interview with Apple Daily on 1 October, actor Chow Yun-fat defended pro-democracy protesters, and criticized the police for the use of tear gas.

Hong Kong government

Deputy Director of the Basic Law Committee Elsie Leung did not think the police used excessive violence, and believed the failure of dialogue between students and the Chief Executive did not justify a raid into the Civic Square. The Spokesperson of the Junior Police Officers Association also thought the police's measures to restore order were reasonable, and expressed regret towards the peaceful assembly's sudden escalation into a raid. Secretary for Security Lai Tung-kwok commented that the police cleared the movement with restraint, only starting clearance when repeated warnings failed. He commented as well that the equipment was decided circumstantially, as the police must be prepared for self-defence. Members of the Defend Hong Kong Campaign gathered at MTR Admiralty station for assembly and demonstration in support of the police, criticising the HKFS and Scholarism's attempt at breaking into the Civic Square. Legislative Council Chairman Jasper Tsang Yok-sing disapproved of the attack at the Central Government Complex. He disagreed that the police were excessively violent, saying they would not use pepper spray illegitimately. The Chinese General Chamber of Commerce released a statement expressing regret towards the violent turn of events and supporting the police's efforts to maintain social stability.

Chinese government and media

Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Hua Chunying stated, "We are resolutely opposed to any foreign country using any method to interfere in China's internal affairs." On 28 September, Chinese officials sent a letter to diplomats in Hong Kong, stating that, "To ensure the safety of all consular personnel and foreign nationals living in Hong Kong, we hope all Consulates-General in Hong Kong will strictly abide by the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations and relevant local laws and regulations of Hong Kong, restrain the behaviors of its consular staffs, and advise its nationals living in Hong Kong to stay away from the sites of assembly and "Occupy Central", so as to avoid violating the law and affecting their own safety and interests." On 2 October 2014, Beijing suspended visas for group tours to Hong Kong.

The state-run tabloid Global Times stated that Hong Kong radical activism was "doomed" and that the Chinese government would not budge on Hong Kong's political future. It even speculated that the People's Armed Police, China's paramilitary force, would assist Hong Kong police in clamping down on the protests. The article was later deleted. A propaganda department of the Chinese government ordered websites to remove any information about the protests.

An op-ed published on 29 September by People's Daily, an official newspaper of the government of China, suggested that organizers of the Hong Kong protests have learned their tactics from pro-independence supporters of the Sunflower Movement in Taiwan. The opinion piece alleged that the organizers first sought support from the United Kingdom and the United States, then invited the Sunflower leaders to Hong Kong to share their experience.

An editorial published by People's Daily on 1 October says the Beijing stance on Hong Kong's elections are "unshakable" and legally valid. It states that pro-democracy "Occupy Central" protests are illegal and are hurting Hong Kong and warns, "If it continues, the consequences will be unimaginable." It concludes by stating, "If a few people are determined to go against the rule of law and provoke disturbances, in the end they will reap what they have sown." Some observers have remarked that the editorial is similar to the April 26 Editorial that led to the brutal crackdown in the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.

Gallery

• Supply station Supply station
• Tear gas fired on protesters
• Protesters block a main road
• Umbrellas used as defence
• Protesters block MTR exit Protesters block MTR exit
• Central is occupied
• Red Cross volunteers offer medical service
• Protesters outside Admiralty Centre
• Protesters standing under the Central Government Offices

See also

• Tiananmen Square protests of 1989
• Hong Kong 1967 Leftist riots

References

1. ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/china-warns-hong-kong-protesters-of-unimaginable-consequences-1.2783437
2. Jethro Mullen; Catherine E. Shoichet (29 September 2014). "Hong Kong protesters dig in and brace for possible crackdown". CNN. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
3. 全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于香港特别行政区行政长官普选问题和2016年立法会产生办法的决定
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24. APPROVED CENTRAL DISTRICT (EXTENSION) OUTLINE ZONING PLAN NO. S/H24/6
25. https://i.na.cx/mw3Ntm.jpg
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43. /protesters-are-targets-of-scrutiny-through-their-phones.html?partner=rss&emc=rss&_r=0
45. Chow Yun-fat, Andy Lau speak up against use of tear gas on HK protesters
46. 香港民間特首發聲　周潤發：政府錯了
47. Cite error: The named reference UK was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
48. China warns foreign diplomats in Hong Kong to ‘stay away’ from Occupy Central
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51. 香港佔中 中國怪罪台灣太陽花學運
52. 没有人比全体中国人更关心香港的前途命运
53. 珍惜良好发展局面 维护香港繁荣稳定
54. Beijing just sent a chilling message to Hong Kong’s umbrella revolution

External links

• "Hong Kong: Tear gas and clashes at democracy protest". BBC News. 28 September 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
• "Hong Kong Protests Spread After Police Fire Tear Gas". Bloomberg News. 28 September 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
• "At least 34 injured as police and protesters clash in Hong Kong". CNN. 28 September 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
• "Tear gas used against Hong Kong protesters". Al Jazeera. 28 September 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
• "Hong Kong: Live Coverage of Occupy Central". South China Morning Post. 29 September 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014.

Template:Ongoing protests Template:Anti-government protests in the 21st century

• Current events from September 2014
• 2014 in Hong Kong
• 2014 protests
• Occupy movement
• Politics of Hong Kong
• Protests in Hong Kong
• Student protests in Hong Kong
• Hong Kong democracy movement