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#REDIRECT ] {{Infobox language
|name=Yoron
|states=]
|region=] of the ], ]
|speakers=950
|date=2004
|ref=e17
|familycolor=Altaic
|fam1=]
|fam2=]
|fam3=]
|fam4=] ?
|fam5=Southern Amami ?
|iso3=yox
|glotto=yoro1243
}}
The '''Yoron language''' is a ] spoken on ], ] of southwestern ]. It is part of the ], which are part of the ].

==Classification==
{{main|Amami–Okinawan languages#Subgroups}}
The classification of Yoron is a matter of scholarly debate as there are two competing hypotheses regarding the number of primary branches of the Amami–Okinawan languages. The two-subdivision hypothesis gives the following hierarchy.
*Amami–Okinawan / Northern Ryukyuan
**]
***]
***Southern Amami
****'''Yoron'''
**]
On the other hand, the three-subdivision hypothesis has a shallower hierarchy.
*Amami–Okinawan / Northern Ryukyuan
**]
**]
***'''Yoron'''
**]

== Subgroups ==
According to local folklorist Kiku Chiyo, Yoron can be divided into three subgroups.<ref name="kiku2005">{{cite book |author=Kiku Chiyo 菊千代 and Takahashi Shunzō 高橋俊三 | title=''Yoro hōgen jiten'' 与論方言辞典 |year=205 |language=Japanese }}</ref>
*Chabana
*Asato (/asi⸢tu/), Gusuku (/gusi⸢ku/ ～ /gusu⸢ku/), Ritchō, Kanō (/ha⸢noː/), Nama (/naː⸢ma/)
*Mugiya-higashiku, Mugiya-nishiku, Furusato (/puru⸢satu/)
The Mugiya district is often considered to have a distinct form of accent and intonation.

==Folk terminology==
According to Kiku Hidenori, who leads conservation activities, people of Yoron Island, Kagoshima Prefecture call their language "Yunnu Futuba."<ref name="kiku2011">{{cite book |author=Kiku Hidenori 菊秀史 | chapter=''Yoron no kotoba de hanasō'' 与論の言葉で話そう | title=''Nihon no hōgen no tayōsei o mamoru tame ni'' 日本の方言の多様性を守るために |pages=12–23 |year=2011 |language=Japanese |url=http://www.ninjal.ac.jp/publication/ninjal-f/pdf/ninjalF003_03.pdf }}</ref> More precisely, a dictionary compiled by his mother ] (b. 1927) gives /juɴnuhu⸢tuba/ as the word form of her home community, Mugiya-higashiku. Other words she collected include /juɴnu⸢juɴ/ (Yoron accent), /nizjaɴcju⸢juɴ/ (accent of people of Mugiya-higashiku and Mugiya-nishiku), /sima⸢juɴ/ (speaking the dialect), /sima⸢guci/ and /simahu⸢tuba/ (the island/home community's language).<ref name="kiku2005" /> Yamada Minoru (b. 1916) provides the word forms of the community of Chabana: /⸢ju⸣ɴnu ⸢fu⸣tuba/ and /⸢ʃi⸣ma ⸢fu⸣tuba/ (the island's language).<ref name="yamada1995">{{cite book |author=Yamada Minoru 山田實 | title=''Yorontō-go jiten'' 与論島語辞典 |year=1995 |language=Japanese }}</ref>

== Status ==
Yoron has no official status. Ethnologue identifies its status as 7 (Shifting).<ref name="sil_ao">{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/amami-okinawan |title=Amami-Okinawan |publisher=SIL International |accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref>

==Phonology==
The following is the phonology of the Mugiya dialect, which is based on Hirayama et al. (1969).<ref name="hirayama1969c3">{{cite book |author=Hirayama Teruo 平山輝男, Ōshima Ichirō 大島一郎 and Nakamoto Masachie 中本正智 | chapter=''Gengo'' 言語 |editor=Hirayama Teruo 平山輝男 | title=''Satsunan shotō no sōgōteki kenkyū'' 薩南諸島の総合的研究 |pages=235–478 |year=1969 |language=Japanese }}</ref>

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan=2 | ]
! colspan=2 | ]
! colspan=2 | ]
! colspan=2 | ]
! colspan=2 | ]
! colspan=2 | ]
! Moraic
|-
! ]
|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"| ||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|m}}
|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"| ||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|n}}&nbsp;
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
| rowspan=6 | <br /><br />
|-
! ]
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|p}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|b}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|t}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|d}}
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|k}}||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|ʔ}}||style="border-left: 0;"|
|-
! ]
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}||style="border-left: 0;"|
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
|-
! ]
| colspan=2 |
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|s}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|z}}
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|h}}||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|
|-
! ]
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"| ||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|j}}
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|w}}
| colspan=2 |
|-
! ]
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA|r}}
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
|}
<!-- Note: Hirayama et al. (1969) uses ꜰ for ɸ, c for t͡ʃ, and ᴇ for ː -->

'''Notes'''
*The null phoneme /'/ may be added. It is contrasted with glottal {{IPA|/h/}} and {{IPA|/ʔ/}}.
*{{IPA|/h/}} is {{IPA link|ç|}}.
*{{IPA|/si/}}, {{IPA|/se/}} and {{IPA|/t͡ʃu/}} is realized as {{IPA|}}, {{IPA|}}, and {{IPA|}}, respectively.<!-- /z/ is unexplained. ? -->
*{{IPA|}}, {{IPA|}} and {{IPA|}} are phonemically analyzed as {{IPA|/t͡ʃja/}}, {{IPA|/t͡ʃju/}} and {{IPA|/t͡ʃjo/}}, respectively.
*{{IPA|}}, {{IPA|}} and {{IPA|}} are phonemically analyzed as {{IPA|/sja/}}, {{IPA|/sju/}} and {{IPA|/sjo/}}, respectively.
*/ɴ/ does not appear in the word-initial positions.

===Vowels===
The Yoron language has {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/o/}} and {{IPA|/u/}}.

===Correspondences to Standard Japanese===
Only major sound correspondences are listed.
*Standard Japanese {{IPA|/e/}} is merged into {{IPA|/i/}}.
*Standard Japanese {{IPA|/o/}} is merged into {{IPA|/u/}}.
*Yoron {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} are of secondary origin and mostly correspond to Standard Japanese diphthongs.
*Yoron retains {{IPA|/p/}} while it has changed to {{IPA|/h/}} in Standard Japanese.
*Standard Japanese {{IPA|/t͡ʃu/}}, {{IPA|/su/}} and {{IPA|/zu/}} correspond to {{IPA|/t͡ʃi/}} {{IPA|}}, {{IPA|/si/}} {{IPA|}} and {{IPA|/zi/}} {{IPA|}}.
*Standard Japanese {{IPA|/k/}} shows complex correspondences. Standard Japanese {{IPA|/ka/}} corresponds to both Yoron {{IPA|/ka/}} and {{IPA|/ha/}}. {{IPA|/ki/}} corresponds to {{IPA|/ki/}} and {{IPA|/si/}}. {{IPA|/ke/}} corresponds to {{IPA|/si/}} with some exceptions. {{IPA|/ku/}} corresponds to {{IPA|/hu/}}.
*Standard Japanese {{IPA|/ni/}} corresponds to Yoron {{IPA|/mi/}}.
*Yoron {{IPA|/r/}} is dropped when it is surrounded by a vowel and {{IPA|/i/}}.
*Standard Japanese {{IPA|/o/}} that comes from earlier {{IPA|/wo/}} corresponds to Yoron {{IPA|/hu/}}.

== Resources ==
* ''Yorontō-go jien'' (1995) by Yamada Minoru. The author is from Chabana, Yoron Island of the Amami Islands but also collected data from other communities on the island.
* ''Yoron hōgen jiten'' (2005) by ] and ]. A dictionary for Kiku's home community, Mugiya-higashiku, Yoron Island of the Amami Islands.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Machi Hiromitsu, 1977. ''''.

{{Japanese language |collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yoron Language}}
]
]

Revision as of 09:54, 4 October 2014

Yoron
Native toJapan
RegionYoron Island of the Amami Islands, Kagoshima Prefecture
Native speakers950 (2004)
Language familyJaponic
Language codes
ISO 639-3yox
Glottologyoro1243

The Yoron language is a dialect cluster spoken on Yoron Island, Kagoshima Prefecture of southwestern Japan. It is part of the Amami–Okinawan languages, which are part of the Japonic languages.

Classification

Main article: Amami–Okinawan languages § Subgroups

The classification of Yoron is a matter of scholarly debate as there are two competing hypotheses regarding the number of primary branches of the Amami–Okinawan languages. The two-subdivision hypothesis gives the following hierarchy.

On the other hand, the three-subdivision hypothesis has a shallower hierarchy.

Subgroups

According to local folklorist Kiku Chiyo, Yoron can be divided into three subgroups.

  • Chabana
  • Asato (/asi⸢tu/), Gusuku (/gusi⸢ku/ ～ /gusu⸢ku/), Ritchō, Kanō (/ha⸢noː/), Nama (/naː⸢ma/)
  • Mugiya-higashiku, Mugiya-nishiku, Furusato (/puru⸢satu/)

The Mugiya district is often considered to have a distinct form of accent and intonation.

Folk terminology

According to Kiku Hidenori, who leads conservation activities, people of Yoron Island, Kagoshima Prefecture call their language "Yunnu Futuba." More precisely, a dictionary compiled by his mother Kiku Chiyo (b. 1927) gives /juɴnuhu⸢tuba/ as the word form of her home community, Mugiya-higashiku. Other words she collected include /juɴnu⸢juɴ/ (Yoron accent), /nizjaɴcju⸢juɴ/ (accent of people of Mugiya-higashiku and Mugiya-nishiku), /sima⸢juɴ/ (speaking the dialect), /sima⸢guci/ and /simahu⸢tuba/ (the island/home community's language). Yamada Minoru (b. 1916) provides the word forms of the community of Chabana: /⸢ju⸣ɴnu ⸢fu⸣tuba/ and /⸢ʃi⸣ma ⸢fu⸣tuba/ (the island's language).

Status

Yoron has no official status. Ethnologue identifies its status as 7 (Shifting).

Phonology

The following is the phonology of the Mugiya dialect, which is based on Hirayama et al. (1969).

Consonants

Consonant phonemes
Bilabial Alveolar Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar Glottal Moraic
Nasal m n 

Stop p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricate t͡ʃ
Fricative s z h
Approximant j w
Flap r

Notes

Vowels

The Yoron language has /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/ and /u/.

Correspondences to Standard Japanese

Only major sound correspondences are listed.

  • Standard Japanese /e/ is merged into /i/.
  • Standard Japanese /o/ is merged into /u/.
  • Yoron /e/ and /o/ are of secondary origin and mostly correspond to Standard Japanese diphthongs.
  • Yoron retains /p/ while it has changed to /h/ in Standard Japanese.
  • Standard Japanese /t͡ʃu/, /su/ and /zu/ correspond to /t͡ʃi/ , /si/ and /zi/ .
  • Standard Japanese /k/ shows complex correspondences. Standard Japanese /ka/ corresponds to both Yoron /ka/ and /ha/. /ki/ corresponds to /ki/ and /si/. /ke/ corresponds to /si/ with some exceptions. /ku/ corresponds to /hu/.
  • Standard Japanese /ni/ corresponds to Yoron /mi/.
  • Yoron /r/ is dropped when it is surrounded by a vowel and /i/.
  • Standard Japanese /o/ that comes from earlier /wo/ corresponds to Yoron /hu/.

Resources

References

  1. Yoron at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) Closed access icon
  2. ^ Kiku Chiyo 菊千代 and Takahashi Shunzō 高橋俊三 (205). Yoro hōgen jiten 与論方言辞典 (in Japanese).
  3. Kiku Hidenori 菊秀史 (2011). "Yoron no kotoba de hanasō 与論の言葉で話そう". Nihon no hōgen no tayōsei o mamoru tame ni 日本の方言の多様性を守るために (PDF) (in Japanese). pp. 12–23.
  4. Yamada Minoru 山田實 (1995). Yorontō-go jiten 与論島語辞典 (in Japanese).
  5. "Amami-Okinawan". SIL International. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
  6. Hirayama Teruo 平山輝男, Ōshima Ichirō 大島一郎 and Nakamoto Masachie 中本正智 (1969). "Gengo 言語". In Hirayama Teruo 平山輝男 (ed.). Satsunan shotō no sōgōteki kenkyū 薩南諸島の総合的研究 (in Japanese). pp. 235–478.

Further reading

Japanese language
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