| Revision as of 08:20, 3 October 2002 edit217.168.172.202 (talk)mNo edit summary← Previous edit | Revision as of 21:10, 30 January 2003 edit undoXJaM (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users11,305 edits +some additionsNext edit → | ||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| '''Viscosity''' is a property of ] describing their internal resistance to flow and may be thought | '''Viscosity''' is a property of ] describing their internal resistance to flow and may be thought of as a measure of fluid ]. ] is the field of ] that deals with viscosity; viscosity is measured with a ]. | ||
| of as a measure of fluid friction. ] is the field of science that deals with | |||
| viscosity; viscosity is measured with a ]. | |||
| If the viscosity of a fluid is constant (neglecting ] and ] effects) it is said to be a ]. ]s exhibit a variation of viscosity depending on ] within the flow field, the history that a fluid 'particle' experiences on its flow path, etc. If the viscosity of a fluid depends solely on the gradients within the flow field it is called generalized Newtonian or purely Newtonian. | |||
| If the viscosity of a fluid is constant (neglecting temperature and pressure effects) | |||
| it is said to be a 'Newtonian' fluid. Non-Newtonian fluids exhibit a variation of viscosity depending on | |||
| ] within the flow field, the history that a fluid 'particle' experiences on its flow | |||
| path, etc. If the viscosity of a fluid depends solely on the gradients within the flow field it is called | |||
| generalized Newtonian or purely Newtonian. | |||
| The viscosity of fluids is either given as dynamic viscosity η | The viscosity of fluids is either given as absolute or '''dynamic viscosity''' η | ||
| (].] = ]/] |
(].] = ]]/]<sup>2</sup> = ]/]]) | ||
| or as kinematic viscosity ν (] |
or as '''kinematic viscosity''' ν (]<sup>2</sup>/]). | ||
| Both terms are related via the ] ρ to each other: η = ν * ρ. The old smaller ] ] for dynamic viscosity is '']'' after ] (]-]): 1 poise = 100 centipoise = 1 ]/]] = 0.1 Pa.s The old unit for kinematic viscosity is '']'' (in ] called ''stoke'') after ] (]-]): 1 stokes = 1 ]<sup>2</sup>/] = 0.0001 ]<sup>2</sup>/]. | |||
| Both terms are related via the ] ρ to each other: η = ν * ρ. | |||
| Some dynamic viscosities of |
Some dynamic viscosities of Newtonian fluids are listed below: | ||
| ] (at 0 ]): | ] (at 0 °]): | ||
| :] 8.4 |
:] 8.4 × 10<sup>-6</sup> Pa.s | ||
| :] 17.4 |
:] 17.4 × 10<sup>-6</sup> Pa.s | ||
| :] 21.2 |
:] 21.2 × 10<sup>-6</sup> Pa.s | ||
| ⚫ | ] (at 20 °]): | ||
| ⚫ | :] 0.248 × 10<sup>-3</sup> Pa.s | ||
| ⚫ | :] 0.326 × 10<sup>-3</sup> Pa.s | ||
| ⚫ | :] 0.59 × 10<sup>-3</sup> Pa.s | ||
| ⚫ | :] 0.64 × 10<sup>-3</sup> Pa.s | ||
| ⚫ | :] 1.025 × 10<sup>-3</sup> Pa.s | ||
| ⚫ | :] 2.0 × 10<sup>-3</sup> Pa.s | ||
| ⚫ | :] 17.0 × 10<sup>-3</sup> Pa.s | ||
| ⚫ | :] 30 × 10<sup>-3</sup> Pa.s | ||
| :] 81 × 10<sup>-3</sup> Pa.s | |||
| :] 985 × 10<sup>-3</sup> Pa.s | |||
| :] 1485 × 10<sup>-3</sup> Pa.s | |||
| :] 10<sup>7</sup> Pa.s | |||
| ⚫ | Contrary to many assertions, glass is an ], not a liquid, and it does not flow, but still we can talk about its viscosity. See the article on ] for more details on this. | ||
| ⚫ | ] (at 20 ]): | ||
| ⚫ | :] 0. |
||
| ⚫ | :] 0. |
||
| ⚫ | :] |
||
| ⚫ | :] 2.0 |
||
| ⚫ | :] |
||
| ⚫ | :] |
||
| ⚫ | :] |
||
| ⚫ | :] |
||
| ⚫ | Contrary to many assertions, glass is an amorphous solid, not a liquid, and it does not flow. See the article on ] for more details on this. | ||
| Many fluids like ] have a wide range of viscosity. | Many fluids like ] have a wide range of viscosity. | ||
Revision as of 21:10, 30 January 2003
Viscosity is a property of fluids describing their internal resistance to flow and may be thought of as a measure of fluid friction. Rheology is the field of science that deals with viscosity; viscosity is measured with a viscometer.
If the viscosity of a fluid is constant (neglecting temperature and pressure effects) it is said to be a Newtonian fluid. Non-Newtonian fluids exhibit a variation of viscosity depending on gradients within the flow field, the history that a fluid 'particle' experiences on its flow path, etc. If the viscosity of a fluid depends solely on the gradients within the flow field it is called generalized Newtonian or purely Newtonian.
The viscosity of fluids is either given as absolute or dynamic viscosity η (Pa.s = Ns/m = kg/ms) or as kinematic viscosity ν (m/s). Both terms are related via the fluid density ρ to each other: η = ν * ρ. The old smaller cgs physical unit for dynamic viscosity is poise after Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille (1797-1869): 1 poise = 100 centipoise = 1 g/cms = 0.1 Pa.s The old unit for kinematic viscosity is stokes (in U.S. called stoke) after George Gabriel Stokes (1819-1903): 1 stokes = 1 cm/s = 0.0001 m/s.
Some dynamic viscosities of Newtonian fluids are listed below:
- ethyl alcohol 0.248 × 10 Pa.s
- acetone 0.326 × 10 Pa.s
- methanol 0.59 × 10 Pa.s
- benzene 0.64 × 10 Pa.s
- water 1.025 × 10 Pa.s
- nitrobenzol 2.0 × 10 Pa.s
- mercury 17.0 × 10 Pa.s
- sulfuric acid 30 × 10 Pa.s
- olive oil 81 × 10 Pa.s
- castor oil 985 × 10 Pa.s
- glycerin 1485 × 10 Pa.s
- pitch 10 Pa.s
Contrary to many assertions, glass is an amorphous solid, not a liquid, and it does not flow, but still we can talk about its viscosity. See the article on glass for more details on this.
Many fluids like honey have a wide range of viscosity.