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| ==International recognition== | ==International recognition== | ||
| No country has recognized Novorossia as a sovereign state. Only its components, the ] and the ], have been recognised on 18 June and 27 June, respectively, by ], a breakaway republic of ], which itself was taken over by |
No country has recognized Novorossia as a sovereign state.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} Only its components, the ] and the ], have been recognised on 18 June and 27 June, respectively, by ],<ref>{{cite news|date=19 June 2014|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/south-ossetia-recognizes-luhansk-peoples-republic/25427651.html|title=South Ossetia Recognizes 'Luhansk People's Republic'|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 June 2014|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/south-ossetia-recognizes-donetsk-peoples-republic-353815.html|title=South Ossetia recognizes Donetsk People's Republic|publisher=Kyiv Post|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref> a breakaway republic of ], which itself was taken over by ] and the ]<ref>{{cite news|date=12 September 2008|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/Is_The_Clock_Ticking_For_Saakashvili/1199512.html|title=Is The Clock Ticking For Saakashvili?|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=25 August 2008|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/road-to-war-in-georgia-the-chronicle-of-a-caucasian-tragedy-a-574812-2.html|title=Road to War in Georgia: The Chronicle of a Caucasian Tragedy|publisher=Der Spiegel|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref> during ] and has very ]. | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 04:53, 7 December 2014
For the historical territory of the Russian Empire, see Novorossiya.
| Federal State of Novorossiya | |
|---|---|
Flag
Coat of arms of Novorossiya
Coat of arms
| |
| Anthem: Zhivi, Novorossiya! on YouTube Template:Ru icon "Live, New Russia!" Based on Ukrainian SSR anthem | |
 Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts in light green. Rebel controlled territory in dark green. | |
 Territory under the control of Novorossiya forces as of November 2014 (red and pink) and contested (orange). | |
| Status | Self-proclaimed |
| Capital | Donetsk |
| Official languages | Russian, Ukrainian |
| Religion | Russian Orthodox (official) |
| Membership |  Donetsk People's Republic Lugansk People's Republic |
| Government | Provisional Confederation |
| • President | Valery Kaurov |
| • Speaker of the Unity Parliament | Oleg Tsaryov |
| Confederation between Donetsk and Lugansk | |
| • Proclaimed | 22 May 2014 |
| • Declared | 24 May 2014 |
The Federal State of Novorossiya (anglicised as New Russia) (Template:Lang-ru; Template:Lang-uk), also referred to as the Union of People's Republics (Template:Lang-ru; Template:Lang-uk), is a self-proclaimed confederation of Donetsk People's Republic and Lugansk People's Republic in eastern Ukraine, which share a border with Russia. It was declared on 22 May 2014 and agreements were signed between the leaders of the two self-proclaimed republics on 24 May. On 24 June, leaders from both groups' "Supreme Soviet" declared the merger of their constitutions, and the creation of Novorossiya as a confederal "Union of People's Republics". Currently, about 3-3.09 million people live in the self-proclaimed people's republics controlled areas combined; greater than 1 million residents have been displaced and more than 4,000 killed so far according to the UN. The self-declared confederation was not recognized by any other states.
History
Main articles: 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine and War in DonbassInformation
Background
Novorossiya was the name of a territory of the Russian Empire formed from the Crimean Khanate, which had been annexed several years after the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca concluded the Russo-Turkish War in 1774. Russians soon colonized the region and established major cities such as Odessa. In 1918, the region was incorporated by the Soviet government into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the term Novorossiya began to be used again in calls for the independence of the regions corresponding to the historical area.
Dmitry Trenin of the Carnegie Moscow Center wrote that in 2003 some Russian academics discussed the idea of a pro-Russia Novorossiya state being formed out of southern Ukraine in response to moves towards bringing Ukraine into NATO.
The term soon came into usage in 2014 among Antimaidan protesters following the Euromaidan Ukrainian Revolution with a Novorossiya account being created on Twitter and gaining thousands of followers in the first weekend. Amidst talks in Geneva on resolving the rising unrest in southern and eastern Ukraine, President Putin noted at a Q&A session that the southern and eastern portions of Ukraine had originally been part of Novorossiya and suggested that it had been a mistake to cede them.
Formation
The right-wing nationalist New Russia Party, founded on 13 May 2014 in Donetsk, Ukraine, declared on its first congress of 22 May 2014 the formation of a new self-proclaimed state named 'Novorossiya', inspired by the historical region of the Russian Empire that carried that name. The congress was attended by separatist officials of the Donetsk People's Republic, Donbass People's Militia as well as by the Donetsk Republic leader Pavel Gubarev, writer Alexander Prokhanov, fascist political scientist and Eurasia Party leader Aleksandr Dugin, and Valery Korovin. The state would, according to Dugin, have its capital city in Donetsk, Russian Orthodox Christianity as the state religion, and would nationalize major industries. According to Gubarev the state would also include (the major cities currently not under control of separatists) Kharkiv, Kherson, Dnipropetrovsk, Mykolaiv, Odessa and Zaporizhia. Two days later, the self-appointed 'Prime Minister' of Donetsk Alexander Borodai and Lugansk "head of the Republic" Alexei Koriakin signed a document behind closed doors formalizing their merger into the new confederation.
The status of Novorossiya then came into dispute on 26 May, when according to Bolotov, "none of the agreements have been concluded" but the intention is to form a "Union of People's Republics". In an interview on 31 May, Denis Pushilin, head of state of the Donetsk People's Republic, stated that Novorossiya currently exists as a union of people's republics, but cooperation could be deepened if more territories were to join.
In July a "Manifesto of National Front of Liberation of Ukraine, Novorossiya and Carpathian Russia" was published in Russian media. The manifesto defines objective of the separatist movement to be "establishing on territory of Ukraine a just, social, national republic without oligarchs and corrupted bureaucracy" and their main enemies being "liberal-fascist ruling elites".
Politics
The prospective government structure and political programme of the new state, recounted here, are outlined in the official programme of the New Russia Party, proclaimed at Donetsk and published online on 23 May 2014.
Government
The supreme legislative authority of Novorossiya is the People's Soviet (Template:Lang-ru), formed on the basis of nomination by the Soviets of People's Representatives or labour groups. Representatives will be held accountable to the head of the People's Soviet, elected from among its members.
The executive body of Novorossiya is the cabinet, which is formed by its president and approved by the People's Soviet.
Military
See also: United Armed Forces of Novorossiya
The armed forces of Novorossiya are composed of the People's Self-Defense and the People's Militia, which are both voluntary and professional. The People's Soviet reserves the right to announce the mobilization of reservists in the case of "aggravation". All officers must swear allegiance to the people of Novorossiya, and breaking of the oath will lead to "exceptional punishment".
Criticism
Russian historians Alexandr Skobov and Andrey Piontkovski commented that in its political features (nationalism, imperialism) the entity has similarities with 20th century fascist movements.
Economics
Land, its subsoil, water, flora and fauna, as well as major industrial and financial assets created by "the labor of the people," are public property, and cannot be privately owned. Large property, industrial and financial assets will be owned by the state. Remuneration of each person will be measured by the "usefulness of work to society". A national bank was established on 6 October 2014 with the announcement that Novorossiya would become a multi-currency zone with both Ukrainian hryvnia and Russian rubles in circulation.
Demographics
Language
The official state languages are Russian and Ukrainian, and the use of other languages is free for the purpose of communication.
Religion
All spiritual and religious education will belong to the Russian Orthodox Church under the Moscow Patriarchate. The state allows for freedom of religion except in cases it deems would "destroy the fabric of society and social harmony". Separatists have been accused of the abduction, torture and murder of four Protestant men in the city of Sloviansk.
Territorial extent
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Presently, only the self-declared Donetsk People's Republic and Lugansk People's Republic have agreed to participate in the unification process. According to the leader of the Donetsk People's Republic, Pavel Gubarev, however, the envisaged final extent of the state will encompass not only the Ukrainian Oblasts (administrative divisions) of Donetsk and Luhansk, but also the present Ukrainian oblasts of Kharkiv (which was not part of the historical region Novorossiya), Kherson, Odessa, Mykolaiv, Zaporizhia, and Dnipropetrovsk, and the break-away Transnistria region of Moldova.
According to the irredentist "Manifesto of National Front of Liberation of Ukraine, Novorossiya and Carpathian Russia" however, the Novorussian revolution targets all of Ukraine. The manifesto also redefines separatism in pan-nationalist terms with the consequence that it is Ukraine that is regarded as "separatist", having divorced itself from "Great Russia".
The borders of the Russian World extend significantly farther than borders of Russian Federation. I fulfill a historic mission in the name of Russian nation, super-ethnos, unified by the Orthodox christianity. Just as in Caucasus, I'm fighting in Ukraine against separatism – this time not Chechen, but Ukrainian one. Because there is Russia, Great Russia, Russian Empire. And now Ukrainian separatists in Kiev are fighting against Russian Empire.
— Alexander Borodai,
International recognition
No country has recognized Novorossia as a sovereign state. Only its components, the Lugansk People's Republic and the Donetsk People's Republic, have been recognised on 18 June and 27 June, respectively, by South Ossetia, a breakaway republic of Georgia, which itself was taken over by Ossetian separatists and the Russian Army during Russo-Georgian War and has very limited recognition.
See also
- 2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine
- War in Donbass
- Pavel Gubarev
- Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic
- List of active separatist movements in Europe
- List of active rebel groups
- 2014 Crimean crisis
References
- "The Constitution of the People's Republic Donetsk". News of the Donetsk Republic.
- ^ Babiak, Mat (22 May 2014). "Welcome to New Russia". Ukrainian Policy. Archived from the original on 8 June 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - "Federal State of Novorossiya / Union of People's Republics".
- "Federal State of Novorossiya / Union of People's Republics".
- "Donetsk, Lugansk People's Republics unite in Novorossiya". Voice of Russia. 24 May 2014. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Babiak, Mat (24 June 2014). "Terrorist organizations declare New Russian "Union of People's Republics"". Euromaidan Press. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - "Ukraine Rebels Hold Polls Rebuked From Kiev to Washington". Bloomberg.
- "Nowhere to Run in Eastern Ukraine". www.nytimes.com. 13 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- Ст. Донецко-Криворожская советская республика (in Russian) (Большой энциклопедический словарь / Гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. Изд. 2-е, перераб. и доп. — 2000 ed.). Archived from the original on 30 November 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Kinstler, Linda (7 April 2014). "Protesters in Eastern Ukraine Are Chanting "Novorossiya", an Old Term That's Back in Vogue". The New Republic. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Gentleman, Amelia (17 April 2014). "Putin asserts right to use force in east Ukraine". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - "Donetsk announces creation of Novorossiya Party". Kyiv Post. 13 May 2014. Archived from the original on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
- Young, Cathy (21 May 2014). "Fascism Comes to Ukraine -- From Russia".
- ^ Состоялся учредительный съезд ОПД "Партия Новороссия" (in Russian). Novorossiya. 22 May 2014. Archived from the original on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Window on Eurasia: To Save Russia and Himself, Putin Must Become a National Bolshevik, Izborsky Expert Says
- ^ У Донецьку створили партію "Новоросія". Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 23 May 2014. Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - "Ukraine crisis timeline". BBC News Online. 8 May 2014. Archived from the original on 26 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - СМИ: Террористы из "ДНР" и "ЛНР" объединились (in Russian). UNIAN. 24 May 2014. Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - В.Болотов опроверг информацию об объединении ЛНР и ДНР в Новороссию (in Russian). Ostro.org. 26 May 2014. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Интервью Дениса Пушилина журналистам Washington Post 31 мая (video) (in Russian). 31 May 2014. 12 minutes in. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
{{cite AV media}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ МАНИФЕСТ "НАРОДНОГО ФРОНТА ОСВОБОЖДЕНИЯ УКРАИНЫ, НОВОРОССИИ И ПРИКАРПАТСКОЙ РУСИ". Ekho Moskvy (in Russian). 10 July 2014. Archived from the original on 22 July 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ ПРОГРАММА Общественно-политического движения "Партия НОВОРОССИЯ" (in Russian). Novorossia. 23 May 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Александр Скобов (21 July 2014). "Реконструкция ада". Grani.ru. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Андрей Пионтковский (18 July 2014). "Июльские БУКи". Kasparov.info. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
- "Donetsk Republic establishes national bank". Itar Tass. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
- http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2014/0812/A-Ukrainian-murder-mystery-ensnares-a-church-in-former-rebel-stronghold
- Putin’s “Greater Novorossiya” - The Dismemberment of Ukraine, Foreign Policy Research Institute (May 2014 )
- Брифинг Павла Губарева на съезде народных представителей регионов (in Russian). Novorossiya. 24 May 2014. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Truce in Ukraine violated, but holding for now, Special Broadcasting Service (8 September 2014)
- Philip Shishikin (13 July 2014). "Russian's 'Imperial Dream' Faces Last Stand in Donetsk". WSJ. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - "South Ossetia Recognizes 'Luhansk People's Republic'". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 19 June 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
- "South Ossetia recognizes Donetsk People's Republic". Kyiv Post. 27 June 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
- "Is The Clock Ticking For Saakashvili?". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 12 September 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
- "Road to War in Georgia: The Chronicle of a Caucasian Tragedy". Der Spiegel. 25 August 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
External links
48°00′10″N 37°48′19″E / 48.0028°N 37.8053°E / 48.0028; 37.8053
Categories:- History of Donetsk Oblast
- History of Luhansk Oblast
- 2014 establishments in Ukraine
- Russian-speaking countries and territories
- 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
- Secession in Ukraine
- Unrecognized or largely unrecognized states
- States and territories established in 2014
- Irredentism
- Donbas
- Federal State of Novorossiya