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On 15–16 December 2014, a lone gunman, Man Haron Monis, held hostage ten customers and eight employees of a Lindt chocolate café located at Martin Place in Sydney, Australia. After a 16-hour standoff, during which areas of the Sydney central business district surrounding the site were cordoned off and nearby buildings locked down, police officers from the Tactical Operations Unit stormed the café upon hearing gunshots from inside. At least one hostage was shot by Monis, who himself was shot dead after police entered in response. Hostages Katrina Dawson and Tori Johnson died, while three other hostages and a police officer were injured during the police raid.

Early on, hostages were seen holding a jihadist black flag up against the window of the café, with the Islamic shahādah creed written on it in Arabic. Initially some media mistook it for the flag used by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL); the gunman later demanded that an ISIL flag be brought to him in the middle of the crisis. The gunman was described as having indicated a "political motivation". Police treated the event as a terrorist attack, and negotiated with Monis throughout the day.

In the aftermath, Muslim groups issued a joint statement in which they condemned the incident, and a message of support was added to the Martin Place Hanukkah menorah. Special memorial services were held in the city at St Mary's Cathedral and St James' Church. Condolence books were set up in other Lindt cafés and the community turned Martin Place into a "field of flowers".

Events

Hostage-taking and negotiations

The crisis began at 9:44 a.m. AEDT on 15 December (22:44 UTC, 14 December), when Monis entered the Lindt Chocolate Café at 53 Martin Place, Sydney. The café is located directly across from the Seven News television studios, and near the Reserve Bank of Australia, the headquarters of the Commonwealth Bank, Westpac bank, and Martin Place underground train station.

Hostages were seen holding up a jihadist black flag with the Arabic shahādah (an Islamic creed declaring: "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of God"), against the window of the café. Some news reports initially mistook it for the flag used by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).

Monis was bearded, wearing a white shirt and a black headband with the inscription, in Arabic: "We are ready to sacrifice for you, O Mohammad." He was carrying a blue sports bag, and armed with a shotgun and a machete. One hostage was reportedly being used as a human shield by Monis. Prior to the siege, the automatic sliding doors of the café had been disabled.

According to Sydney 2GB radio announcer Ray Hadley, Monis demanded to speak to the Australian Prime Minister live on radio, though these reports are unconfirmed. Monis stated there were four "devices" located around Sydney. However, New South Wales Police Commissioner Andrew Scipione said that none of the alleged devices were found during investigations.

Several hostages made contact with media outlets and relayed Monis's demands to them, but these were not published during the siege at the request of the New South Wales Police Force. The social media profiles of the hostages were also used to relay demands.

Escape of five hostages

At around 3:37 p.m., two hostages escaped from the front entrance of the building, followed by a third hostage, an employee, who ran out from a fire exit at the side of the building. At around 4:58 p.m., two female hostages, both employees, escaped by running from another entrance of the building, and were met by Tactical Operations Unit officers.

Raid and end of siege

Shortly after 2:00 a.m. on 16 December, a "very loud bang" was heard and between five and seven additional hostages fled from the building. At 2:14 a.m., after hearing another identical loud bang from inside the building, heavily armed Tactical Operations Unit police threw flashbang grenades in and stormed the café, after which further hostages ran from the building in two groups.

Police declared the siege over soon after, later confirming that Monis was killed in the raid. Two hostages also died, and another three were injured during the raid. One police officer whose face was grazed by a gunshot was discharged from hospital later in the day.

Hostages

Initial estimates were that between 13 and 50 people were in the café. Authorities did not release an estimate of the number of hostages inside the café during the siege. After the siege, a total of 18 hostages was confirmed – eight café staff and ten customers.

During the police raid, 34-year-old hostage Tori Johnson, the manager of the café, and 38-year-old barrister Katrina Dawson died as a result of being shot. Three other hostages were wounded during the raid. They included a 75-year-old woman who was shot in the shoulder, a 52-year-old woman who was shot in the foot, and a 43-year-old woman who was shot in the leg; all three were in stable condition.

A hostage who initially escaped the scene was hospitalised for a pre-existing condition and was in satisfactory condition.

Evacuations and closures

After the siege began, a staged exclusion zone was established and people evacuated from nearby buildings, including from the floors above the café. The Sydney Opera House was evacuated after a suspicious package was found; however, reports were unconfirmed by police. The US Consulate General in Sydney, located in Martin Place, was also evacuated. Some Sydney schools were put in "white level lockout" due to the hostage crisis, which meant that no school group was permitted to leave the school grounds.

Police advised people in the area bounded by Hunter, George, Elizabeth, and Macquarie Streets, bordering Martin Place, to remain indoors and away from windows. Commonwealth Bank, Westpac, and ANZ closed their CBD branches for the day. The State Library was also closed. Numerous other buildings, including David Jones stores, executive offices for the New South Wales Parliament, criminal courts for the Supreme Court, the Downing Centre, and "several city legal chambers" were evacuated, as were the facilities of the Seven Network, situated directly across from the café, forcing The Morning Show to suspend transmission.

Trains did not stop at Martin Place railway station during the incident. Transport for NSW advised people to stay away from the CBD. Road closures prevented southbound access to the Cahill Expressway, York Street, and Harbour Street, and northbound access to the Cahill Expressway, and all traffic was diverted to the Sydney Harbour Tunnel. On the morning of 16 December, road diversions remained in place and Martin Place train station remained closed. In the evening of 16 December, Elizabeth Street, Macquarie Street and Hunter Street were opened to traffic.

Uber's fares for travel in Sydney increased dramatically during the crisis under the company's automated system that calculates fees based on demand, which led to online backlash against the company. Uber subsequently refunded excessive fares and provided free rides out of the CBD.

Gunman

Man Haron Monis was identified as the hostage-taker and named early on the morning of 16 December. He had an extensive record of prosecutions and criminal convictions in Australia, including a charge of accessory to murder relating to the murder of his former wife, numerous charges of sexual assault, aggravated indecent assault, common assault, and a conviction for criminal use of the postal service to "menace, harass or cause offence". On 12 December 2014, his appeal against his conviction for criminal use of the postal service was rejected by the High Court of Australia. Monis had never held a gun licence and "appears to have had no ties" to any movement but was nonetheless, a violent, attention-seeking ideologue, whose motives defy analysis.

Reactions

Leaders

The Prime Minister of Australia, Tony Abbott, convened the National Security Committee of Cabinet to give briefings on the situation. Abbott stated, "Australians should be reassured that our law enforcement and security agencies are well trained and equipped and are responding in a thorough and professional manner." He later said, "The whole point of politically motivated violence is to scare people out of being themselves. Australia is a peaceful, open, and generous society. Nothing should ever change that and that's why I would urge all Australians today to go about their business as usual", and "Australians should be reassured by the way our law enforcement and security agencies responded to this brush with terrorism."

The Premier of New South Wales, Mike Baird, addressed the media during the stand-off, stating:

We are being tested today... in Sydney. The police are being tested, the public is being tested, but whatever the test we will face it head on and we will remain a strong democratic, civil society. I have full confidence in the Police Commissioner and the incredible work of the NSW police force.

The Lord Mayor of Sydney, Clover Moore, on the morning of 16 December, urged Australians to see this as a "one-off event", stating, "We're an inclusive multicultural community and we need to deal with this together". Governor-General of Australia, Sir Peter Cosgrove, released a statement sympathising with the families, commending the work of the police involved, and urging Australians to "unite in our resolve to protect what we value most – our way of life, our care and respect for each other".

Community

On the morning of the siege, after police declared the crisis to be over, a makeshift memorial which began to take shape on Martin Place developed into a field of flowers, that "you can smell before you can see". Prime Minister Abbott and NSW Premier Baird were among many in the community to lay flowers at the memorial in a demarcated space. Thousands of people visited the site in the first few days after the incident to pay tribute to the victims. Among them were members of the families of Dawson and Johnson, including Katrina Dawson's very young daughter who left her own note.

Flags on all NSW government buildings, including the Sydney Harbour Bridge, also flew at half-mast to honour those hostages who lost their lives at the café.

Following the incident, there were concerns about attacks on Muslims. The head of the Australian Muslim Women's Association told the media there was an increase in anti-Muslim messages being posted on social media. Due to concerns about an anti-Muslim backlash, a grassroots movement using the #illridewithyou hash tag was started on social media to give physical and emotional support to Muslims travelling alone on public transport. More than 100,000 people placed messages on Twitter to offer support. The campaign appeared to be inspired by a young Brisbane woman, Rachael Jacobs, who had posted a Facebook status about offering to walk with a Muslim woman who had removed her hijab.

A magistrate who had granted Monis bail, and the lawyers who had represented him in his court appearances, received death threats in the days after the attack, a reaction described by the Bar Association as "understandable but wrong-headed" since magistrates have to deal with cases as they come before them on the basis of the law at the time.

Religious organisations

Sanier Dandan, president of the Lebanese Muslim Association, informed ABC News that Australian Muslim leaders were meeting online for discussions on how the Muslim community could help with the crisis. He added that it was not known if the perpetrator or perpetrators were linked to the Australian Muslim community, saying, "Regardless we have a hostage situation. Whether he is someone who belongs to the Australian Muslim community or not, we are still waiting for information to be provided by police and based on that if there's something the Muslim community can do or assist, we are there."

Ibrahim Abu Mohamed, the Grand Mufti of Australia, condemned the incident in a released statement. During the afternoon of 15 December, around 50 Muslim groups issued a joint statement in which they condemned the incident. The Australian Ahmadiyya Muslim Association unequivocally condemned the incident, the national president saying that "such actions are criminal and totally contrary to the teachings of Islam." Egypt's Grand Mufti Shawqi Allam also condemned the attack.

In Martin Place, the traditional Hanukkah menorah this year presented a message of support: "May the lights of the festival of Hanukkah bring comfort and warmth to our nation”.

The Catholic Archbishop of Sydney, Anthony Fisher, invoked the special prayers in the Roman Missal for "mass in times of civil disturbance" and a memorial service was held at St Mary's Cathedral, on the morning of 19th December.

St James' Church, which had been incorporated into the exclusion zone and has ministered to the legal community since colonial times, held a "Service of Remembrance and Reflection" in the afternoon of 19 December. The service was attended by many members of the legal profession, colleagues of Katrina Johnson who had worked in Chambers nearby. The readings were given by the President of the New South Wales Bar Association and the Eight Selbourne Head of Chambers.

International

A spokesman for the Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs, John Baird, said, "We urge all Canadians in Sydney to use extra precaution and limit their movements as authorities handle this situation." Iran Foreign Ministry spokeswoman, Marzieh Afkham, strongly condemned the taking of hostages as "inhuman", stating that the Australian authorities were repeatedly warned about Monis.

United States President Barack Obama called Prime Minister Abbott to express his condolences on behalf of The United States. According to the White House, Obama praised the "Australian public's embrace of #illridewithyou and the Muslim leaders who have disavowed the actions of the hostage taker", and had added, "Australia's rejection of any violence taken in the name of religion and the fear this violence seeks to stoke." The President also conveyed the United States' willingness to provide assistance in the aftermath of the situation. U.S. Secretary of State, John Kerry, said the U.S. stood ready to provide Australia with any assistance required in "determining the facts of the case, assisting the victims and holding accountable anyone and everyone responsible for this act of terror".

New Zealand Prime Minister John Key, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, and U.K. Prime Minister David Cameron also expressed their concern about the incident. In addition, the Israeli embassy in Australia stated that it stood with Australia in the face of terror.

Investigations

An inquest by the NSW state coroner is mandatory because people died in a police operation. Commissioner Scipione announced on 16 December that a "critical incident" investigation would be undertaken by NSW police. This will be headed by Detective Inspector Angelo Memmolo. The Australian Federal Police are conducting another inquiry into the event. A joint review has been announced by the federal and state governments, to be led by Michael Thawley from the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet and Blair Comley of the New South Wales Department of Premier and Cabinet.

On 16 December, officers from the New South Wales Police Force and the Australian Federal Police went to the Belmore home of Monis' partner Amirah Droudis, and removed property.

See also

• 2014 Australian terror raids
• Crime in Australia
• List of Islamic terrorist attacks

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• Terrorist incidents in Australia
• Terrorist incidents in 2014
• 2014 in Australia
• 21st century in Sydney
• Crime in Sydney
• Hostage taking
• Islamist terrorism in Australia