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Meretz (Template:Lang-he-n, lit. Vigour) is a left-wing social-democratic and Zionist political party in Israel.

The party was originally formed in 1992 with the union of Ratz, Mapam, and Shinui and was at its peak in the 13th Knesset between 1992 and 1996, during which it held 12 seats. At the 2013 legislative elections the party won six seats.

The secular party emphasizes a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, social justice, human rights (especially for ethnic and sexual minorities), religious freedom, and environmentalism.

History

Meretz was formed in 1992 prior to the 1992 legislative elections by an alliance of three left-wing political parties; Ratz, Mapam and Shinui, and was initially led by Ratz's chairwoman and long-time Knesset member Shulamit Aloni. The name "Meretz" (מרצ) was chosen as an acronym for Mapam (מפ"ם) and Ratz (רצ). The third party of the alliance wasn't reflected in its name, but was instead mentioned in the party's campaign slogan: "ממשלה עם מרצ, הכוח לעשות את השינוי" (A government with vigor , the strength to make the change ). Its first electoral test was a success, with the party winning twelve seats, making it the third largest in the Knesset. Meretz became the major coalition partner of Yitzhak Rabin's Labor Party, helping pave the way for the Oslo Accords. The party also picked up several ministerial portfolios; Aloni was made Minister of Education, though disputes over the role of religion in education meant she was moved out of the education ministry to become Minister Without Portfolio in May 1993. In June she became Minister of Communications and Minister of Science and Technology, a role that was later renamed Minister of Science and the Arts. Amnon Rubinstein became Minister of Energy and Infrastructure and Minister of Science and Technology and later Minister of Education, Culture, and Sport, whilst Yossi Sarid was named Minister of the Environment and Yair Tzaban named Minister of Immigrant Absorption.

After the 1996 elections, in which Meretz lost a quarter of its seats, Aloni lost internal leadership elections to Yossi Sarid and retired. In 1997 the three parties officially merged into a single entity, though part of Shinui (under the leadership of Avraham Poraz) broke away to form a separate movement. Later in the Knesset session David Zucker also left the party to sit as an independent MK.

The 1999 elections saw the party regain some of its former strength, picking up 10 seats, including the first ever female Israeli Arab MK, Hussniya Jabara. Meretz were invited into Ehud Barak's coalition, with Sarid becoming Education Minister, Ran Cohen Minister of Industry and Trade, and Haim Oron Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development. However, after Likud leader Ariel Sharon beat Barak in a special Prime Ministerial election in 2001, Meretz left the government.

On 22 October 2002 Meretz MK Uzi Even made history by becoming the first openly gay Member of Knesset, after Amnon Rubinstein retired. This created a vacancy and Even was next on the Meretz list. His term lasted less than three months, however, as the Knesset was dissolved in January 2003. Even's entry to the Knesset was met by mixed reactions from the ultra-orthodox parties; Shas's Nissim Ze'ev was the harshest, saying Even "symbolized the bestialization of humanity," adding that he should be "hidden under the carpet" and banned from entering the Knesset.

For the 2003 elections, Meretz were joined by Roman Bronfman's Democratic Choice. However, the party shrank in representation again, this time to just six seats. Sarid immediately took responsibility and resigned from leadership, though he did not retire from the Knesset and continued serving as an MK, before stepping down prior to the 2006 elections.

In December 2003 Meretz was disbanded in order to merge with Yossi Beilin's non-parliamentary Shahar (Hebrew: שח"ר) movement. The original name suggested for the new party was Ya'ad (Hebrew: יעד, Goal), but was not used because it sounded like the Russian word for poison ("yad"), and it was feared that it might alienate Israel's one million Russian-speaking voters (although there had been two parties previously in Israel using the name – Ya'ad and Ya'ad – Civil Rights Movement, the latter ironically a forerunner of Meretz, they both existed before large-scale immigration from the Soviet Union). Instead, the name Yachad (Hebrew: יח"ד) was chosen. As well as meaning "Together", it is also a Hebrew acronym for Social-Democratic Israel (Hebrew: ישראל חברתית דמוקרטית, Yisrael Hevratit Demokratit).

The new party was established in order to unite and resuscitate the Israeli Zionist peace camp, which had been soundly defeated in the 2003 elections (dropping from 56 Knesset members in 1992 to 24 in 2003) following the Al-Aqsa Intifada. The party's purpose was to unite a variety of dovish Zionist movements with the dovish wing of the Labor Party. However, the efforts were largely unsuccessful as, except for the original Meretz, Shahar and Democratic Choice, no other movement joined the new party. It has suffered from declining popular interest in left-wing peace movements, as a result of the rise in Palestinian violence, and only 20,000 people are now registered members of the party, half the number who were prior to the 1999 party primaries.

In March 2004 Yossi Beilin was elected party leader, beating Ran Cohen, and started a two year term as the first chairman of Yachad. In July 2005 the party decided to change its name to Meretz-Yachad, because opinion polls revealed that the name Yachad was not recognisable to the Israeli public, and that they preferred the old name Meretz. The chairman Beilin opposed the motion to revert the name to Meretz and a compromise between the old and new names, Meretz-Yachad, was agreed upon.

However, in the 2006 election campaign the party dropped the Yachad part of its name, running as just Meretz, under the slogan "Meretz on the left, the Human in the centre". Nevertheless, it failed to stop the party's decline, as they won just five seats. In 2007, Tsvia Greenfeld, sixth on the party list, became the first ever female Ultra-orthodox Knesset member, following Yossi Beilin's decision to retire from politics.

In March 2008, internal elections for the chairman of the party were held. At an early stage, Yossi Beilin, Zehava Gal-On, and Ran Cohen announced their bids. After Haim Oron announced his bid in December 2007, Beilin withdrew his bid and announced his support for him. Oron went on to win the internal elections held on 18 March 2008 with 54.5% of the vote, beating Ran Cohen (27.1%) and Zehava Gal-On (18.1%) to become Meretz's new chairman.

On 22 December 2008 Meretz finalized its merger with Hatnua HaHadasha ("The New Movement") for the 2009 Israeli elections. The joint Meretz-Hatnua HaHadasha list ended up winning only 3 seats in the elections. This electoral loss was largely attributed to traditionally left-wing voters choosing to strategically vote for Kadima, in an effort to get Tzipi Livni to head the next government instead of Benjamin Netanyahu of Likud.

Following the party's failure in the legislative elections, some of the party members called for the resignation of the party chairman Haim Oron and to give way for Zehava Gal-On. Haim Oron indeed left the Knesset on 23 March 2011 and later left the chairmanship of the party. As a result MKs Zehava Gal-On, Ilan Gilon, and youth activist Ori Ophir began campaigning to win the position of the party chairman. The primaries were held on 7 February 2012 for the position of the party's chairman. Zahava Gal-On was elected as the chairman with 60.6% of the votes. Ilan Gilon was second with 36.6% of the votes, and Uri Ofir was third with 2.8% of the votes.

Ideology

Meretz defines itself as a Zionist, left-wing, social-democratic party. The party is a member of the Socialist International and an observer member of the Party of European Socialists. It sees itself as the political representative of the Israeli Peace movement in the Knesset – as well as municipal councils and other local political bodies.

In the international media it has been described as left-wing, social-democratic, dovish, secular, civil libertarian, and anti-occupation.

Stated Principles

The party emphasises the following principles (not necessarily in order of importance):

• Peace between Israel and the Palestinians based on a two-state solution as laid out in the Geneva Accord.
• Dismantling most of the Israeli settlements in the West Bank.
• Human rights issues:

• Struggle for the protection of human rights in the Israeli-occupied territories.
• Rights of minorities in Israel (such as Israeli Arabs and foreign workers), fight against discrimination, and support for affirmative action.
• Women's rights and feminism.
• LGBT rights.

• Struggle for social justice:

• Making Israel a social-democratic welfare state.
• Protecting workers' rights and fighting against their exploitation (especially, though not exclusively, in the case of foreign workers and immigrants).

• Separation of religion and state, and religious freedom.
• Liberal secular education.
• Israel's security.
• Environmentalism.

Knesset Members

Meretz supporters abroad

A number of left-wing Zionist organizations that share many of the ideas of Meretz are affiliated with the Israel-based World Union of Meretz; this includes the London-based Meretz UK and France's Cercle Bernard Lazare. The World Union of Meretz has representation in a number of organizations, such as the World Zionist Organization and the Jewish National Fund. Meretz USA is now Partners for Progressive Israel.

Hashomer Hatzair, a progressive Zionist youth movement with branches in many countries, is informally associated with Meretz through its historic connection with Mapam.

Partners for Progressive Israel, which is affiliated with Meretz, used to be known as "Meretz USA," and is still formally associated with the World Union of Meretz.

See also

• Peace Now
• Young Meretz-Yachad
• Meretz Youth

References

1. Cheryl Rubenberg (2003). The Palestinians: In Search of a Just Peace. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 410. ISBN 978-1-58826-225-7.
2. ^ "Meretz chief looks to galvanize left wing with new political party". Haaretz. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
3. ^ Meretz plans expanded left-wing party
4. Migdalovitz, Carol (2009), Israel: Background and Relations with the United States, Congressional Research Service, p. 2
5. Meretz is commonly described as social-democratic political party:
   • Ronit Chacham (2003). Breaking Ranks: Refusing to Serve in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Other Press, LLC. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-59051-099-5.
   • Shmeul Sandler; Manfred Gerstenfeld; Jonathan Rynhold (18 October 2013). Israel at the Polls 2006. Routledge. p. 281. ISBN 978-1-317-96992-1.
   • Fatima Sadiqi; Moha Ennaji (5 September 2013). Women in the Middle East and North Africa: Agents of Change. Routledge. p. 136. ISBN 978-1-136-97037-5.
   • David Levi-Faur; Gabriel Sheffer; David Vogel (4 February 2014). Israel: The Dynamics of Change and Continuity. Routledge. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-135-30142-2.
   • Karl R. DeRouen; Paul Bellamy (30 December 2007). International Security and the United States: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 391. ISBN 978-0-313-08486-7.
6. Meretz is described as a Zionist political party:
   • Allan Russell Juriansz (16 July 2013). King David's Naked Dance: The Dreams, Doctrines, and Dilemmas of the Hebrews. iUniverse. p. 280. ISBN 978-1-4759-9569-5.
   • Ephraim Nimni (6 September 2003). The Challenge of Post-Zionism: Alternatives to Fundamentalist Politics in Israel. Zed Books. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-85649-894-4.
   • Asher Arian; Michal Shamir (31 December 2011). The Elections in Israel 2009. Transaction Publishers. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-4128-4432-1.
   • Dave Zimmer (2008). Crosby, Stills and Nash: The Biography. Da Capo Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-7867-2611-3.
7. Meretz is recognised as secular by numerous texts:
   • Gideon Doron; Michael Harris (1 January 2000). Public Policy and Electoral Reform: The Case of Israel. Lexington Books. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-7391-0134-6.
   • Asher Cohen; Bernard Susser (24 May 2000). Israel and the Politics of Jewish Identity: The Secular-Religious Impasse. JHU Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-8018-6345-5.
   • Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann (15 November 2001). Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook : Volume I: Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asia: Volume I: Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asia. OUP Oxford. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-19-153041-8.
   • William Safran (2 August 2004). The Secular and the Sacred: Nation, Religion and Politics. Routledge. p. 221. ISBN 978-1-135-76211-7.
   • Mayn Katz (1 April 2005). Song of Spies. Variocity. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-933037-73-8.
8. Meretz in Ynet fact file
9. Openly Gay Knesset Member Ripples the Establishment Jewish News Weekly of Northern California, October 11, 2002
10. Somfalvi, Attila (2008-03-19). "MK Oron voted new Meretz chairman". Ynetnews. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
11. Senyor, Eli (2008-12-22). "Meretz finalizes union with new leftist movement". Ynetnews. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
12. Senyor, Eli (12 February 2009). "Meretz chief: Women's groups support of Livni harmed us". Ynetnews. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
13. "חדשות 2 - גלאון: "זה בוקר קשה עבורי"". Mako.co.il. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
14. "פרידה בדמעות מג'ומס: "אחד הפרלמנטרים הבולטים שעיצבו את הכנסת"". Knesset.gov.il. 23 March 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
15. Hoffman, Gil (28 December 2011). "Young activist joins Meretz leadership race". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
16. "מרצ - הבחירות לראשות מרצ יתקיימו ב-7 בפברואר". Myparty.org.il. 23 March 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
17. http://socialistinternational.org/viewArticle.cfm?ArticlePageID=931
18. http://www.pes.eu/en/about-pes/pes-members/parties
19. Livni reaches out to Meretz Ynet, 19 September 2008
20. Livni reaches out to Meretz UN Condemns Hamas; Meretz Wants Military Action Israel National News, 8 March 2009
21. Ultra Left Meretz Party Decimated CBN, 11 February 2009
22. How Netanyahu lost the election...but still won National Post, 24 February 2009
23. Egged removes political ads on 'haredization' of J'lem Jerusalem Post, 21 September 2008
24. Livni going after far left, women before Israeli vote The Seattle Times , 9 February 2009
26. http://meretzusa.org/meretz-usa-becoming-partners-progressive-israel

External links

• Official website Template:He icon
• English portal of official website
• Meretz on Facebook Template:He icon
• Meretz's channel on YouTube Template:He icon
• Meretz on Twitter Template:He icon
• Knesset Websites: Meretz (12–15th Knesset), Meretz-Democratic Choice-Shahar (16th Knesset), Meretz-Yahad (17th Knesset), New Movement-Meretz (18th Knesset)

• Parties related to the Party of European Socialists
• Social democratic parties
• Feminist parties
• Green political parties
• Political parties established in 1992
• Political parties in Israel
• Feminist political parties in Israel
• Secularism in Israel
• Secularist political parties
• Socialist International
• Zionist political parties in Israel
• 1992 establishments in Israel
• Progressive Alliance