| Revision as of 15:11, 1 October 2004 editHangjian (talk | contribs)18 edits →Overview: added that rRNA alone can carry out translation. Can someone provide the names of researchers who conducted this expt?← Previous edit | Revision as of 21:40, 6 October 2004 edit undo150.131.151.206 (talk) changed 'several proteins' to 'multiple proteins'Next edit → | ||
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| ==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
| Ribosomes consist of two subunits (Figure 1) that fit together (Figure 2) and work as one to translate the ] into a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis (Figure 3). Each subunit consists of one or two very large RNA molecules (known as ribosomal RNA or ]) and |
Ribosomes consist of two subunits (Figure 1) that fit together (Figure 2) and work as one to translate the ] into a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis (Figure 3). Each subunit consists of one or two very large RNA molecules (known as ribosomal RNA or ]) and multiple smaller protein molecules. Experiments have shown that the rRNA are the crucial components in protein synthesis, and that the process can occur in the presence of rRNA alone, albeit at a slower rate. This suggests that the protein components of ribosomes act as a scaffold that may enhance the ability of rRNA to synthesise protein. | ||
| The structure and function of ribosomes, and their attendant molecules, known as the ''translational apparatus'', has been of ongoing research interest since the mid 20th century on through the early 21st century. | The structure and function of ribosomes, and their attendant molecules, known as the ''translational apparatus'', has been of ongoing research interest since the mid 20th century on through the early 21st century. | ||
Revision as of 21:40, 6 October 2004
(1) Head. (2) Platform. (3) Base. (4) Ridge. (5) Central protuberance. (6) Back. (7) Stalk. (8) Front.
A ribosome is an organelle composed of RNA and ribosomal proteins. It translates mRNA into a polypeptide chain (e.g., a protein). They can be thought of as a factory that builds a protein from a set of genetic instructions. Ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm (the internal fluid of the cell) or sometimes bind to another organelle called the endoplasmic reticulum.
Overview
Ribosomes consist of two subunits (Figure 1) that fit together (Figure 2) and work as one to translate the mRNA into a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis (Figure 3). Each subunit consists of one or two very large RNA molecules (known as ribosomal RNA or rRNA) and multiple smaller protein molecules. Experiments have shown that the rRNA are the crucial components in protein synthesis, and that the process can occur in the presence of rRNA alone, albeit at a slower rate. This suggests that the protein components of ribosomes act as a scaffold that may enhance the ability of rRNA to synthesise protein.
The structure and function of ribosomes, and their attendant molecules, known as the translational apparatus, has been of ongoing research interest since the mid 20th century on through the early 21st century. A triennial conference is held to discuss the ribosome. In 1999, the conference was held in Helsingør, Denmark. The 2002 conference was held in Queenstown, New Zealand .
Free ribosomes
Free ribosomes occur in all cells, and also in mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells. Several free ribosomes can associate on a single mRNA molecule to form a polyribosome or polysome. Free ribosomes usually produce proteins that are used in the cytosol or in the organelle they occur in.
Membrane bound ribosomes
When certain proteins are synthesized by a ribosome, it can become "membrane-bound", associated with the membrane of the nucleus and the rough endoplasmic reticulum (in eukaryotes only) for the time of synthesis. They insert the freshly produced polypeptide chains directly into the ER, from where they are transported to their destinations. Bound ribosomes usually produce proteins that are used within the cell membrane or are expelled from the cell via exocytosis.
The ribosomal subunits of prokaryotes and eukaryotes are quite similar. However, prokaryotes use 70S ribosomes, each consisting of a (small) 30S and a (large) 50S subunit, whereas eukaryotes use 80S ribosomes, each consisting of a (small) 40S and a bound (large) 60S subunit.
In Figure 3, both ribosomal subunits (small and large) assemble at the start codon (the 5' end of the mRNA). The ribosome uses tRNA (transfer RNAs which are RNA molecules that carry an amino acid and present the matching codon, according to the genetic code, to the ribosome) which matches the current triplet on the mRNA to append an amino acid to the polypeptide chain. This is done for each triplet on the mRNA, while the ribosome moves towards the 3' end of the mRNA. Usually, several ribosomes are working parallel on a single mRNA.
See also: protein assembly
| Structures of the cell / organelles | |
|---|---|
| Endomembrane system | |
| Cytoskeleton | |
| Endosymbionts | |
| Other internal | |
| External | |
This article incorporates public domain material from Science Primer. NCBI. Archived from the original on 2009-12-08.