Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 02:09, 13 February 2015

The expansion of Major League Soccer has occurred several times since the league began play in 1996. Major League Soccer was established as the top level of professional soccer in the United States in 1993 with 10 teams and began play in 1996. It has expanded several times since 1998 into new markets across the United States, and since 2006, into Canada.

MLS is currently at 19 teams, and the league announced in 2013 that the 20th and 21st teams, New York City FC and Orlando City Soccer Club, will begin play in 2015 (albeit with one fewer team following Chivas USA's shutdown), and in 2014 announced the 22nd and 23rd teams, Atlanta (which begins play in 2017 along with a relaunched Los Angeles team) and Miami (pending a finalized stadium plan). In July 2013, Commissioner Don Garber announced that the league planned to reach a total of 24 teams by 2020. Expanding and establishing a bigger national footprint is seen as essential to securing television rights fees needed to reach MLS's stated goal of becoming one of the top leagues in the world by 2022.

Major League Soccer considers several criteria when determining where to award expansion franchises: (1) owners that are committed to MLS and have the financial wherewithal to invest in a team, (2) a stadium or approved plans for a stadium (preferably a soccer-specific stadium) that allows the team to control revenue streams such as parking and concessions, (3) the size of the market of the metropolitan area, and (4) an established local fan base.

History

Foundation (1993–1996)

Major League Soccer was established in 1993, as part of an agreement with FIFA that the United States set up a professional first division to gain the right to host the 1994 FIFA World Cup. No successful professional outdoor soccer league existed since the North American Soccer League folded in 1985. Due to rapid over-expansion and poor franchise placement, the NASL collapse led future MLS leaders to be extremely cautious of establishing new franchises.

Initially twelve new teams were to be placed in carefully selected cities where a strong soccer market was thought to exist. This was scaled back to ten after potential backers could not be found. Eventually 22 communities submitted formal bids to host an inaugural MLS franchise.

The initial ten teams created were the Columbus Crew, D.C. United, the New England Revolution, the NY/NJ MetroStars, the Tampa Bay Mutiny, the Colorado Rapids, the Dallas Burn, the Kansas City Wiz, the Los Angeles Galaxy and the San Jose Clash. While New York and Los Angeles were awarded franchises, the next four largest American cities—Chicago, Houston, Philadelphia, and Detroit were all without a team. Using American football stadiums, the new league kicked off in April 1996.

First expansion: Chicago (1998) and Miami (1998)

In 1998, the league expanded for the first time, rising from ten teams to twelve. The new teams were the Chicago Fire and Miami Fusion. Miami owner Ken Horowitz paid a $20 million expansion fee for the right to join MLS.

Contraction from Florida (2002)

Major League Soccer had reportedly lost an estimated $250 million during its first five years. The league's poor financial condition forced MLS to stop the bleeding. During the winter break between the 2000 and 2001 seasons, reports began circulating that MLS was considering trimming the league from 12 teams back to 10 teams. MLS announced in January 2002 that it had decided to contract the two Florida franchises, the Tampa Bay Mutiny and Miami Fusion. Both teams were withdrawn from the league and folded. The league had chosen to fold the Miami Fusion, in part because the Fusion's ownership reportedly lacked financial resources, had been trying to run the Fusion on a bare-minimum budget, and had asked the League to pay some of the club's expenses. Miami ownership had reportedly experienced $15 million in operating losses since Miami joined the league. The League chose to fold the Tampa Bay Mutiny, in part because the team was operated by the League instead of by an individual owner, meaning that the League had to absorb 100% of the team's operating losses. This contraction left the league with 10 teams, the same number as when MLS began.

Expansion resumes: Los Angeles (2005) and Salt Lake City (2005)

The performance of the US national team at the 2002 World Cup, where they reached the quarterfinal, sparked a recovery in the league’s fortunes, and attendances once again began to rise. MLS began looking to expand once more with a number of cities interested in hosting new teams. The demand for an expansion team grew.

In 2004, MLS awarded a second franchise to the Los Angeles area, Chivas USA. The team was owned partly by C.D. Guadalajara owner Jorge Vergara, and took the name and colors from the Mexican club with the aim of appealing to the Hispanic community in Southern California. Chivas and the Los Angeles Galaxy shared The Home Depot Center (now StubHub Center) and played in the league's first local derby game.

The league also announced Real Salt Lake in 2004. The franchise received permission to use the "Real" name from Real Madrid as part of a business agreement between the Salt Lake owner Dave Checketts and the Spanish club. Real Salt Lake initially played its home games at Rice-Eccles Stadium on the University of Utah campus before moving to Rio Tinto Stadium in October 2008.

Relocation: Houston (2006)

In 2005, the San Jose Earthquakes were put on hiatus because of a failure to secure a soccer-specific stadium. The players and the coach were moved to an expansion team in Houston, Texas, where they became the Houston Dynamo playing out of Robertson Stadium. The number of teams in the league did not change.

Toronto (2007)

In November 2005, Major League Soccer announced that it had approved an expansion franchise in Toronto to be owned and operated by Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment, which also owns the Toronto Maple Leafs and Toronto Raptors. The Toronto City Council had previously approved $9.8 million in funding for a $62.8-million stadium, with the rest of the money coming from Ottawa, Queen's Park and MLSE. The team name Toronto FC and logo were announced in May 2006. The club played their first season in MLS in 2007, finishing at the bottom of the table. The introduction of the MLS into Canada took MLS into a separate country for the first time.

San Jose (2008)

After a two-year hiatus, the San Jose Earthquakes were reactivated in 2007 and resumed play in MLS in 2008.

Seattle (2009)

Seattle was awarded a franchise in 2007, and following a vote by supporters, the team chose the name Seattle Sounders FC, after the Seattle Sounders that played in the North American Soccer League in the 1970s and '80s. The city did not have a Soccer-specific stadium or any plans to construct one, and instead, it shared Qwest Field (now known as CenturyLink Field) with the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League who, like the Sounders, are owned in part by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen. The stadium was built as a combined football/soccer stadium with an MLS team in mind, including soccer-specific features.

Philadelphia (2010)

On February 28, 2008, MLS announced that the sixteenth franchise would be awarded to Philadelphia. Philadelphia was appealing to MLS because Philadelphia was the largest metropolitan area in the U.S. without an MLS franchise, and it had a strong ownership group. There had been a strong campaign to bring a team to the city, with intense lobbying by supporters groups such as the Sons of Ben.

Philadelphia won the bid over a competing bid from St. Louis that was led by St. Louis investor Jeff Cooper. St. Louis had a stadium deal in Collinsville, Illinois, but lacked sufficient financing.

On May 11, 2009, it was announced that the team name would be Philadelphia Union. The new team announced their intention to construct an 18,500 seat stadium in Chester, Pennsylvania, which ultimately became PPL Park.

Vancouver (2011) and Portland (2011)

One of three Canadian cities in the running for 2011 MLS expansion, Vancouver's bid was led by local businessman Greg Kerfoot, at that time owner of the Vancouver Whitecaps FC in USSF D2 Pro. NBA star Steve Nash was also involved as a minority stakeholder. The city's bid was boosted by the proposed construction of the Whitecaps Waterfront Stadium, with an initial capacity of 20,000 and the potential for further expansion. Don Garber called the bid presentation by Vancouver "one of the best I've ever seen." On March 18, 2009, MLS commissioner Don Garber announced that Vancouver had been awarded one of the two 2011 expansion spots. Vancouver continued to field the second-tier Whitecaps until the MLS team made its debut in 2011. The MLS Whitecaps began the 2011 season at Empire Field, sharing it with the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League, before both teams moved into the renovated BC Place in October 2011.

On July 31, 2008, Merritt Paulson announced that he would apply for an MLS franchise for Portland as an MLS continuation of the Portland Timbers. Paulson further outlined his plan by launching a website. The MLS Timbers would play in a renovated PGE Park, which was renamed to Jeld-Wen Field by the time the team made its MLS debut in 2011 and is now known as Providence Park, sharing with the Portland State University football team. On March 20, 2009, commissioner Don Garber confirmed in a news conference that Portland would receive the 18th franchise.

Montreal (2012)

The city of Montreal has been a consideration by Major League Soccer for a club since the league's founding and planning stages in 1993. In the fall of 2008, the Joey Saputo group was on a short list for the next round of expansion. On May 7, 2010, Commissioner Don Garber announced that Saputo and the Impact group would join the league as its 19th club for the 2012 MLS season with Stade Saputo being renovated to increase the seating capacity to around 20,000.

Dissolution of Chivas USA (2014)

Chivas USA was dissolved following the end of the 2014 regular season, after the league bought the franchise and took over the operations from Jorge Vergara and Angélica Fuentes in February that year, leaving the league with 20 teams for the 2015 season. The club had suffered poor performance on the field, low attendance and a series of discrimination lawsuits against the ownership. Commissioner Garber cited the "brand that was targeted specifically to the Hispanic market" and the belief that "the club could coexist with the Galaxy and share the StubHub Center" as mistakes.

Later the same week, the league announced the formation of a new Los Angeles-area team that begins play in 2017 with the working name, "Los Angeles Football Club".

New York City (2015) and Orlando (2015)

In May 2010, league commissioner Don Garber announced the league's desire to place its 20th team in New York City On June 27, 2012, MLS announced plans to build a new soccer-specific stadium in Queens, New York, with a seating capacity of 25,000 and located near the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows.

On May 21, 2013, MLS announced New York City FC as the next expansion team. The team's expansion rights were purchased by the English Premier League club Manchester City and the New York Yankees baseball team for $100 million, and the team will begin play in 2015.

On October 25, 2010, Phil Rawlins and his investor group of Orlando City SC, announced their intentions of joining Major League Soccer within the next 3 to 5 years. Commissioner Garber and other MLS officials met with Orlando City team officials in February 2011 and again in November 2011 to discuss MLS expansion in Orlando. In March 2012, Garber met with Orlando city and county officials, and said, “It’s not a matter of if, but when,” when addressing Orlando’s chances of joining MLS.

In April 2013, the City of Orlando purchased downtown land to be used towards the construction of a $110 million MLS soccer stadium. Orange County Mayor Teresa Jacobs and Orlando Mayor Buddy Dyer reached an agreement on a deal to provide financial support for a variety of Orlando projects including the new MLS soccer stadium on August 8, 2013. The Orange County Board of Commissioners voted 5-2 on October 22, 2013 to approve the use of $20 million in tourist development tax funds to build an $84 million multi-purpose soccer stadium in downtown Orlando.

On November 19, 2013, Orlando was officially announced as the league's 21st team, and will begin play in MLS in 2015.

Confirmed future teams

Major League Soccer — which currently has 20 teams — will grow to 22 teams in 2017 with the addition of expansion teams in Atlanta and Los Angeles.

Atlanta (2017)

The league announced it was awarding an expansion franchise in Atlanta to Atlanta Falcons owner and Home Depot co-founder Arthur Blank on April 16, 2014, with plans to begin play in 2017. The team will share the New Atlanta Stadium, which is scheduled to be completed in 2017, with the Falcons. Discussions between Blank and MLS had "accelerated" following approval of the stadium plans in late 2013.

Atlanta became the third city in the southeastern United States in five months to announce an expansion team, following Orlando City in late 2013 and Miami, whose tentative approval was announced earlier in 2014. The Atlanta metropolitan area was at the time the largest media market without an MLS franchise.

Previously, in October 2008, Arthur Blank's AMB Group had submitted a bid for an expansion franchise, but withdrew its bid in early 2009 due to its inability to get a stadium built.

Los Angeles (2017)

On October 30, 2014, the league announced the formation of a new Los Angeles-area team to replace Chivas USA that shut down operations following the 2014 season. The new team was announced with the working name, "Los Angeles Football Club", with an ownership group led by venture capitalist Henry Nguyen, film producer Peter Guber, and former National Basketball Association executive Tom Penn. It plans to begin play in 2017 in a new, dedicated stadium.

Approval pending finalized stadium plan

Miami

On February 5, 2014, the league announced that it would award a franchise in Miami to an investment group led by former player David Beckham, his business partner Simon Fuller, and Miami-based businessman Marcelo Claure, assuming that stadium financing and location could be agreed upon. However, the ownership group's two stadium sites were rejected by city and county governments by July 2014. Commissioner Garber said he hoped to see Miami join the league with Atlanta in 2017, but repeated that the team would not play without political support for a downtown stadium.

Beckham had received an option to buy an expansion franchise for $25 million as part of the contract he signed with the league when he joined the Los Angeles Galaxy.

Future size of league

In terms of MLS longer-term goals, Commissioner Don Garber noted during a press conference on February 14, 2011, that he saw 22 teams in MLS by 2020. League president Mark Abbott said in October 2012 that the league had "not made a determination about the timeline for expansion beyond " at the time. In April 2013, in response to a question about future expansion plans, Garber posted on his Twitter account, “30 seems like too many.”

On July 31, 2013, Garber stated during an interview at the 2013 MLS All-Star Game, that the league's aim was to have 24 teams by 2020.

With four new teams approved between 2013 and 2014, some observers questioned if the league was expanding too fast. The Washington Post's Steven Goff argued that of the four new teams, only Orlando made "perfect sense" because only it had an organic fan base, a set plan for its own stadium, and just one other major sports team in the city; the other three shared stadiums, had not finalized plans for a stadium, or both, and neither Atlanta nor Miami had a history of supporting sports teams. Goff wrote that the league needed to "get past expanding just for the sake of expansion."

Markets under consideration

On March 12, 2011, MLS Commissioner Don Garber said, "I can’t imagine that when this league is fully expanded that we don’t have teams in the Southeast, that we don’t have another team in the Midwest, that we’re not even expanding to the southern part of California."

In October 2012, and again during his annual "state of the league" conference call on November 26, 2012, Garber said MLS would continue to look at Minneapolis, Atlanta, Orlando and Miami as expansion contenders. In an interview for Bloomberg's Sportfolio on July 5, 2013, Garber confirmed that Miami, Atlanta, and Orlando were all candidates for the next round of MLS expansion, and added that MLS was also looking at Texas.

Commissioner Don Garber, in his 2013 State of the League Address, identified four additional cities — Minneapolis, San Antonio, Austin, and St. Louis — as under consideration for the final expansion candidate to join MLS before 2020. In February 2014, Garber again confirmed Minneapolis and San Antonio as candidates, and also mentioned San Diego and Sacramento as expansion candidates. Garber discussed several expansion candidates in March 2014, saying that Minneapolis was "on the short list," and expansion into San Antonio or elsewhere in Texas was likely but not any time soon. In an August 2014 Q&A session, deputy commissioner Mark Abbott identified Sacramento and Las Vegas as new candidates for the 24th and final expansion team, in addition to the previously mentioned San Antonio, Austin and Minneapolis, and said Miami would be the 23rd team as long as a downtown stadium deal could be reached.

In November 2014, representatives from Las Vegas, Minneapolis, and Sacramento made presentations to MLS in advance of the December 2014 MLS Board of Governors meeting, and an update was provided regarding developments in San Antonio. In early December 2014, Garber stated that San Antonio was "not as far along" as the bids for the other three cities.

Minneapolis

In 2011, MLS confirmed that it had made contact with the ownership group of the NFL’s Minnesota Vikings regarding their interest in an MLS franchise for the Twin Cities. Vikings owner Zygi Wilf expressed interest in owning an MLS team if he were able to build a new stadium for the Vikings. The Minnesota Legislature passed a bill on May 10, 2012, for a new NFL stadium in Minneapolis, projected to open by fall 2016. The bill included a provision allowing for the Vikings to pursue an MLS franchise, and the team holds five-year exclusive rights to host MLS games in the new stadium.

In 2013, a group led by Minnesota United FC owner Bill McGuire announced his interest in building a soccer-specific stadium at the Minneapolis Farmers Market site in downtown. McGuire's stadium plan is supported by Minnesota Twins president Dave St. Peter and 2020 Partners, a consortium aimed at bringing development to the area around Target Field, Target Center and the farmers market. In March 2014, Commissioner Garber confirmed that MLS thinks highly of the Minnesota United ownership group and has been in talks with them.

Sacramento

In December 2011, a group led by former California Assembly Speaker Fabian Núñez began exploring the possibility of landing an MLS franchise for the Sacramento area, with the suburb of Elk Grove as a possible stadium site. On March 13, 2013, the Elk Grove city council voted unanimously to study potential sites for a soccer-specific stadium in the city that could host either an MLS or NASL team.

Sacramento was granted a USL Pro team that began play in the 2014 season. A group of investors, led by local business leader Warren Smith, expressed their hope to convert this Sacramento franchise to an MLS team. Warren previously helped bring the Sacramento River Cats, an MiLB franchise, to Sacramento. In November 2013, Warren Smith re-confirmed his goal of his Sacramento Republic FC USL Pro team landing in MLS in 2016.

In August 2014, owners of the Sacramento Kings NBA basketball team led by businessman Vivek Ranadivé expressed an interest in buying Republic FC with the ultimate goal of elevating the team to MLS. They met with league officials during the week of the 2014 MLS All-Star Game, and deputy commissioner Mark Abbott said league executives would visit the city and tour possible stadium locations. Kings owner Ranadive announced in January 2015 that he had joined the Sacramento Republic ownership group, in a move seen as bolstering Sacramento's chances of landing an MLS berth. Also in January 2015, the owners of the NFL's San Francisco 49ers agreed to invest in the Sacramento Republic.

Sacramento's bid is also strengthened by its fan support. As of January 2015, the club had nearly 10,000 ticket deposits as part of its "Built for MLS" campaign. Sacramento is the 20th largest television market in the United States.

San Antonio

In late 2011, San Antonio announced its bid to be MLS's 20th team. The city's North American Soccer League franchise, the San Antonio Scorpions, launched in 2012 and led the league in attendance in 2012 and 2013 seasons. The Scorpions play at Toyota Field, a soccer-specific stadium with a capacity of 8,000, and an expansion capability to 18,000.

A previous San Antonio expansion bid ended in 2005, when negotiations between the league and then-mayor Ed Garza ended. Incoming mayor Phil Hardberger criticized the proposed deal, while Garber claimed that the criticisms were politically motivated and hurt efforts to sell season tickets and recruit local investors.

In Commissioner Garber's December 2013 State of the League address, San Antonio was one of five cities listed on a presentation map of potential expansion locations. In January 2014, Garber met with Mayor Julian Castro and Scorpions owner Gordon Hartman concerning San Antonio's bid to receive an expansion franchise. Although MLS has expressed preference for downtown venues, Hartman said Garber loved Toyota Field, and thought its Northeast Side location could appeal to fans in San Marcos and Austin.

In March 2014, Garber said that expansion in the immediate future was "premature" for both San Antonio and Texas, though it was "something that is likely to happen".

In December 2014, Garber stated that the league is continuing to evaluate and receive updates on developments in San Antonio. Potential developments include the emergence of an outside investment group and the expansion plan of the current North American Soccer League stadium. In early December 2014, Garber revealed that San Antonio was "not as far along" as the three other cities under consideration at the time.

Failed, stalled, or speculated expansion efforts

This section includes cities with bids that have either failed or stalled, or are otherwise not explicitly included in the MLS expansion roadmap, the latest of which was announced in December 2013.

Cleveland (2004–06)

MLS announced in 2004 that Cleveland would be getting an expansion franchise for the 2005 season, as area businessman Bert Wolstein had signed a letter of intent to launch an MLS club. However, Wolstein ran into delays in trying to obtain public financing for a stadium, and died in 2004. In 2006 the Wolstein Sports and Entertainment Group proposed the construction of a soccer-specific stadium for an MLS club in the Cleveland suburb of Macedonia. However, Summit County voters rejected a tax to raise $104 million of the $165 million needed, environmental groups raised concerns about area wetlands, and the area was hit by the Great Recession of 2008.

In March 2014, Commissioner Garber said there had not been any developments regarding MLS expansion in Cleveland since talks were held "many years ago."

Miami (2008–09)

A Miami expansion team led by Barcelona and Marcelo Claure, a Bolivian businessman based in the city, announced an expansion bid in October 2008, with plans to begin play in 2011. But in March 2009, the league and Barcelona announced that Miami was no longer a candidate due to local market conditions. Additionally, MLS expressed concerns about Miami's lack of fan interest in an MLS franchise, the fact that USL team Miami F.C. was not doing well, and the plan to use FIU Stadium relegating the team to a secondary tenant in a college football stadium with an artificial surface. However, Garber said that Miami would be an expansion target in the future. Claure later joined David Beckham's group of investors for the Miami expansion bid that was accepted by the league in 2014.

New York City (2010)

In 2009, English businessman Paul Kemsley bought the rights to the name of the former NASL side New York Cosmos from former club general manager Peppe Pinton, with the stated aim of an MLS expansion franchise. In May 2010, MLS announced the league's desire for a second franchise in New York, although MLS did not endorse the Cosmos, and also held talks with New York Mets owner Fred Wilpon. The Wilpons' interest in MLS reportedly faded following the family's losses in the Madoff investment scandal, while disputes between Kemsley and Cosmos investors, as well as a lack of progress in stadium development, led to his resignation and a sale to new owners in October 2011. The league also announced it was meeting with "two or three other prospects" for a New York expansion team.

Negotiations between the league and the new ownership group broke down, partly because the club rejected the league's single-entity structure. The new Cosmos began playing in the second-tier North American Soccer League in 2013.

MLS awarded the second New York franchise to New York City FC in May 2013, and on April 25, 2014, Garber told Associated Press's sports editors that there would not be a third New York team after the New York Red Bulls and New York City FC.

St. Louis

In late 2014, St. Louis announced that it would be planning a new stadium to host both professional football and soccer. The city had multiple other soccer franchises in the past, but have not had a home field within the St. Louis City limits.

Jeff Cooper and his investment group St. Louis Soccer United twice attempted to bring an MLS expansion team to the St. Louis metropolitan area in 2008 and 2009, only to have both bids turned down in favor of other cities. Despite approved stadium plans to build the $600 million Collinsville Soccer Complex in suburban Collinsville, Illinois, MLS was not impressed with the bid's financial backing, and suggested Cooper expand his group of investors.

Cooper instead launched a second division men's club and a Women's Professional Soccer franchise. AC St. Louis played only one season in Division 2 averaging 2,750 fans at Anheuser-Busch Park during the 2010 season, before folding. AC St. Louis' sister-club Saint Louis Athletica folded midway through its second season in 2010.

El Paso (2014–)

In September 2014, MountainStar Sports Group, owners of the Triple-A baseball team El Paso Chihuahuas announced it was developing a stadium financing plan and searching for a site for an expansion team in El Paso, Texas. The group said it had previously met with MLS in June that year about an expansion team.

Other efforts

Rochester, New York had been mentioned as an expansion candidate due to the success of the Rochester Rhinos. The Rhinos won the US Open Cup in 1999 — the only non-MLS team to win the Cup since that competition was opened to MLS teams — and the Rhinos averaged over 10,000 fans from 1999-2005. In 2006, Don Garber stated: "At some point we want to find a way we can have an MLS team in Rochester." However, the Rhinos saw a downturn in attendance and finances, and the city is no longer under consideration by MLS.

Throughout late 2008 and early 2009, Ottawa was a longshot candidate for one of two slots for MLS expansion, but the push ended in March 2009 when MLS selected Vancouver and Portland instead. On June 20, 2011, Ottawa was awarded an NASL expansion franchise to begin play at TD Place Stadium in 2014.

A firm led by Andreas Apostolopoulos purchased the Silverdome on November 16, 2009, and planned to convert the stadium into a 30,000-seat capacity soccer-specific stadium; on June 8, 2011, Triple Sports & Entertainment applied to MLS for an expansion franchise to play at the Silverdome. On July 24, 2013, Triple Sports & Entertainment submitted a proposal to purchase a site in downtown Detroit and turn it into a residential and entertainment district anchored by a new MLS stadium, saying that the league was more interested in a team playing in downtown Detroit than one playing in Pontiac. However, local officials awarded the site to Cleveland Cavaliers owner Dan Gilbert's Rock Ventures LLC for an entertainment and retail complex.

Bibliography

• Goldblatt, David. The Ball is Round: A Global History of Football. Penguin Books (2007).
• Tossell, David. Playing for Uncle Sam: The Brits' Story of the North American Soccer League. Mainstream Publishing (2003).
• Wangerin, David. Soccer in a Football World: The Story of America's Forgotten Game. WSC Books (2006).

References

1. ^ Galarcep, Ives (August 1, 2013). "Garber: MLS to expand to 24 teams by 2020". Soccer By Ives.
2. ^ Straus, Brian (April 16, 2014). "With Atlanta on board, MLS shows there's no one-size-fits-all expansion criteria". Planet Fútbol. sportsillustrated.com.
3. Ziegler, Mark (August 3, 2010). "Piecing the puzzle of MLS expansion picture here". San Diego Union-Tribune.
4. Hakala, Josh (June 7, 2011). "With eyes on Detroit, Silverdome owners submit Major League Soccer expansion bid". MLive.com.
5. "History of Association Football (Soccer) From Early Beginnings To Present". Thepeoplehistory.com. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
6. ^ Wangerin p.272
7. Landman, Brian (May 19, 1994). "Tampa in, Orlando out of MLS running Series: SOCCER". St. Petersburg Times.
8. ^ Wagman, Robert (December 27, 2001). "MLS fans in several cities wait nervously for contraction decision". SoccerTimes.
9. Holmes, Stanley (November 22, 2004). "Soccer: Time To Kick It Up A Notch". Businessweek. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
10. Eligon, John (November 11, 2005). "For M.L.S., the Sport's Future Is in the Eye of the Beholder". The New York Times.
11. ^ Bradley, Jeff (December 28, 2000). "MLS considering weight-loss program". ESPN Soccernet.
12. "Fusion and Mutiny fold". BBC News. January 9, 2002. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
13. "Sports: MLS folds Mutiny". Sptimes.com. January 9, 2002. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
14. "Germany and Soccer – Fussball in Deutschland". German.about.com. June 22, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
15. Goff, Steven (April 1, 2005). "MLS's New Club Has a Mexican Upbringing". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
16. Zeigler, Mark (April 24, 2005). "Galaxy takes first derby between crosstown rivals". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
17. "The Real Story: Madrid to Salt Lake City". Goal. The New York Times. July 21, 2007. Retrieved October 28, 2014. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
18. Black, Michael (October 10, 2008). "Real Salt Lake fans get a kick out of Rio Tinto Stadium". Deseret News. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
19. ^ "San Jose Earthquakes to return to Major League Soccer in 2008" (Press release). Major League Soccer. July 18, 2007.
20. "MLS approves Toronto expansion franchise". CBC.ca. November 12, 2005.
21. "The beautiful game in Toronto". CBC.ca. May 11, 2006. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
22. "New Seattle MLS team will be called Seattle Sounders FC – sports – ESPN". Sports.espn.go.com. April 7, 2008. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
23. Bell, Gregg (November 9, 2007). "Seattle to get expansion MLS franchise for 2009". USA Today. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
24. "Search – Global Edition – The New York Times". International Herald Tribune. March 29, 2009. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
25. "MLS awards Philadelphia 2010 expansion team" (Press release). Major League Soccer. February 28, 2008.
26. ^ Gammage, Jeff (February 13, 2008). "Soccer deal is within reach, say sources". Philadelphia Inquirer.
27. Bell, Jack (November 17, 2007). "Meet M.L.S. in St. Louis". Goal. The New York Times. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
28. "The Sons Also Rise | Cover Story | News and Opinion". Philadelphia Weekly. April 28, 2008. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
29. "Vancouver MLS bid hits NYC". Vancouver: The Canadian Press/Toronto Sun. October 8, 2008.
30. Ian Walker (October 25, 2008). "MLS expansion fee won't scare away Whitecaps". Vancouver Sun.
31. Brown, Scott; Randy Phillips (May 11, 2006). "Whitecaps, Impact announce plans for new league". Canwest News Service. Archived from the original on November 12, 2009. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
32. "MLS awards Vancouver team for 2011" (Press release). Major League Soccer. March 18, 2009.
33. "Portland, Paulson to submit application for MLS expansion franchise". The Oregonian. July 31, 2008.
34. "mlstoportland.com". mlstoportland.com. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
35. "MLS awards 18th franchise to Portland" (Press release). Major League Soccer. March 20, 2009.
36. "Long wait over as Impact joins MLS". The Montreal Gazette.com. May 7, 2010. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
37. Carlisle, Jeff (October 27, 2014). "MLS shuts down Chivas USA; new club, ownership to return in 2017". ESPN FC. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
38. Tolmich, Ryan (October 28, 2014). "With Chivas USA a memory, MLS commish looks ahead to new LA team". Soccer By Ives. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
39. ^ "MLS officials to announce details of new franchise replacing Chivas USA". The Los Angeles Times. October 30, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
40. ^ "MLS to play in Montreal in 2012 – ESPN". Sports.espn.go.com. May 7, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
41. Oshan, Jeremiah. "Plans To Bring MLS Expansion Team To New York City Proper Take Step Forward". SBNation.com. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
42. "Manchester City and Yankees to Own M.L.S. Franchise in New York". New York Times. May 21, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2013Template:Inconsistent citations {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
43. Simon Borg (October 25, 2010). "Investors targeting MLS club for Orlando". MLSsoccer.com. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
44. "Orlando City Meets with Major League Soccer to Discuss Expansion Plans – OurSports Central – Independent and Minor League Sports News". OurSports Central. February 28, 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
45. Andrew Wiebe (November 10, 2011). "Garber: League still focused on expansion team in NYC". MLSsoccer.com. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
46. "Orlando City put MLS ambitions on show for Commissioner". MLSsoccer.com. March 1, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
47. "Dyer opens up about land purchase for new MLS stadium". WFTV. April 17, 2013.
48. Kennedy, Paul (August 9, 2013). "Mayors line up behind Orlando stadium deal 08/09/2013". SoccerAmerica. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
49. "Orlando City determined to join MLS despite legislation impasse in Florida House". mlssoccer.com. May 6, 2013.
50. Schlueb, Mark; David Damron (October 22, 2013). "'We are going MLS!' Pro soccer stadium is coming to Orlando". Orlando Sentinel.
51. ^ Straus, Brian (September 13, 2013). "MLS expansion team likely heading Atlanta's way". Planet Fútbol. Sports Illustrated. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
52. "MAJOR LEAGUE SOCCER AWARDS EXPANSION TEAM TO ORLANDO". orlandocitysoccer.com. Orlando City Soccer Club. Retrieved November 20, 2013.
53. ^ Creditor, Avi (April 16, 2014). "MLS awards 2017 expansion franchise to Atlanta, owner Arthur Blank". Planet Fútbol. SI.com. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
54. Newberry, Paul (April 16, 2014). "Atlanta Lands MLS Expansion Team for 2017". AP Sports. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
55. "Falcons owner Blank puts in bid for MLS franchise". USAToday.com. October 14, 2008. Retrieved June 7, 2012.
56. Manasso, John (January 16, 2009). "Blank withdraws MLS soccer team bid". Atlanta Business Chronicle.
57. Mazzei, Patricia (February 5, 2014). "Soccer star David Beckham to bring MLS team to Miami". Miami Herald.
58. "David Beckham's Miami MLS plans on hold until stadium secured". Planet Futbol. SI.com. July 29, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
59. Evans, Simon (October 23, 2014). "Political will key to Beckham's MLS Miami plan: Garber". WTAQ.
60. Kaufman, Michelle (February 2, 2014). "Beckham-Miami deal one step closer; local visit plans revealed". Miami Herald.
61. "MLS backtracks on plans of including winter games". Tsn.ca. February 14, 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
62. Straus, Brian (October 10, 2012). "MLS plans expansion for New York City team in 2016". Sporting News. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
63. Prince-Wright, Joe (April 24, 2013). "MLS expansion update from Commissioner Garber". ProSoccerTalk. NBCSports.com.
64. Goff, Steven (April 15, 2014). "MLS's imperfect expansion plans". Soccer Insider. The Washington Post. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
65. Simon Borg (March 11, 2011). "Garber: Expansion conversation goes beyond NY". MLSsoccer.com. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
66. "Garber addresses MLS schedule, playoff system, expansion and more". Soccer By Ives. October 12, 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
67. "Garber: NYC stadium talks at 'finish line'". Associated Press. November 26, 2012.
68. "Summertime Is Soccer Time in America". Bloomberg TV. July 5, 2013.
69. Borg, Simon (December 3, 2013). "MLS commissioner Don Garber discusses expansion, scheduling in latest State of the League address". MLSsoccer.com.
70. MLS Commissioner Don Garber gives update on league's expansion plans, February 20, 2014, MLSsoccer.com
71. ^ Ranking the candidates for MLS’s next two expansion teams, March 6, 2014, Pro Soccer Talk
72. Bird, Liviu (August 5, 2014). "MLS All-Star Notes: Mark Abbott on expansion, Blatter; Training contrast". Planet Futbol. SI.com. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
73. "MLS ANNOUNCES THURSDAY EXPANSION MEETINGS WITH LAS VEGAS, MINNEAPOLIS, SACRAMENTO", Soccer By Ives, November 19, 2014.
74. "MLS Expansion: League to Announce Next Teams in Early 2015", Fansided, December 7, 2014.
75. "Soccer-Clock ticking on Beckham's struggle for Miami stadium-MLS", Reuters, December 3, 3014.
76. Simon Borg (May 12, 2011). "MLS confirms contact over possible Minnesota expansion". MLSsoccer.com. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
77. Brian Quarstad (May 12, 2012). "MLS Commissioner Don Garber Says Minnesota "Goes on List" with New Vikings Stadium". Insidemnsoccer.com.com. Retrieved May 12, 2012.
78. ^ Vomhof, Jr., John (December 11, 2013). "Another downtown stadium? Somebody wants one". Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal.
79. Straus, Brian (December 31, 2013). "MLS expansion update: Miami making progress despite deadline, Minneapolis in play". Planet Fútbol. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved January 2, 2014. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
80. Kasler, Dale (December 14, 2011). "Group exploring Major League Soccer franchise for Elk Grove". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
81. "City Will Look for Land Where Pro Soccer Stadium Could be Built". 2013.
82. "Sacramento to Join USL PRO in 2014". USLsoccer.com. December 3, 2012.
83. "Sacramento Getting Professional Soccer Team In 2014". CBS Sacramento - CBS13 - sacramento.cbslocal.com. December 3, 2012.
84. Lillis, Ryan (November 28, 2013). "Sacramento soccer franchise has ambitious goal". Sacramento Bee.
85. Lillis, Ryan (August 5, 2014). "Major League Soccer to tour possible stadium sites in Sacramento". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
86. "SACRAMENTO KINGS JOIN REPUBLIC AS INVESTOR IN MLS PUSH", SBI Soccer, January 28, 2015.
87. "49ers’ owners to invest in Sacramento Republic FC", Sacramento Bee, January 29, 2015.
88. "SACRAMENTO KINGS JOIN REPUBLIC AS INVESTOR IN MLS PUSH", SBI Soccer, January 28, 2015.
89. "Local Television Market Universe Estimates & Comparisons of 2010-11 and 2011-12 Market Ranks" (PDF). nielson.com. 2012.
90. "Sacramento Media Markets". sacramentomediamarket.com. 2010.
91. "San Antonio joins fight for MLS expansion team". Sporting News. December 14, 2011. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
92. "NASL Attendance Up 1.1%; San Antonio Scorpions Lead League In Debut Season". Sports Business Daily. September 28, 2012.
93. "San Antonio Scorpions Toyota Field". SanAntonioScorpions.com. October 25, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
94. "Major League Soccer ends talks with San Antonio". Associated Press. June 9, 2005. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
95. ^ Oshan, Jeremiah (December 3, 2013). "MLS names five candidiate cities for expansion". SBNation.com. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
96. "San Antonio makes MLS case as mayor, Scorpions owner meet with Commissioner Don Garber". MLSsoccer.com. January 30, 2014. Retrieved April 28, 2014.
97. Bailey, W. Scott (January 30, 2014). "Gordon Hartman confident MLS commissioner sees real potential in San Antonio". Alamo City Beat. San Antonio Business Journal. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
98. ^ Creditor, Avi (March 4, 2014). "Location by location, MLS commissioner Don Garber's response to expansion questions". Planet Fútbol. SI.com.
99. "MLS officials provide update on city’s development for expansion", San Antonio Express-News, December 7, 2014.
100. "Investors detail plan to buy Scorpions, with MLS goal", San Antonio Express-News, November 4, 2014.
101. "San Antonio Scorpions release stadium expansion plan with 'additional opportunities' like MLS entry in mind", MLSsoccer.com, September 2, 2014.
102. "Scorpions Owner: San Antonio 'Made the Cut' for Big League Consideration", WOAI, December 10, 2014.
103. Wagman, Robert (May 16, 2004). "Several cities vie for expansion teams as complications delay decision". Soccer Times.
104. "Bert Wolstein, a soccer pioneer, dies at 77". Soccer Times. May 17, 2004.
105. Johnston, Laura (July 21, 2007). "Macedonia planning for soccer". The Plain Dealer.
106. "Star Calendar print shop; a soccer stadium in Macedonia: Whatever happened to …?". The Plain Dealer. September 20, 2010.
107. "Barcelona to bid for Miami MLS franchise". ESPNsoccernet. October 15, 2008. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
108. "Miami Barcelona MLS Campaign Is Dead". Goal.com. March 3, 2009.
109. Rusnak, Jeff (March 4, 2009). "Miami bid is yanked". Sun-Sentinel.
110. Rusnak, Jeff (March 8, 2009). "MLS, Miami have miles to go before new club could thrive". Sun-Sentinel.
111. ^ Bell, Jack (August 1, 2010). "Cosmos Begin Anew, With Eye Toward M.L.S". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
112. "MLS focused on making NY club its 20th team". mlssoccer.com. November 16, 2010. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
113. ^ Straus, Brian (October 26, 2011). "Rival emerges in Cosmos' bid to land MLS expansion team". Sporting News. Retrieved April 28, 2014.
114. Long, Michael (November 3, 2011). "New York Cosmos announce management buyout". Sports Pro Media. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
115. Bell, Jack (August 2, 2013). "Reborn Cosmos Return to the Field". The New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2014.
116. O'Brien, Seamus (July 12, 2012). "New York Cosmos Returns to NASL". nycosmos.com. New York City: New York Cosmos. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
117. Bercovici, Jeff (May 21, 2013). "With New York City FC, Does MLS Have Room For The Cosmos?". Forbes. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
118. "Twitter / AndrewDasNYT: Garber says @NYCosmos aren't". Twitter.com. Retrieved April 28, 2014.
119. "Saint Louis is set to huddle on stadium". New York Times. November 5, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
120. Quarstad, Brian (January 17, 2011). "AC St. Louis Closes its Doors for Good". IMS Soccer News.
121. Martinez, Leonard (September 3, 2014). "MountainStar Sports Group president talks next steps in pursuit of Major League Soccer team". KVIA. Retrieved December 19, 2014.
122. The Lost Soccer City of Rochester, Soccer Newsday, June 19, 2012.
123. ^ "High School Sports - Democrat and Chronicle - democratandchronicle.com". Democrat and Chronicle. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
124. "SEVEN MLS EXPANSION CANDIDATES REVEALED", Soccer By Ives, October 15, 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2014.
125. Soccer By Ives, VANCOUVER TO BE INTRODUCED AS 17TH MLS TEAM, March 18, 2009. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
126. Scott, Melanie (November 16, 2009). "Canadian firm submits winning bid of $583,000 for Silverdome". Detroit Free Press.
127. "Silverdome Owners Submit Application To MLS In Hopes Of Landing Franchise – SportsBusiness Daily | SportsBusiness Journal". SportsBusiness Daily. June 8, 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
128. "Silverdome owners pitch plan for MLS stadium, mall, condos on jail site | Crain's Detroit Business". Crainsdetroit.com. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
129. "Wayne Co. committee recommends Gilbert bid for jail site". Crainsdetroit.com. Retrieved July 22, 2014.

• Major League Soccer
• Proposed sports teams