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| A '''zine''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|z|iː|n}} {{respell|ZEEN|'}}; an abbreviation of '']'', or magazine) is most commonly a small circulation ] work of original or appropriated texts and images usually reproduced via photocopier. | |||
| A popular definition includes that circulation must be 1,000 or fewer, although in practice the majority are produced in editions of fewer than 100, and profit is not the primary intent of publication. They are informed by ] and ] ]. | |||
| Zines are written in a variety of formats, from ] text to ] to handwritten text (an example being the ] zine ]). Print remains the most popular zine format, usually photocopied with a small circulation. Topics covered are broad, including ], ], poetry, art and design, ephemera, personal journals, social theory, ] and ] ], single-topic obsession, or sexual content far outside of the ] enough to be prohibitive of inclusion in more traditional ]. The time and materials necessary to create a zine are seldom matched by revenue from sale of zines. | |||
| Small circulation zines are often not explicitly ]ed and there is a strong belief among many zine creators that the material within should be freely distributed. In recent years a number of photocopied zines have risen to prominence or professional status and have found wide bookstore and online distribution. Notable among these are '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', ''Doris'', ''Brainscan'', and '']''. | |||
| ==History== | |||
| ===Origins and overview=== | |||
| Since the invention of the ] (if not before), dissidents and marginalized citizens have published their own opinions in leaflet and pamphlet form. ] published an exceptionally popular pamphlet titled "]" that led to insurrectionary revolution. Paine is considered to be a significant early independent publisher and a zinester in his own right, but then, the ] as we now know it did not exist. A countless number of obscure and famous literary figures would self-publish at some time or another, sometimes as children (often writing out copies by hand), sometimes as adults. | |||
| The exact origins of the word "zine" is uncertain, but it was widely in use in the early 1970s, and most likely is a shortened version of the word "Magazine."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diplomacyzines.org.uk/library/zines/Ethil%20the%20Frog/Ethil%20the%20Frog%202%20(Feb72).pdf|title=February 1972 Issue|publisher='Tapeworm Productions'|accessdate=2009-01-07}}</ref> with at least one zine lamenting the abbreviation. | |||
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diplomacyzines.org.uk/library/zines/1901aat/1901aat%20Issue%2084%20(Aug77).PDF|title=August 1977 Issue of Zine|publisher='1901 and all that'|accessdate=2009-01-07}}</ref> The earliest citation known is from 1946, in '']''.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.jessesword.com/sf/view/419| title=zine| work=Science Fiction Citations for the OED |author=Jesse Sheidlower, Jeff Prucher and Malcolm Farmer eds|accessdate=2010-10-26}}</ref> | |||
| In the 18th century, ] also started a literary magazine for psychiatric patients at a Pennsylvania hospital, which was distributed among the patients and hospital staff. This could be considered the first zine, since it captures the essence of the philosophy and meaning of zines. The concept of zines clearly had an ancestor in the ] movement (a major preoccupation of ]), which would in its turn cross-pollinate with the ] of ] in the 1930s. | |||
| ===1930s–1960s and science fiction=== | |||
| ]", a short story from the 1933 zine ''Science Fiction: The Advance Guard of Future Civilization'', which led to the creation of the ]]] | |||
| During and after the ], editors of "pulp" ] magazines became increasingly frustrated with letters detailing the impossibilities of their science fiction stories.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} Over time they began to publish these overly-scrutinizing letters, complete with their return addresses. This allowed these fans to begin writing to each other, now complete with a mailing list for their own ]s. | |||
| Fanzines enabled fans to write not only about science fiction but about fandom itself and, in ] ] (i.e. ''per''sonal ''zine''), about themselves. As the ] novel ''Transmitters'' (1984) shows, unlike other, isolated, self-publishers, the more "fannish" (fandom-oriented) fanzine publishers had a shared sensibility and at least as much interest in their relationships between fans as in the literature that inspired it. | |||
| A number of leading science fiction and fantasy authors rose through the ranks of fandom, such as ] and ]. ] is also said to have started writing for Fanzines, but has been quoted condemning the practice of fans writing stories set in other authors' worlds. | |||
| ===1970s and punk=== | |||
| ]s emerged as part of the ] movement in the late 1970s. These started in the UK and the U.S.A. and by March 1977 had spread to other countries such as Ireland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loserdomzine.com/earlyirishfanzines.htm|title=Early Irish fanzines|publisher=Loserdomzine.com|accessdate=2007-08-16}}</ref> Cheap ] had made it easier than ever for anyone who could make a band flyer to make a zine. | |||
| ===1980s and ''Factsheet Five''=== | |||
| During the 1980s and onwards, '']'' (the name came from a short story by ]), originally published by ] and now defunct, catalogued and reviewed any zine or small press creation sent to it, along with their mailing addresses. In doing so, it formed a networking point for zine creators and readers (usually the same people). The concept of ''zine'' as an art form distinct from ''fanzine'', and of the "zinesters" as member of their own subculture, had emerged. Zines of this era ranged from perzines of all varieties to those that covered an assortment of different and obscure topics that web sites (such as ]) might cover today but for which no large audience existed in the pre-internet era. | |||
| ===1990s and riot grrrl=== | |||
| Although the first feminist zine was printed in 1989 in Minneapolis, Minnesota (''Not Your Bitch'' 1989–1992), it was the 90s that saw the rise of the riot grrrl zine. The early 1990s ] scene encouraged an explosion of zines of a more raw and explicit nature.<ref>http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/468079?uid=3739696&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=47698901149927</ref> Following this, zines enjoyed a brief period of attention from conventional media and a number of zines were collected and published in book form, such as ]'s '']'' (1988–1991), published as '']'' (1994, ]). | |||
| ===Zines and the Internet=== | |||
| With the rise of the Internet in the late 1990s, zines initially faded from public awareness. It can be argued that the sudden growth of the ], and the ability of private web-pages to fulfill much the same role of personal expression as zines, was a strong contributor to their ] expiration. Indeed, many zines were transformed into websites, such as ]. However, zines have subsequently been embraced by a new generation, often drawing inspiration from craft, graphic design and artists' books, as well as political and subcultural reasons. | |||
| ==Distribution and circulation== | |||
| Zines are sold, traded or given as gifts through many different outlets, from zine symposiums and publishing fairs to record stores, book stores, zine stores, at concerts, independent media outlets, zine 'distros', via mail order or through direct correspondence with the author. They are also sold online either via websites, ] shops, or social networking profiles. | |||
| Zines distributed for free are either traded directly between zinesters, given away at the outlets mentioned or are available to download and print online. | |||
| ]s are found in many places on the Internet. | |||
| ==Publishing== | |||
| While zines are generally self-published, there are a few independent publishers who specialise in making art zines. One such 'art-zine' publisher (who also publishes books) is Nieves Books in Zurich, founded by Benjamin Sommerhalder. Another is ], UK based and founded by Craig Atkinson in 2005. | |||
| ===Distributors=== | |||
| Zines are most often obtained through mail-order distributors. There are many catalogued and online based mail-order distros for zines. Some of the longer running and most stable operations include ] in ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lastgasp.com/|title=Last Gasp Books|accessdate=23 February 2011}}</ref> ] in ], ] in ], ] in ], ] in ] in the UK, ] in Southport in the UK, ] in Scotland, ] in ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.akpress.org/|title=Welcome to AK Press|accessdate=23 February 2011}}</ref> ] in ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.missinglink.net.au/|title=Missing Link Digital|accessdate=23 February 2011}}</ref> and ] in ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.softskull.com/|title=Soft Skull: Home|accessdate=23 February 2011}}</ref> Zine distros often have websites one can place orders on. Because these are small scale ] projects run by an individual or small group, they often close after only a short time of operation. Those that have been around the longest are often the most dependable. | |||
| ===Libraries=== | |||
| A number of major public and academic ] carry zines and other small press publications, often with a specific focus (e.g. women's studies) or those that are relevant to a local region. | |||
| Libraries with notable zine collections include ] and the ] Special Collections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/spec-coll/resources/ZineResources.html|title=Zine and Amateur Press Collections at the University of Iowa|accessdate=24 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.lib.uiowa.edu/speccoll/2012/04/11/hevelin-collection/|title=Hevelin Collection|accessdate=24 May 2013}}</ref> The Sallie Bingham Center for Women's History and Culture at Duke University has one of the largest collections of zines on the east coast, housed in the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library.<ref name=BCzines>{{cite web|title=Bingham Center Zine Collections|url=http://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/findingdb/zines/|accessdate=21 May 2014}}</ref> The Indie Photobook Library, an independent archive in the Washington, DC area, has a large collection of photobook zines from 2010 to the present.<ref>http://www.indiephotobooklibrary.org/</ref> | |||
| The metadata standard for cataloging zines is xZineCorex, which maps to ].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Miller|first1=Milo|title=xZineCorex: An Introduction|url=http://zinelibraries.info/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Zinecore-Zine-Flats1.pdf|publisher=Milo Miller|accessdate=21 November 2014}}</ref> | |||
| ==In punk== | |||
| Zines played an important role in spreading information about different scenes in the punk era (e.g. British fanzines like Mark Perry’s Sniffin Glue and Shane MacGowan’s Bondage). | |||
| ] | |||
| In the pre-Internet era, zines enabled readers to learn about bands, clubs, and record labels. Zines typically included reviews of shows and records, interviews with bands, letters, and ads for records and labels. Zines were DIY products, "proudly amateur, usually handmade, and always independent" and in the "’90s, zines were the primary way to stay up on punk and hardcore." They acted as the "blogs, comment sections, and social networks of their day." | |||
| In the American Midwest, the zine Touch and Go described the Midwest hardcore scene from 1979 to 1983. We Got Power described the LA scene from 1981 to 1984, and it included show reviews and band interviews with groups including D.O.A., the Misfits, Black Flag, Suicidal Tendencies and the Circle Jerks. My Rules was a photo zine that included photos of hardcore shows from across the US. In Effect, which began in 1988, described the New York City scene. | |||
| By 1990, ''Maximum Rocknroll'' "had become the de facto bible of the scene. A thick, monthly, cheaply printed wad of newsprint crammed with tiny print that came off on the hands", MRR had a "passionate yet dogmatic view" of what hardcore was supposed to be (as an example, MRR declined to review a prominent early emo record by Still Life). ''HeartattaCk'' and ''Profane Existence'' were "even more religious about its DIY ethos." HeartattaCk was mainly about emo and post-hardcore. Profane Existence was mostly about crust punk. | |||
| The Bay Area zine ''Cometbus'' "captured an entire dimension of ’90s punk culture that provided necessary roughage compared to the empty calories of mainstream punk’s MTV/Warped Tour narrative." Other 1990 zines included ''Gearhead'', ''Slug and Lettuce'' and ''Riot Grrrl.'' In Canada, the zine ''Standard Issue'' chronicles the Ottawa hardcore scene. | |||
| With the arrival of the Internet, some hardcore punk zines became available online. One example is the e-zine chronicling the Australian hardcore scene, ''RestAssured.'' Hardcorewebsite.net provides an extensive list of e-zines. | |||
| ==alt.zines== | |||
| {{Unreferenced section|date=January 2009}} | |||
| The ] ] alt.zines was created in 1992 by Jerod Pore and Edward Vielmetti for the ] of zines and zine-related topics. Since that time, alt.zines has seen more than 26,000 postings. | |||
| From the original alt.zines charter: "alt.zines is a place for reviews of zines, announcements of new zines, tips on how to make zines, discussions of the culture of zines, news about zines, specific zines and related stuff." | |||
| "Related stuff" has included almost everything under the sun. Throughout the 1990s alt.zines was really the only forum for zinesters to promote, talk, and discuss ] issues and tips. And of course argue. It was a place where a zine reader or first time ] could rub elbows with infamous zinesters. Some of the more infamous alt.zines personalities have included ], ], ], ], "Ninjalicious" (AKA ]), ], Tim Brown, ], ], Heath Row, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. | |||
| While today there are many other online forums for zinesters and traffic on alt.zines has slowed down dramatically since the zinester flame wars of yesteryear, alt.zines remains one of the most influential places on the web for zine publishers and readers alike. Many long-time alt.zines participants now contribute to ]. | |||
| ==In fiction== | |||
| The main character of a Canadian television show produced by the CBC called '']'', Kale Stiglic (]) created her own zine. | |||
| ]'s novel ''Transmitters'' follows a small group of Australian science fiction fans through their lives over several decades. ]s of fanzine writing (from fictitious fanzines) form some of the text of the novel. | |||
| Set in the 80s and 90s zine heyday, ''Walking Man'' by ] is a comic novel written in the form of a scandalous tell-all biography that portrays the life and times of Brian Walker, publisher of the zine ''Walking Man'', who rises from humble origins to become the most famous zinester in America. | |||
| In the novel ''Hard Love'' by Ellen Wittlinger, the main character John begins writing a zine called ''Bananafish'' after reading other people's zines he found at Tower Records. One of these zines is written by a girl named Marisol who writes a zine called ''Escape Velocity''. After reading her zine, John decides to meet her and their friendship grows from there. | |||
| ''Lunch Money'', a children's book by Andrew Clements, has sixth-grader Greg Kenton creating and selling mini comic books, as a way to make money, which leads to one of his classmates making her own publication. | |||
| In the Nickelodeon cartoon show '']'', one of main cast characters, Reggie, publishes her own zine about ]. | |||
| ''Tales of a Punk Rock Nothing'' is a semi-fictional depiction of the ] and ] scene in early 90s ]. | |||
| In the CBS show '']'', one of the main cast characters, Robin, mentions Riot Grrrl zines in her 90s music video, "P.S. I Love You." | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{Col-begin}} | |||
| {{Col-2}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| {{Col-2}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| {{Col-end}} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| * Anderberg, Kirsten. . USA: 2012. | |||
| * Anderberg, Kirsten. . Seattle, USA: 2005. | |||
| * Bartel, Julie. ''From A to Zine: Building a Winning Zine Collection in Your Library''. American Library Association, 2004. | |||
| * Bartel, Julie. ''From A to Zine: Building a Winning Zine Collection in Your Library''. American Library Association, 2004. | |||
| * ] ''$100 & a T-shirt: A Documentary About Zines in the Northwest''. Microcosm Publishing, 2004, 2005, 2008 (Video) | |||
| * ] and ]. ''Zine Scene: The Do It Yourself Guide to Zines''. Girl Press, 1998. | |||
| * Brent, Bill. ''Make a Zine!''. Black Books, 1997 (1st edn.), ISBN 0-9637401-4-8. ], with ], 2008 (2nd edn.), ISBN 978-1-934620-06-9. | |||
| * Brown, Tim W. ''Walking Man, A Novel''. Bronx River Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-9789847-0-0. | |||
| * Duncombe, Stephen. ''Notes from Underground: Zines and the Politics of Alternative Culture''. Microcosm Publishing, 1997, 2008. ISBN 1-85984-158-9. | |||
| * Kennedy, Pagan. ''Zine: How I Spent Six Years of My Life in the Underground and Finally...Found Myself...I Think'' (1995) ISBN 0-312-13628-5. | |||
| * Klanten, Robert, Adeline Mollard, Matthias Hübner, and Sonja Commentz, eds. . Berlin: Die Gestalten Verlag, 2011. | |||
| * Piepmeier, Alison . ''Girl Zines: Making Media, Doing Feminism''. NYU Press. (2009) ISBN 978-0-8147-6752-8. | |||
| * Spencer, Amy. ''DIY: The Rise of Lo-Fi Culture''. Marion Boyars Publishers, Ltd., 2005. | |||
| * Watson, Esther and Todd, Mark. "Watcha Mean, What's a Zine?" Graphia, 2006. ISBN 978-0-618-56315-9. | |||
| * Vale, V. ''Zines! Volume 1'' (], 1996) ISBN 0-9650469-0-7. | |||
| * Vale, V. ''Zines! Volume 2'' (], 1996) ISBN 0-9650469-2-3. | |||
| * ]. ''Stolen Sharpie Revolution''. Portland: ], 2003. ISBN 0-9726967-2-5. | |||
| * Richard Hugo House Zine Archives and Publishing Project (ZAPP). . Seattle, USA. | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{Wiktionary}} | |||
| {{wikibooks|Zine making}} | |||
| * newsgroup | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| {{Fan fiction}} | |||
| {{Fandom}} | |||
| {{Appropriation in the Arts}} | |||
| {{Intellectual property activism}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
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Revision as of 18:28, 5 March 2015
I like turtles.