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| The '''Kingdom of Sardinia''' is a former kingdom in ]. | The '''Kingdom of Sardinia''' is a former kingdom in ]. | ||
| ==Early history== | |||
| The traditional ''giudicati'' of Sardinia, which were independent tribal territories each presided over by its "judge", having come under the control either of Geoa or Pisa, the Kingdom came into being in 1297, when ], intervening between the Houses of Anjou and Aragon, established on paper a ''"regnum Sarduniae et Corsicae"'' that would be a fief of the Papacy. Then the Pope offered his newly-invented fief to the Catalan ], king of the Crown of Aragon (a confederation made up of the kingdoms of Aragon and Valencia, and the County of Catalonia), promising him papal support should he wish to conquer Pisan Sardinia in exchange for Sicily. | The traditional ''giudicati'' of Sardinia, which were independent tribal territories each presided over by its "judge", having come under the control either of Geoa or Pisa, the Kingdom came into being in 1297, when ], intervening between the Houses of Anjou and Aragon, established on paper a ''"regnum Sarduniae et Corsicae"'' that would be a fief of the Papacy. Then the Pope offered his newly-invented fief to the Catalan ], king of the Crown of Aragon (a confederation made up of the kingdoms of Aragon and Valencia, and the County of Catalonia), promising him papal support should he wish to conquer Pisan Sardinia in exchange for Sicily. | ||
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| In ] the kingdom of ] was exchanged for that of Sardinia, and the ] was enabled to call itself royal, as Kings of Sardinia. Although its name was the Kingdom of Sardinia, the main part of the kingdom was Savoy, under which royal house (the ]) the kingdom resorted. The capital of the kingdom was ]. | In ] the kingdom of ] was exchanged for that of Sardinia, and the ] was enabled to call itself royal, as Kings of Sardinia. Although its name was the Kingdom of Sardinia, the main part of the kingdom was Savoy, under which royal house (the ]) the kingdom resorted. The capital of the kingdom was ]. | ||
| ==History== | |||
| In ] the kingdom was combined with ] as the Kingdom of Sardinia. When in ] ] conquered the kingdom along with the rest of Northern Italy, the king, ] fled to Sardinia. | In ] the kingdom was combined with ] as the Kingdom of Sardinia. When in ] ] conquered the kingdom along with the rest of Northern Italy, the king, ] fled to Sardinia. | ||
| ===Restoration and '']''=== | ===Restoration and '']''=== | ||
| In ] the kingdom was restored and enlarged with the addition of the ] and served as a ] against ]. In the ] the alternative name '''Sardinia-Piedmont''' came in use. | In ] the kingdom was restored and enlarged with the addition of the ] and served as a ] against ]. In the ] the alternative name '''Sardinia-Piedmont''' came in use. | ||
Revision as of 18:46, 13 September 2004
The Kingdom of Sardinia is a former kingdom in Italy.
Early history
The traditional giudicati of Sardinia, which were independent tribal territories each presided over by its "judge", having come under the control either of Geoa or Pisa, the Kingdom came into being in 1297, when Pope Boniface VIII, intervening between the Houses of Anjou and Aragon, established on paper a "regnum Sarduniae et Corsicae" that would be a fief of the Papacy. Then the Pope offered his newly-invented fief to the Catalan Jaume II the Just, king of the Crown of Aragon (a confederation made up of the kingdoms of Aragon and Valencia, and the County of Catalonia), promising him papal support should he wish to conquer Pisan Sardinia in exchange for Sicily.
In 1323 Jaume II formed an alliance with the giudici of Arborea and, following a military campaign which lasted a year or so, occupied the Pisa territories of Cagliari and Gallura along with the city of Sassari, claiming the territory as the "Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica". In 1353 Aragon made war on Arborea, then fought with its heroic leader Eleonora di Arborea but did not reduce the last of the autochthonous giudicati until 1410.
The Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica retained its separate character and was not merely incorporated into the Kingdom of Aragon. At the time of his struggles with Arborea, Pere IV of Aragon granted an autonomous legislature to the Kingdom, which had one of Europe's most advanced legal traditions. The Kingdom was governed in the king's name by a viceroy.
When in 1409 Marti the younger, king of Sicily and heir to Aragon, defeated the last Sandinian giudicato but then died in Cagliari of malaria, without issue, Sardinia passed with the crown of Aragon to a united Spain. Corsica, which had never been conquered, was dropped from the formal title.
In 1720 the kingdom of Sicily was exchanged for that of Sardinia, and the House of Savoy was enabled to call itself royal, as Kings of Sardinia. Although its name was the Kingdom of Sardinia, the main part of the kingdom was Savoy, under which royal house (the House of Savoy) the kingdom resorted. The capital of the kingdom was Turin.
In 1743 the kingdom was combined with Piedmont as the Kingdom of Sardinia. When in 1796 Napoleon conquered the kingdom along with the rest of Northern Italy, the king, Charles Emmanuel IV fled to Sardinia.
Restoration and Risorgimento
In 1814 the kingdom was restored and enlarged with the addition of the Republic of Genoa and served as a buffer state against France. In the 19th century the alternative name Sardinia-Piedmont came in use.
In the years after the Restoration Sardinia was transferred into a police state, as did all Italian states. The country was ruled by conservative monarchs: Vittorio Emmanuele I and Carlo Felice. In 1831 Carlo Felice was succeded by the moderate conservative Charles Albert. Sardinia industrialized from 1830 onward. A constitution was enacted in 1848 under liberal pressure and under the same pressure war was declared on Austria. After initial success the war took a turn for the worse and Sardinia lost.
Like all of Italy, Sardinia was troubled with political instability with alternating governments. After a very short and disastrous second war with Austria Charles Albert abdicated on March 23, 1849, in favour of his son Vittorio Emmanuele II. In 1850 a liberal ministry under Count Camillo Benso di Cavour was installed and Sardinia became the engine driving the Italian Unification. Sardinia (Piedmont) took part in the Crimean War, allied with Turkey, Britain and France, and fighting against Russia. In 1859 Sardinia sided with France in a war against Austria. Napoleon III didn't keep his promises to Cavour. Napoleon seized Lombardy. In 1860, however, Sardinia gained Lombardy from France in exchange for Savoie and Nice.
On March 5, 1860, Parma, Tuscany, Modena and Romagna voted in referenda to join Sardinia. In 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi started his campaign to conquer southern Italy in the name of Sardinia. He quickly toppled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and marched to Gaeta, were he met Vittorio Emmanuel. Cavour was actually the most satisfied with the unification while Garibaldi wanted to conquer Rome. Garibaldi was too socialistic for the king and his prime minister. On March 17, 1861 the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed thus ending Sardinia as a separate kingdom. Sardinia (and especially Piedmont) would become the most dominant and wealthiest region in Italy. The House of Savoy would rule Italy until 1946 when a republic was proclaimed.
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