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It has been suggested that Andreas Lubitz be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since March 2015.

Germanwings Flight 9525

D-AIPX, the aircraft involved in the incident, pictured in May 2014
Incident
Date	24 March 2015 (2015-03-24)
Summary	Murder-suicide; under investigation
Site	Prads-Haute-Bléone, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France 44°16′50″N 6°26′20″E / 44.280682°N 6.438823°E / 44.280682; 6.438823
Aircraft
Aircraft type	Airbus A320-200
Operator	Germanwings
Registration	D-AIPX
Flight origin	Barcelona–El Prat Airport, Barcelona, Spain
Destination	Düsseldorf Airport, Düsseldorf, Germany
Passengers	144
Crew	6
Fatalities	150 (all)
Survivors	0

Germanwings Flight 9525 (4U9525/GWI18G) was a scheduled international passenger flight from Barcelona–El Prat Airport in Spain to Düsseldorf Airport in Germany, operated by Germanwings, a low-cost airline owned by Lufthansa.

On 24 March 2015, the aircraft, an Airbus A320-200, crashed 100 kilometres (62 mi) northwest of Nice, in the French Alps, after a constant descent that began one minute after the last routine contact with air traffic control and shortly after the aircraft had reached its assigned cruise altitude. All 144 passengers and six crew members were killed.

French and German prosecutors believe that the crash was intentionally caused by the co-pilot, 27-year-old Andreas Lubitz. Although he had been declared "unfit to work" and was hiding an illness from his employers, Lubitz reported for duty nonetheless, locking the captain out of the cockpit before initiating a descent that caused the plane to impact a mountain.

In response to the incident and the circumstances of Lubitz's involvement, aviation authorities in Canada, New Zealand, Germany and Australia implemented new regulations that require two authorized personnel to be present in the cockpit at all times. Three days after the incident the European Aviation Safety Agency issued a temporary recommendation for airlines to ensure that at least two crew members, including at least one pilot, are in the cockpit at all times of the flight. Several airlines announced they had already adopted similar policies voluntarily.

On 2 April, it was revealed that the co-pilot's tablet pc had been searched, and his browser history had been evaluated by the competent authorities. The result was that he had apparently long planned the murder-suicide, searching the web for suicide methods and cockpit door security, until the day before the flight.

Flight

Flight 9525 took off from Runway 07R at Barcelona–El Prat Airport at 10:01 a.m. CET (09:01 UTC) and was due to arrive at Düsseldorf Airport by 11:39 CET. The flight's scheduled departure time was 9:35 CET.

The air traffic controller declared the aircraft in distress after the aircraft's descent and loss of radio contact. According to the French national civil aviation inquiries bureau, the Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile (BEA), pilots confirmed instructions from French air traffic control at 10:30 CET. At 10:31 CET, after crossing the French coast near Toulon, the aircraft left its assigned cruising altitude of 38,000 feet (12,000 m) and without approval began a rapid descent.

The descent time from 38,000 feet was about ten minutes; radar observed an average descent rate of approximately 3,400 feet per minute or 58 feet per second (18 m/s). Attempts by French air traffic control to contact the flight on the assigned radio frequency were not answered. A French military Mirage jet was scrambled from the Orange-Caritat Air Base to intercept the aircraft. According to the BEA, radar contact was lost at 10:40 CET; at the time, the aircraft was flying at an altitude of 6,175 feet (1,882 m). The aircraft crashed within the territory of the remote commune of Prads-Haute-Bléone, 100 kilometres (62 mi) northwest of Nice.

The crash is the deadliest air disaster in France since the crash of Inex-Adria Aviopromet Flight 1308 in 1981, in which 180 people died, and the third-deadliest in France behind Flight 1308 and Turkish Airlines Flight 981. This was the first major crash of a civil airliner in France since the crash of Air France Flight 4590 on takeoff from Charles de Gaulle Airport in 2000. The crash is also the first loss of a Lufthansa-owned airliner during the cruising phase of flight.

Crash site

The crash site is within the Massif des Trois-Évêchés, three kilometres (2 mi) east of the settlement of Le Vernet and beyond the road to the Col de Mariaud, in an area known as the Ravin du Rosé. The site is on the southern side of the Tête du Travers, a minor peak at the lower western slopes of the Tête de l'Estrop. The site is approximately ten kilometres (6 mi) west of Mount Cimet, where Air France Flight 178 crashed in 1953.

Gendarmerie nationale and Sécurité Civile sent helicopters to locate the wreckage. The aircraft had disintegrated, the largest piece of wreckage being "the size of a car". A helicopter landed near the site of the crash and confirmed there were no survivors. The search and rescue team reported that the debris field is two square kilometres (500 acres) in size.

Aircraft

The aircraft was a 24-year-old Airbus A320-211, serial number 147, registered as D-AIPX. It first flew on 29 November 1990. It was delivered to Lufthansa on 5 February 1991, before being leased to Germanwings from 1 June 2003 until mid-2004. It was then returned to Lufthansa on 22 July 2004 and remained with Lufthansa until 2014, during which time it was named Mannheim. It was finally transferred to Germanwings on 31 January 2014.

The aircraft had accumulated about 58,300 flight hours on 46,700 flights. The original Design Service Goal (DSG) of the aircraft was 60,000 hours or 48,000 flights. In 2012, an optional Extended Service Goal (ESG1) was approved, extending the service life to 120,000 hours or 60,000 flights, provided that a required package of service and inspections was performed before the DSG was reached.

Crew and passengers

People on board by citizenship

Citizenship	No.	Ref.
Germany	72
Spain	51
Argentina	3
Kazakhstan	3
United Kingdom	3
United States	3
Australia	2
Colombia	2
Iran	2
Japan	2
Mexico	2
Morocco	2
Venezuela	2
Belgium	1
Chile	1
Denmark	1
Israel	1
Netherlands	1
Some passengers had multiple citizenship. Estimates based on preliminary data. Counts do not total 150.

There were 144 passengers, two pilots and four cabin crew on board, from at least 18 countries, mostly Germany and Spain. The early count was confused by multiple citizenship.

Crew

The pilot in command, 34-year-old Captain Patrick Sondenheimer, had ten years of flying experience (6000 flight hours) flying A320s with Germanwings, Lufthansa, and Condor.

The co-pilot was 27-year-old First Officer Andreas Lubitz, who had 630 flight hours of experience. Lubitz took time off from his flight training for several months and informed the Flight Training Pilot School in 2009 of a "previous episode of severe depression". On 30 March, investigators in Düsseldorf said that Lubitz had been treated for suicidal tendencies several years before becoming a pilot.

Passengers

Among the passengers were sixteen schoolchildren and two teachers from the Joseph-König-Gymnasium of Haltern am See, North Rhine-Westphalia. They were on their way home from a student exchange with the Giola Institute in Llinars del Vallès, Barcelona. Haltern's mayor, Bodo Klimpel, has described it as "the darkest day in the history of town".

Bass-baritone Oleg Bryjak and contralto Maria Radner, singers with Deutsche Oper am Rhein, were also on the flight.

Investigation

The Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile (BEA) opened an investigation into the crash, joined by its German counterpart, the Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation (BFU), and assisted by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). On 24 March, the BEA sent seven investigators to the crash site, accompanied by representatives from Airbus and CFM International. The cockpit voice recorder (CVR) was recovered by rescue workers and was examined by the investigation team. The recorder was damaged in the crash, but was still in a usable condition. The BEA released photos of the CVR and was able to extract a voice recording. On 2 April French prosecutor Brice Robin announced that the flight data recorder had been found.

Cause of crash

According to French and German prosecutors, the crash was intentional. Marseille prosecutor Brice Robin said that co-pilot Andreas Lubitz, a 27-year-old German citizen, was initially courteous in the first part of the trip, then became "curt" when the pilot began the mid-flight briefing on the planned landing. Robin said that when the pilot returned from a probable toilet break and tried to enter the cockpit, Lubitz had locked the door. The pilot had a code to unlock the door, but the code panel can be disabled from the cockpit controls. The pilot requested re-entry using the intercom, knocking and then banging on the door, but received no response. The pilot then repeatedly tried to break down the door. Transponder data show the autopilot had switched from the cruising altitude of 38,000 feet (12,000 m) to 100 feet (30 m), the autopilot's lowest setting. During the descent, the co-pilot also did not respond to questions from air traffic control and did not transmit a distress call. Robin said that contact from the Marseille air traffic control tower, the pilot's attempts to break in, and Lubitz's steady breathing were audible on the cockpit voice recorder. The screams of passengers can be heard in the last moments before impact. The aircraft was traveling at 700 kilometres per hour (430 mph) when it crashed into the mountain.

On 27 March, German detectives searched properties in Montabaur that Lubitz spent time in and removed a computer and other items for testing. They did not find a suicide note or any evidence that his actions had been motivated by "a political or religious background". During their search of Lubitz's apartment, detectives found a letter in a waste bin indicating that he had been declared "unfit to work" by a doctor. Germanwings reported that it had not received any sick note for the day of the flight. News accounts characterized this as "hiding an illness from his employers". Under German law, employers do not have access to medical records of employees, and sick notes excusing a person from work do not give information on medical conditions.

Response

Political

French Minister of the Interior Bernard Cazeneuve promptly announced that due to the "violence of the impact" there was "little hope" that any survivors would be found. Prime Minister Manuel Valls dispatched Cazeneuve to the scene and set-up a ministerial crisis cell to co-ordinate the response to the incident.

German Chancellor Angela Merkel traveled to the crash site on 25 March together with Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia Hannelore Kraft. German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier flew over the crash site on 24 March, describing it as "a picture of horror". Merkel visited the recovery operations base at Seyne-les-Alpes along with French Prime Minister Valls and Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy.

Mayor Bodo Klimpel of Haltern am See, reacting to the deaths of sixteen schoolchildren and two teachers from the town, said: "A feeling of shock can be felt everywhere. It is about the worst thing imaginable".

Commercial

Several Germanwings flights were cancelled on 24–25 March, which the pilots' union says was due to grief at the loss of their colleagues.

Lufthansa Chief Executive Carsten Spohr visited the crash location on 25 March, and afterwards said that this is "the darkest day for Lufthansa in its 60-year history".

On 25 March, Germanwings retired the flight number 4U9525, changing it to 4U9441. The outbound flight number was also changed: from 4U9524 to 4U9440. The flight numbers for the later Düsseldorf to Barcelona flight remain unchanged.

When reporters asked Germanwings if another member of the flight crew must be present in the cockpit when one of the pilots leaves, they replied that the company had no such requirement, and that this was not required under European regulations. Lufthansa later introduced a policy in which all their airlines (including Germanwings) will require two crew members in the cockpit.

Regulatory

In response to the incident and the circumstances of Lubitz's involvement, aviation authorities in Canada, New Zealand, Germany and Australia implemented new regulations that require two authorized personnel to be present in the cockpit at all times. While some European airlines already required this by policy, the European Union's air safety agency, the European Aviation Safety Agency, has recommended that similar changes be introduced. Other airlines announced similar changes to their policies. A similar "rule of two" requirement imposed by the Federal Aviation Administration has been in force in the United States since 2002. The Civil Aviation Administration of China also requires that at least two crew members be in the cockpit of a Chinese-registered civil plane in flight at any given time.

Legal

On 27 March, Germanwings' parent Lufthansa offered victims' families an initial aid payment of up to €50,000, separate from any compensation that must by law be paid over the disaster. Elmar Giemulla, a professor of aviation law at the Technical University of Berlin, quoted by the Rheinische Post, said that he expected the airline would pay a total of €10–30 million in compensation. The Montreal Convention determines a cap of €143,000 per victim in the event an airline is held liable. On 31 March 2015, the airline stated that its insurance company had set aside US$300 million (€280 million) for financial compensation to victims' families and for the cost of the aircraft itself.

See also

• Accidents and incidents involving the Airbus A320 family
• List of accidents and incidents involving airliners by location § France
• List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft

Notes

1. Abbreviated forms of the flight name combine the airline's IATA airline code (4U) or ICAO airline code (GWI) with the flight number.
2. The aircraft was an Airbus A320-200 model; the 11 specifies it was fitted with CFM International CFM56-5A1 engines.
3. Includes two passengers with dual Bosnian-German citizenship.
4. Includes one passenger with Spanish-Polish-British citizenship.
5. Includes one passenger with dual Mexican-Spanish citizenship.

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External links

• "Accident to the Airbus A320-211 registered D-AIPX, flight GWI18G, on 24 March 2015" – Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile
• Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network
• "Current information: Flight 4U9525." - Germanwings
• List of aircraft accidents and incidents intentionally caused by pilots on the Aviation safety network website

• Articles to be merged from March 2015
• 2015 in France
• 2015 in Germany
• 2015 in Spain
• Accidents and incidents involving Germanwings (Deutsche Lufthansa AG)
• Accidents and incidents involving the Airbus A320
• Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
• Aviation accidents and incidents in 2015
• Aviation accidents and incidents in France
• Airliner accidents and incidents involving deliberate crashes
• History of the Alps