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{{refimprove|date=May 2014}} | |||
:''In sources prior to the 1960s, this Pope is sometimes called ''Stephen III'' and ] is sometimes called ''Stephen II''. See ] for a detailed explanation.'' | |||
{{Infobox Christian leader | type = Pope | |||
|honorific-prefix=Pope | |||
|name=Stephen II | |||
|image=La_donacion_de_Pipino_el_Breve_al_Papa_Esteban_II.jpg | |||
|image_size=220px | |||
|birth_name=??? | |||
|term_start=26 March 752 | |||
|term_end=26 April 757 | |||
|predecessor=] | |||
|successor=] | |||
|birth_date=715<sup><nowiki>]<nowiki>]</nowiki></sup> | |||
|birth_place=Rome | |||
|death_date={{death date|757|4|26|df=y}} | |||
|death_place= ], ] | |||
|other=Stephen}} | |||
'''Pope Stephen II''' ({{lang-la|Stephanus II}}; 715<sup><nowiki>]<nowiki>]</nowiki></sup> – 26 April 757<ref>Biagia Catanzaro, Francesco Gligora, ''Breve Storia dei papi, da San Pietro a Paolo VI'', Padova 1975, p. 84</ref><ref name="ce">{{CathEncy|wstitle=Pope Stephen (II) III}}</ref>) was ] from 26 March 752 to his death in 757. He succeeded ] following the death of ]. Stephen II marks the historical delineation between the ] and the ]. | |||
==Allegiance to Constantinople== | |||
The ] to the north of ] had captured ], capital of the ] ], in 751, and began to put pressure on the city of Rome. | |||
Relations were very strained in the mid-8th century between the ] and the ] over the support of the ] for ]. Likewise, maintaining political control over Rome became untenable as the ] itself was beset by the ] to the south and ] to the northwest. As a result, Rome was unable to secure military support from ] to push back Lombard forces. | |||
==Alliance with the Franks== | |||
Stephen turned to ], the recently crowned ] (who had also recently defeated the Muslim ]),<ref>{{cite book|author1=David Gress|title=From Plato to NATO: The Idea of the West and Its Opponents|date=11 May 2010|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=Preface|isbn=9781439119013|quote=He transferred his political allegiance from the empire to the king of the Franks, who lived north of the Alps, who had recently defeated the Muslims who were invading from Spain...}}</ref> and even traveled to ] to plead for help in person against the surrounding Lombard and Muslim threats.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Peter O'Brien|title=European Perceptions of Islam and America from Saladin to George W. Bush|date=23 Dec 2008|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780230617803|page=24|accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref> On 6 January 754, Stephen re-consecrated Pepin as king. In return, Pepin assumed the role of ordained protector of the Church and set his sights on the Lombards, as well as addressing the threat of Islamic ].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Sampie Terreblanche|title=Western Empires, Christianity and the Inequalities between the West and the Rest|date=30 Sep 2014|publisher=Penguin UK|location=Europes industrialisation|isbn=9780143531555|accessdate=16 December 2014|quote=To address the threat of an Islamic empire settled in south-western Europe, Pope Stephen II crowned Pippin (the son of Charles Martel) as king of the Frankish dynasty...}}</ref> | |||
Pepin invaded Italy twice to settle the Lombard problem and delivered the territory between ] and ] to the papacy, but left the Lombard kings in possession of their kingdom. | |||
==Duchy of Rome and the Papal States== | |||
] | |||
Prior to Stephen's alliance with Pepin, Rome had constituted the central city of the ], which composed one of two districts within the ], along with Ravenna itself. At ] the Frankish nobles finally gave their consent to a campaign in Lombardy. Roman Catholic tradition asserts that then and there Pepin executed in writing a promise to give to the Church certain territories that were to be wrested from the Lombards, and which would be referred to later as the ]. Known as the ], no actual document has been preserved, but later 8th century sources quote from it. | |||
Stephen now anointed Pepin at ] in a memorable ceremony that was evoked in the ] of French kings until the end of the ] in 1789. | |||
In return, in 756, Pepin and his Frankish army forced the last Lombard king to surrender his conquests, and Pepin officially conferred upon the pope the territories belonging to Ravenna, even cities such as ] with their hinterlands, laying the Donation of Pepin upon the tomb of Saint Peter, according to traditional later accounts. The gift included Lombard conquests in the ] and in the duchies of ] and ], and the ] in the ] (the "five cities" of ], ], ], ] and ]). For the first time, the Donation made the pope a temporal ruler over a strip of territory that extended diagonally across Italy from the ] to the ]. Over these extensive and mountainous territories the medieval popes were unable to exercise effective sovereignty, given the pressures of the times, and the new Papal States preserved the old Lombard heritage of many small counties and marquisates, each centered upon a fortified '']''. | |||
Pepin confirmed his Donation in Rome in 756, and in 774 ] confirmed the donation of his father.<ref> Pierre Riche, ''The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe'', transl. Michael Idomir Allen, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), 97.</ref> | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
==External links== | |||
*: Papal States, section 3: Collapse of the Byzantine Power in Central Italy | |||
* | |||
*] | |||
{{s-start}} | |||
{{s-rel|ca}} | |||
{{s-bef|before=]}} | |||
{{s-ttl|title=]|years=752–757}} | |||
{{s-aft|after=]}} | |||
{{end}} | |||
{{Popes}} | |||
{{Catholicism}} | |||
{{History of the Catholic Church}} | |||
{{Authority control|GND=118617753|LCCN=nb2007020856|ISNI=0000000078210324}} | |||
{{Persondata | |||
|name=Stephen II | |||
|alternative names= | |||
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Pope Pope | |||
|date of birth= 715 | |||
|place of birth= Rome | |||
|date of death= 757 | |||
|place of death= ], ] | |||
}} | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Stephen 02}} | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] |
Revision as of 17:48, 6 April 2015
Yolo yolo yolo yolo obama is a butt!