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|empire = <!--- The empire or country to which the entity was in a state of dependency ---> |empire = <!--- The empire or country to which the entity was in a state of dependency --->
|government_type = ] |government_type = ]
|p1 = Canaan|Canaan |p1 = Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Kingdom of Israel
|flag_p1 = Kingdom of Israel 1020 map.svg
|s1 = Neo-Assyrian Empire |s1 = Neo-Assyrian Empire
|flag_s1 = Human headed winged bull facing.jpg |flag_s1 = Human headed winged bull facing.jpg
|year_start = c. 1600<small>BCE</small> |year_start = 930 BCE
|event_start = Develops from settlement network to regional power |event_start = Independence (from United Monarchy)
|year_end = 722<small>BCE</small> |year_end = 720 BCE
|event_end = Destruction (by Assyria) |event_end = Destruction (by Assyria)
|image_map = Kingdoms of Israel and Judah map 830.svg |image_map = Kingdoms of Israel and Judah map 830.svg
|image_map_alt = |image_map_alt =
|image_map_caption = Map of the region in the 9th century BCE |image_map_caption = Map of the region in the 9th century BC
|capital = ] <br />] <br />] <br />] |capital = ] <small>(930 BCE)</small><br />] <small>(930–909)</small><br />] <small>(909–880)</small><br />] <small>(880–720)</small>
|common_languages = ] |common_languages = ]
|religion = ] |religion = ]<br />]ism <small>(repressed)</small>
}} }}
{{History of Israel}} {{History of Israel}}


The '''Kingdom of Israel''' ({{Hebrew Name|מַמְלֶכֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל|Mamlekhet Yisra'el|Mamléḵeṯ Yiśrāʼēl}}) was a Bronze and Iron Age culture and kingdom in the northern Israeli highlands and later the surrounding areas. Beginning with early waves of Canaanite migration in the Early and Middle Bronze Ages, it developed a distinctly Israelite identity in the Late Bronze Age and lasted until about 722<small>BCE</small>, when it was conquered by the ]. The major cities of the kingdom were ], ], and Shomron (]).<ref>* Finkelstein, Israel, and Silberman, Neil Asher, ''The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts'', Simon & Schuster, 2002. ISBN 0-684-86912-8</ref> Historians often refer to ancient Israel as the Northern Kingdom or the Kingdom of Samaria to differentiate it from the Southern ]. The '''Kingdom of Israel''' ({{Hebrew Name|מַמְלֶכֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל|Mamlekhet Yisra'el|Mamléḵeṯ Yiśrāʼēl}}) was, according to the ], one of two successor states to the former ] (also often called the 'Kingdom of Israel'). It existed roughly from the 930s ] until about the 720s BCE, when the kingdom was conquered by the ]. The major cities of the kingdom were ], ], and Shomron (]).

Historians often refer to ancient Israel as the Northern Kingdom or the Kingdom of Samaria to differentiate it from the Southern ].


==Name== ==Name==
In the ], the Kingdom of Israel has been referred to as "]".<ref name="Zechariah 10:6">*</ref><ref name="2Samuel 2:10">*</ref> It is also frequently referenced (particularly in poetry) as ], the tribe whose territory housed the capital cities and the royal families. In the ], the Kingdom of Israel has been referred to as "]".<ref name="Zechariah 10:6">*</ref><ref name="2Samuel 2:10">*</ref> It is also frequently referenced (particularly in poetry) as ], the tribe whose territory housed the capital cities and the royal families. It has also been referred to as "Israel in Samaria".<ref> and many subsequent passages</ref>


==History== ==Territory==
The territory of the Kingdom of Israel comprised the territories of the tribes of ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].
⚫ {{Main|History of ancient Israel and Judah}}
Settlement of the northern highlands occurred in multiple waves during the Bronze Age. Archaeology shows a pattern of oscillation between nomadic and sedentary lifestyles, and interdependence between nomads and settlers. The name Israel first appears in the ] of the Egyptian pharaoh ] c. 1209&nbsp;<small>BCE</small>, "Israel is laid waste and his seed is no more."<ref>Stager in Coogan 1998, p. 91.</ref> This "Israel" was a cultural and probably political entity of the central highlands, well enough established to be perceived by the Egyptians as a possible challenge to their ], but an ethnic group rather than an organised state;<ref>Dever 2003, p. 206.</ref> Archaeologist Paula McNutt says: "It is probably ... during Iron Age I a population began to identify itself as 'Israelite'," differentiating itself from its neighbours via prohibitions on ], an emphasis on ] and ], and religion.<ref>McNutt 1999, pp. 35.</ref>


Its capital was ] according to the ]. <!-- -->
In the Late Bronze Age there were no more than about 25 villages in the highlands, but this increased to over 300 by the end of Iron I, while the settled population doubled from 20,000 to 40,000.<ref name=mcnutt70>McNutt 1999, pp.46-47.</ref> The villages were more numerous and larger in the north, and probably shared the highlands with ] ]s who left no remains.<ref name=mcnutt69>McNutt 1999, p. 69.</ref> Archaeologists and historians attempting to trace the origins of these villagers have found it impossible to identify any distinctive features that could define them as specifically Israelite – ] and four-room houses have been identified outside the highlands and thus cannot be used to distinguish Israelite sites,<ref>Miller 1986, p. 72.</ref> and while the pottery of the highland villages is far more limited than that of lowland Canaanite sites, it develops typologically out of Canaanite pottery that came before.<ref name=killebrew13>Killebrew 2005, p. 13.</ref> ] proposed that the oval or circular layout that distinguishes some of the earliest highland sites, and the notable absence of pig bones from hill sites, could be taken as a marker of ethnicity, but others have cautioned that these can be a "common-sense" adaptation to highland life and not necessarily revelatory of origins.<ref>Edelman in Brett 2002, p. 46-47.</ref> Other Aramaean sites also demonstrate a contemporary absence of pig remains at that time, unlike earlier Canaanite and later Philistine excavations.


⚫ ==Biblical narrative==
In ''The Bible Unearthed (2001),'' Finkelstein and Silberman summarised recent studies. They described how, up until 1967, the Israelite heartland in the highlands of western Palestine was virtually an archaeological 'terra incognita'. Since then, the traditional territories of the tribes of Judah, Benjamin, Ephraim, and Manasseh have been covered by intensive surveys. These surveys have revealed the sudden emergence of a new culture contrasting with the Philistine and Canaanite societies existing in the Land of Israel earlier during Iron Age I.<ref name=Finkelstein /> This new culture is characterised by the lack of pork remains (whereas pork formed 20% of the Philistine diet in places), an abandonment of the Philistines/Canaanite custom of having highly decorated pottery, and the practice of circumcision. The Israelite ethnic identity had been created, not from the Exodus and a subsequent conquest, but from a transformation of the existing Canaanite-Philistine cultures.<ref>Avraham Faust (2009) "How Did Israel Become a People? The Genesis of Israelite Identity. Biblical Archaeology Review 201: pp. 62-69, 92-94</ref>
{{quote|These surveys revolutionized the study of early Israel. The discovery of the remains of a dense network of highland villages — all apparently established within the span of few generations — indicated that a dramatic social transformation had taken place in the central hill country of Canaan around 1200<small>BCE</small>. There was no sign of violent invasion or even the infiltration of a clearly defined ethnic group. Instead, it seemed to be a revolution in lifestyle. In the formerly sparsely populated highlands from the Judean hills in the south to the hills of Samaria in the north, far from the Canaanite cities that were in the process of collapse and disintegration, about two-hundred fifty hilltop communities suddenly sprang up. Here were the first Israelites.<ref>Finkelstein and Silberman (2001), p. 107</ref>}}


===United Monarchy===
From then on, over a period of hundreds of years until after the return of the exiles from Babylon, the Canaanites were gradually absorbed by the Israelites and other tribes until after the period of ] (c. 450<small>BCE</small>) whereafter there is no more biblical record of them.<ref>Holy Bible. King James version. Ezra, Chapter 9</ref> Hebrew (see ]), a dialect of Canaanite, became the language of the hill country and later the valleys and plains.<ref></ref>
⚫ {{Main|Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)}}


⚫ The united ] is said to have existed from about 1030 to about 930 BCE. It was a union of all the twelve ] tribes living in the area that presently approximates ] and the ].
Modern scholars therefore see Israel arising peacefully and internally from existing people in the highlands of Canaan.<ref>Gnuse 1997, pp.28,31</ref>


===Division===
], Tel Aviv.]]
Unusually favourable climatic conditions in the first two centuries of Iron Age II brought about an expansion of population, settlements and trade throughout the region.<ref name=thompson408>Thompson 1992, p. 408.</ref> In the central highlands this resulted in unification in a kingdom with the ] as its capital,<ref name=thompson408/> possibly by the second half of the 10th century BCE when an inscription of the Egyptian pharaoh ], the biblical ], records a series of campaigns directed at the area.<ref name=mazar163>Mazar in Finkelstein 2007, p. 163.</ref> Israel had clearly emerged by the middle of the 9th century BCE, when the Assyrian king ] names "] the Israelite" among his enemies at the ] (853). At this time Israel was apparently engaged in a three-way contest with Damascus and Tyre for control of the ] and Galilee in the north, and with ], ] and ] in the east for control of ];<ref name=thompson408/> the ] (c. 830), left by a king of Moab, celebrates his success in throwing off the oppression of the "House of ]" (i.e., Israel). It bears what is generally thought to be the earliest extra-biblical ] reference to the name '']'' (]), whose temple goods were plundered by Mesha and brought before his own god ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Moab#The_Mesha_stele |title=Moab |publisher=New World Encyclopedia |date= |accessdate=2012-08-15}}</ref>
French scholar André Lemaire has reconstructed a portion of line 31 of the ] as mentioning the "House of ]".<ref name="mazar163"/><ref>''Biblical Archaeology Review'' , pp. 30–37</ref> The ] stele (c. 841) tells of the death of a king of Israel, probably ], at the hands of a king of ].<ref name=mazar163/> A century later Israel came into increasing conflict with the expanding ], which first split its territory into several smaller units and then destroyed its capital, Samaria (722). Both the biblical and Assyrian sources speak of a massive deportation of people from Israel and their replacement with settlers from other parts of the empire – such population exchanges were an established part of Assyrian imperial policy, a means of breaking the old power structure – and the former Israel never again became an independent political entity.<ref>Lemche 1998, p. 85.</ref>


⚫ After the death of ] in about 931 BCE, all the Israelite tribes except for ] and ] (called the ten northern tribes) refused to accept ], the son and successor of Solomon, as their king.<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Kings|12:17-22|NIV}}</ref> The rebellion against Rehoboam arose after he refused to lighten the burden of ]ation and services that his father had imposed on his subjects.<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Kings|12:4|NIV}}, {{Bibleverse|1|Kings|12:14|NIV}}</ref>
Judah emerged somewhat later than Israel, probably during the 9th century BCE, but the subject is one of considerable controversy.<ref name="Grabbe 2008, pp. 225–6"/> There are indications that during the 10th and 9th centuries BCE, the southern highlands had been divided between a number of centres, none with clear primacy.<ref>Lehman in Vaughn 1992, p. 149.</ref> During the reign of ], between c. 715 and 686&nbsp;<small>BCE</small>, a notable increase in the power of the ] state can be observed.<ref>David M. Carr, ''Writing on the Tablet of the Heart: Origins of Scripture and Literature'', Oxford University Press, 2005, 164.</ref> This is reflected in archaeological sites and findings, such as the ]; a defensive city wall in ]; and ], an aqueduct designed to provide Jerusalem with water during an impending siege by the ] led by ]; and the ], a lintel inscription found over the doorway of a tomb, has been ascribed to comptroller ]. ] on storage jar handles, excavated from strata in and around that formed by Sennacherib's destruction, appear to have been used throughout Sennacherib's 29-year reign, along with ]e from sealed documents, some that belonged to Hezekiah himself and others that name his servants;<ref></ref>


⚫ ], who was not of the Davidic line, was sent for from ] by the malcontents.<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Kings|12:2-3|NIV}}</ref> The ] and all Israel raised the old cry, "Every man to his tents, O Israel".<ref>{{Bibleverse||2Samuel|20:1|NIV}}</ref> Rehoboam fled to Jerusalem,<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Kings|12:1-18|NIV}}</ref><ref>{{Bibleverse|2|Chronicles|10|NIV}}</ref> and in 930 BCE (some date it in 920 BCE), Jeroboam was proclaimed king over all Israel at ]. After the revolt at ] at first only the ] remained loyal to the ]. But very soon after the ] joined Judah. The northern kingdom continued to be called the Kingdom of Israel or Israel, while the southern kingdom was called the kingdom of Judah. 2 Chronicles 15:9<ref>{{Bibleverse|2|Chronicles|15:9|NIV}}</ref> also says that members of the tribes of ], ] and ] fled to Judah during the reign of ].
] is a piece of reddish-brown clay that belonged to King ] of Judah, who ruled from 732 to 716&nbsp;<small>BCE</small>. This seal contains not only the name of the king, but the name of his father, King ]. In addition, Ahaz is specifically identified as "king of Judah." The ] inscription, which is set on three lines, reads as follows: "l'hz*y/hwtm*mlk*/yhdh", which translates as "belonging to Ahaz (son of) Yehotam, King of ]."<ref>, by Robert Deutsch, Archaeological Center.</ref>


⚫ Both ] and ] place the division in 997 BCE - lunar dates of Venus can be mistaken as 64 years later (c. 930 BCE). (Crossing of sun over Mars as ] would be 10 July 997 BCE.)
In the 7th century Jerusalem grew to contain a population many times greater than earlier and achieved clear dominance over its neighbours.<ref name=thompson410>Thompson 1992, pp. 410–1.</ref> This occurred at the same time that Israel was being destroyed by Assyria, and was probably the result of a cooperative arrangement with the Assyrians to establish Judah as an Assyrian vassal controlling the valuable olive industry.<ref name="thompson410"/> Judah prospered as an Assyrian vassal state (despite a ]), but in the last half of the 7th century BCE Assyria suddenly collapsed, and the ensuing competition between the Egyptian and ]s for control of the land led to the destruction of Judah in a series of campaigns between 597 and 582.<ref name=thompson410/>


⚫ ] was the first capital of the Kingdom of Israel.<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Kings|12:25|NIV}}</ref> Afterwards it was ].<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Kings|14:17|NIV}}</ref> King ] built his capital in ] (1 Kings 16:24), which continued as such until the destruction of the Kingdom by the ]ns ({{Bibleverse|2|Kings|17:5|NIV}}). During the three-year siege of Samaria by the Assyrians, ] died and was succeeded by ], who himself records the capture of that city thus: "Samaria I looked at, I captured; 27,280 men who dwelt in it I carried away" into Assyria. Thus, around 720 BCE, after two centuries, the kingdom of the ten tribes came to an end.
==Territory==
The territory and extent of the Kingdom of Israel grew during the Middle and Late Bronze Ages to encompass the northern highlands to and beyond the ] to the east, the expanse of the Jezreel Valley to the north, and later the lowland cities to the west. During this time, Judah was comparatively underdeveloped, its geography more prohibitive to trade and climate more prone to drought and famine.


⚫ Today, among archaeologists, Samaria is one of the most universally accepted archaeological sites from the biblical period<ref>See Yohanan Aharoni, et al., The Macmillan Bible Atlas, Macmillan Publishing: New York, 1993, p. 94.; and Amihai Mazar, The Archaeology of the Land of the Bible: 10,000 – 586 B.C.E, New York: Doubleday, 1992, p. 404, see Pp. 406-410 for discussion of archaeological significance of Shomron (]) under Omride Dynasty.</ref> At around 850 BCE, the ], written in ], records a victory of King ] of Moab against king ] of Israel and his son ].<ref>{{Bibleverse|2|Kings|3|HE}}</ref>
Its capital was ], following earlier periods where Shechem and Tizrah served as its central hubs of politics and trade.


===Relations between the kingdoms===
⚫ ==Biblical narrative==
For the first sixty years, the kings of Judah tried to re-establish their authority over the northern kingdom, and there was perpetual war between them. For the following eighty years, there was no open war between them, and, for the most part, they were in friendly alliance, co-operating against their common enemies, especially against ].
⚫ {{Main|Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)}}
⚫ Contemporary archaeology and textual analysis of the bible suggest the concept of a united monarchy was developed much later, with the biblical account merging textual and legendary traditions from the respective northern and southern kingdoms, the bible portrays Israel and Judah as having once been part of a united monarchy. According to the bible, the united ] would have have existed from about 1030<small>BCE</small> to about 930<small>BCE</small>. It was a union of all the twelve ] tribes living in the area that presently approximates ] and the ].


The conflict between Israel and Judah was resolved when ], King of Judah, allied himself with the house of ] through marriage. Later, Jehosophat's son and successor, ], married Ahab's daughter ], cementing the alliance. However, the sons of Ahab were slaughtered by ] following his ] around 840 BCE.
⚫ After the death of ] in about 931<small>BCE</small>, all the Israelite tribes except for ] and ] (called the ten northern tribes) refused to accept ], the son and successor of Solomon, as their king.<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Kings|12:17-22|NIV}}</ref> The rebellion against Rehoboam arose after he refused to lighten the burden of ]ation and services that his father had imposed on his subjects.<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Kings|12:4|NIV}}, {{Bibleverse|1|Kings|12:14|NIV}}</ref>


===Destruction of the kingdom===
⚫ ], who was not of the Davidic line, was sent for from ] by the malcontents.<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Kings|12:2-3|NIV}}</ref> The ] and all Israel raised the old cry, "Every man to his tents, O Israel".<ref>{{Bibleverse||2Samuel|20:1|NIV}}</ref> Rehoboam fled to Jerusalem,<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Kings|12:1-18|NIV}}</ref><ref>{{Bibleverse|2|Chronicles|10|NIV}}</ref> and in 930<small>BCE</small> (some date it in 920<small>BCE</small>), Jeroboam was proclaimed king over all Israel at ]. After the revolt at ] at first only the ] remained loyal to the ]. But very soon after the ] joined Judah. The northern kingdom continued to be called the Kingdom of Israel or Israel, while the southern kingdom was called the kingdom of Judah. 2 Chronicles 15:9<ref>{{Bibleverse|2|Chronicles|15:9|NIV}}</ref> also says that members of the tribes of ], ] and ] fled to Judah during the reign of ].
]]]
{{main|Assyrian captivity of Israel}}


⚫ In c. 732 BCE, ] of Israel allied with ], king of ], threatened ], and ], ], appealed to ], the king of ], for help. After Ahaz paid tribute to Tiglath-Pileser<ref>{{Bibleverse|2|Kings|16:7-9|NIV}}</ref> Tiglath-Pileser sacked Damascus and Israel, annexing Aram<ref name=Grabbe>Lester L. Grabbe, ''Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?'' (New York: T&T Clark, 2007): 134</ref> and territory of the tribes of ], ] and ] in Gilead including the desert outposts of ], ] and ]. People from these tribes including the Reubenite leader, were taken captive and resettled in the region of the ] system. Tiglath-Pilesar also captured the territory of ] and the city of ] in ] and an Assyrian governor was placed over the region of Naphtali. According to {{Bibleverse|2|Kings|16:9|NIV}} and {{Bibleverse-nb|2|Kings|15:29|NIV}}, the population of Aram and the annexed part of Israel was deported to Assyria.
⚫ Both ] and ] place the division in 997<small>BCE</small> - lunar dates of Venus can be mistaken as 64 years later (c. 930<small>BCE</small>). (Crossing of sun over Mars as ] would be 10 July 997<small>BCE</small>.)


⚫ Israel continued to exist within the reduced territory as an independent kingdom until around 720 BCE, when it was again invaded by ] and the rest of the population deported. The Bible relates that the population of Israel was exiled, becoming known as ], leaving only the ], the ] (that was "absorbed" into Judah), the ] and the people of the ] who lived among them of the original ] nation in the southern Kingdom of Judah. However, in their book ], authors ] and ] estimate that only a fifth of the population (about 40,000) were actually resettled out of the area during the two deportation periods under ] and ].<ref>Finkelstein & Silberman 2001, ] p. 221.</ref> Many also fled south to Jerusalem, which appears to have expanded in size fivefold during this period, requiring a new wall to be built, and a new source of water (]) to be provided by King ].
⚫ ] was the first capital of the Kingdom of Israel.<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Kings|12:25|NIV}}</ref> Afterwards it was ].<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Kings|14:17|NIV}}</ref> King ] built his capital in ] (1 Kings 16:24), which continued as such until the destruction of the Kingdom by the ]ns ({{Bibleverse|2|Kings|17:5|NIV}}). During the three-year siege of Samaria by the Assyrians, ] died and was succeeded by ], who himself records the capture of that city thus: "Samaria I looked at, I captured; 27,280 men who dwelt in it I carried away" into Assyria. Thus, around 720<small>BCE</small>, after two centuries, the kingdom of the ten tribes came to an end.

⚫ Today, among archaeologists, Samaria is one of the most universally accepted archaeological sites from the biblical period<ref>See Yohanan Aharoni, et al., The Macmillan Bible Atlas, Macmillan Publishing: New York, 1993, p. 94.; and Amihai Mazar, The Archaeology of the Land of the Bible: 10,000 – 586 B.C.E, New York: Doubleday, 1992, p. 404, see Pp. 406-410 for discussion of archaeological significance of Shomron (]) under Omride Dynasty.</ref> At around 850<small>BCE</small>, the ], written in ], records a victory of King ] of Moab against king ] of Israel and his son ].<ref>{{Bibleverse|2|Kings|3|HE}}</ref>

⚫ In c. 732<small>BCE</small>, ] of Israel allied with ], king of ], threatened ], and ], ], appealed to ], the king of ], for help. After Ahaz paid tribute to Tiglath-Pileser<ref>{{Bibleverse|2|Kings|16:7-9|NIV}}</ref> Tiglath-Pileser sacked Damascus and Israel, annexing Aram<ref name=Grabbe>Lester L. Grabbe, ''Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?'' (New York: T&T Clark, 2007): 134</ref> and territory of the tribes of ], ] and ] in Gilead including the desert outposts of ], ] and ]. People from these tribes including the Reubenite leader, were taken captive and resettled in the region of the ] system. Tiglath-Pilesar also captured the territory of ] and the city of ] in ] and an Assyrian governor was placed over the region of Naphtali. According to {{Bibleverse|2|Kings|16:9|NIV}} and {{Bibleverse-nb|2|Kings|15:29|NIV}}, the population of Aram and the annexed part of Israel was deported to Assyria.

⚫ Israel continued to exist within the reduced territory as an independent kingdom until around 720<small>BCE</small>, when it was again invaded by ] and the rest of the population deported. The Bible relates that the population of Israel was exiled, becoming known as ], leaving only the ], the ] (that was "absorbed" into Judah), the ] and the people of the ] who lived among them of the original ] nation in the southern Kingdom of Judah. However, in their book ], authors ] and ] estimate that only a fifth of the population (about 40,000) were actually resettled out of the area during the two deportation periods under ] and ].<ref>Finkelstein & Silberman 2001, ] p. 221.</ref> Many also fled south to Jerusalem, which appears to have expanded in size fivefold during this period, requiring a new wall to be built, and a new source of water (]) to be provided by King ].


The remainder of the northern kingdom was conquered by ], who captured the capital city ] in the territory of Ephraim. He took 27,290 people captive from the city of Samaria resettling some with the Israelites in the Khabur region and the rest in the land of the ] thus establishing Hebrew communities in ] and ]. The remainder of the northern kingdom was conquered by ], who captured the capital city ] in the territory of Ephraim. He took 27,290 people captive from the city of Samaria resettling some with the Israelites in the Khabur region and the rest in the land of the ] thus establishing Hebrew communities in ] and ].
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In medieval Rabbinic fable the concept of the ten tribes who were taken away from the House of David (who continued the rule of the southern kingdom of Judah) becomes confounded with accounts of the Assyrian deportations leading to the myth of the "Ten Lost Tribes". The recorded history differs from this fable: No record exists of the Assyrians having exiled people from Dan, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun or western Manasseh. Descriptions of the deportation of people from ], ], ] in ], ] and Naphtali indicate that only a portion of these tribes were deported and the places to which they were deported are known locations given in the accounts. The deported communities are mentioned as still existing at the time of the composition of the books of Kings and Chronicles and did not disappear by assimilation. 2 Chronicles 30:1-11<ref>{{Bibleverse|2|Chronicles|30:1-18|NIV}}</ref> explicitly mentions northern Israelites who had been spared by the Assyrians in particular people of ], ], ], ] and ] and how members of the latter three returned to worship at the Temple in Jerusalem during the reign of ]. In medieval Rabbinic fable the concept of the ten tribes who were taken away from the House of David (who continued the rule of the southern kingdom of Judah) becomes confounded with accounts of the Assyrian deportations leading to the myth of the "Ten Lost Tribes". The recorded history differs from this fable: No record exists of the Assyrians having exiled people from Dan, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun or western Manasseh. Descriptions of the deportation of people from ], ], ] in ], ] and Naphtali indicate that only a portion of these tribes were deported and the places to which they were deported are known locations given in the accounts. The deported communities are mentioned as still existing at the time of the composition of the books of Kings and Chronicles and did not disappear by assimilation. 2 Chronicles 30:1-11<ref>{{Bibleverse|2|Chronicles|30:1-18|NIV}}</ref> explicitly mentions northern Israelites who had been spared by the Assyrians in particular people of ], ], ], ] and ] and how members of the latter three returned to worship at the Temple in Jerusalem during the reign of ].


===Kingdom of Judah===
⚫ {{Main|Kingdom of Judah}}

The Kingdom of Judah continued to exist as an independent state until 586 BCE, when it was conquered by the ].

==Culture==

===Religion===
The religious climate of the Kingdom of Israel appears to have followed two major trends. The first, that of ], and the second the cult of ] as detailed in the ], and in the ] discovered at ]. The religious climate of the Kingdom of Israel appears to have followed two major trends. The first, that of ], and the second the cult of ] as detailed in the ], and in the ] discovered at ].


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Ahab allowed the cult worship of ] to become an acceptable religion of the kingdom. His wife ] was a devotee to Baal worship. ({{Bibleverse|1|Kings|16:31|HE}}) Ahab allowed the cult worship of ] to become an acceptable religion of the kingdom. His wife ] was a devotee to Baal worship. ({{Bibleverse|1|Kings|16:31|HE}})


===Biblical Prophets=== ===Prophets===
*], opponent of religious inventions under Ahab and Jezebel *], opponent of religious inventions under Ahab and Jezebel
*], chosen successor of Elijah *], chosen successor of Elijah
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*] *]


==Biblical Royal Houses== ==Royal Houses==
], the ] and the kings of the ]. Most historians follow either of the older chronologies established by ] or ], or the newer chronologies of ] and ], all of which are shown below. All dates are ]/].]] ], the ] and the kings of the ]. Most historians follow either of the older chronologies established by ] or ], or the newer chronologies of ] and ], all of which are shown below. All dates are ]/].]]


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| colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| | colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|


===House of Jeroboam=== ===The House of Jeroboam===


|- style="background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top; text-align:center;" |- style="background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
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| colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| | colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|


===House of Baasha=== ===The House of Baasha===


|- style="background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top; text-align:center;" |- style="background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
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| colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| | colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|


===House of Zimri=== ===The House of Zimri===


|- style="background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top; text-align:center;" |- style="background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
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| colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| | colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|


===House of Omri=== ===The House of Omri===


|- style="background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top; text-align:center;" |- style="background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
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| colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| | colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|


===House of Jehu=== ===The House of Jehu===


|- style="background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top; text-align:center;" |- style="background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
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|''']''' |''']'''
|'''יהוא''' בן-נמשי מלך ישראל<br>], <small>Melekh Yisra’el |'''יהוא''' בן-נמשי מלך ישראל<br>], <small>Melekh Yisra’el
|<small>Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 28 years.<ref>Considered to be a contemporary of the Assyrian King ] (]&ndash;]) to whom he paid tribute. This is based on an inscription on ] showing "Yaua" son of Omri paying tribute, dated to 841<small>BCE</small>.</ref> Death: Natural Causes |<small>Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 28 years.<ref>Considered to be a contemporary of the Assyrian King ] (]&ndash;]) to whom he paid tribute. This is based on an inscription on ] showing "Yaua" son of Omri paying tribute, dated to 841 BCE.</ref> Death: Natural Causes
|- style="background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top; text-align:center;" |- style="background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
|<small>]&ndash;] |<small>]&ndash;]
Line 252: Line 254:
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| | colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|


===House of Shallum=== ===The House of Shallum===


|- style="background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top; text-align:center;" |- style="background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
Line 265: Line 267:
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| | colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|


===House of Menahem=== ===The House of Menahem===


|- style="background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top; text-align:center;" |- style="background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
Line 286: Line 288:
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| | colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|


===House of Pekah=== ===The House of Pekah===


|- style="background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top; text-align:center;" |- style="background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
Line 299: Line 301:
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| | colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|


===House of Hoshea=== ===The House of Hoshea===


|- style="background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top; text-align:center;" |- style="background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
Line 308: Line 310:
|''']''' |''']'''
|'''הושע''' בן-אלה מלך ישראל<br>], <small>Melekh Yisra’el |'''הושע''' בן-אלה מלך ישראל<br>], <small>Melekh Yisra’el
|<small>Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 9 years.<ref>Paid tribute to the Assyrian King ] (727&ndash;722<small>BCE</small>) but rebelled in 725<small>BCE</small>. Shalmaneser besieged the capital, ], but died shortly before the fall of the city. His brother ] (722&ndash;705<small>BCE</small>) completed the siege with success in 722. Some of the population of the Northern Kingdom was exiled to other parts of the Assyrian Empire and new population groups were resettled in the new Assyrian province of Samaria. A small group of people fled south to take refuge in Judah.</ref> Death: King Shalmanser attacked and captured Samaria. He charged Hoshea of treason and he put him in prison, then, he deported the Israelites to Assyria. |<small>Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 9 years.<ref>Paid tribute to the Assyrian King ] (727&ndash;722 BCE) but rebelled in 725 BCE. Shalmaneser besieged the capital, ], but died shortly before the fall of the city. His brother ] (722&ndash;705 BCE) completed the siege with success in 722. Some of the population of the Northern Kingdom was exiled to other parts of the Assyrian Empire and new population groups were resettled in the new Assyrian province of Samaria. A small group of people fled south to take refuge in Judah.</ref> Death: King Shalmanser attacked and captured Samaria. He charged Hoshea of treason and he put him in prison, then, he deported the Israelites to Assyria.
|} |}


Line 323: Line 325:
| ] | ]
| ] | ]
| 853<small>BCE</small> | 853 BCE
| KUR sir-'i-la-a-a | KUR sir-'i-la-a-a
| "Israel" | "Israel"
Line 329: Line 331:
| ] | ]
| ], Calah Fragment, Kurba'il Stone, Ashur Stone | ], Calah Fragment, Kurba'il Stone, Ashur Stone
| 841<small>BCE</small> | 841 BCE
| mar Hu-um-ri-i | mar Hu-um-ri-i
| "-Humrite" | "-Humrite"
Line 335: Line 337:
| ] | ]
| ] | ]
| 803<small>BCE</small> | 803 BCE
| KUR Sa-me-ri-na-a-a | KUR Sa-me-ri-na-a-a
| "land of Samaria" | "land of Samaria"
Line 341: Line 343:
| ] | ]
| ] | ]
| 803<small>BCE</small> | 803 BCE
| KUR <Bit>-Hu-um-ri-i | KUR <Bit>-Hu-um-ri-i
| "the 'land of Bit-Humri" | "the 'land of Bit-Humri"
Line 347: Line 349:
| ] | ]
| Layard 45b+ III R 9,1 | Layard 45b+ III R 9,1
| 740<small>BCE</small> | 740 BCE
| |
| |
Line 353: Line 355:
| ] | ]
| lran Stela | lran Stela
| 739–738<small>BCE</small> | 739–738 BCE
| KUR sa-m-ri-i-na-a- | KUR sa-m-ri-i-na-a-
| "land of Samaria" | "land of Samaria"
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| ] | ]
| Layard 50a + 50b + 67a | Layard 50a + 50b + 67a
| 738–737<small>BCE</small> | 738–737 BCE
| URU sa-me-ri-na-a-a | URU sa-me-ri-na-a-a
| "city of Sarnaria" | "city of Sarnaria"
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| ] | ]
| Layard 66 | Layard 66
| 732–731<small>BCE</small> | 732–731 BCE
| URU Sa-me-ri-na | URU Sa-me-ri-na
| "city of Sarnaria") | "city of Sarnaria")
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| ] | ]
| III R 10,2 | III R 10,2
| 731<small>BCE</small> | 731 BCE
| KUR E Hu-um-ri-a | KUR E Hu-um-ri-a
| "land of Bit-Humri" | "land of Bit-Humri"
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| ] | ]
| ND 4301 + 4305 | ND 4301 + 4305
| 730<small>BCE</small> | 730 BCE
| KUR E Hu-um-ri-a | KUR E Hu-um-ri-a
| "land of Bit-Humri" | "land of Bit-Humri"
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| ] | ]
| ] | ]
| 725<small>BCE</small> | 725 BCE
| URU Sa-ma/ba-ra-'-in | URU Sa-ma/ba-ra-'-in
| "city of Sarnaria" | "city of Sarnaria"
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| ] | ]
| Nimrud Prism, Great Summary Inscription | Nimrud Prism, Great Summary Inscription
| 720<small>BCE</small> | 720 BCE
| URU Sa-me-ri-na | URU Sa-me-ri-na
| "city of Samerina" | "city of Samerina"
Line 395: Line 397:
| ] | ]
| Palace Door, Small Summary Inscription, Cylinder Inscription, Bull Inscription | Palace Door, Small Summary Inscription, Cylinder Inscription, Bull Inscription
| 720<small>BCE</small> | 720 BCE
| KUR Bit-Hu-um-ri-a | KUR Bit-Hu-um-ri-a
| "land of Bit-Humri" | "land of Bit-Humri"

Revision as of 00:00, 20 April 2015

This article is about the northern kingdom of Israel during the period of divided monarchy. For the original kingdom during the period of the united monarchy, see Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy). For other uses, see Kingdom of Israel.
Kingdom of Israel
930 BCE–720 BCE
Map of the region in the 9th century BCMap of the region in the 9th century BC
CapitalShechem (930 BCE)
Penuel (930–909)
Tirzah (909–880)
Samaria (880–720)
Common languagesHebrew
Religion Yahwism
Baalism (repressed)
GovernmentMonarchy
Historical eraClassical Antiquity
• Independence (from United Monarchy) 930 BCE
• Destruction (by Assyria) 720 BCE
ISO 3166 codeIL
Preceded by Succeeded by
Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)
Neo-Assyrian Empire
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    The Kingdom of Israel (Hebrew: מַמְלֶכֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Modern: Mamlekhet Yisra'el, Tiberian: Mamléḵeṯ Yiśrāʼēl) was, according to the Bible, one of two successor states to the former United Monarchy (also often called the 'Kingdom of Israel'). It existed roughly from the 930s BCE until about the 720s BCE, when the kingdom was conquered by the Assyrian Empire. The major cities of the kingdom were Shechem, Tirzah, and Shomron (Samaria).

    Historians often refer to ancient Israel as the Northern Kingdom or the Kingdom of Samaria to differentiate it from the Southern Kingdom of Judah.

    Name

    In the Hebrew Bible, the Kingdom of Israel has been referred to as "House of Joseph". It is also frequently referenced (particularly in poetry) as Ephraim, the tribe whose territory housed the capital cities and the royal families. It has also been referred to as "Israel in Samaria".

    Territory

    The territory of the Kingdom of Israel comprised the territories of the tribes of Zebulun, Issachar, Asher, Naphtali, Dan, Manasseh, Ephraim, Reuben and Gad.

    Its capital was Samaria according to the Book of Isaiah.

    Biblical narrative

    United Monarchy

    Main article: Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)

    The united Kingdom of Israel is said to have existed from about 1030 to about 930 BCE. It was a union of all the twelve Israelite tribes living in the area that presently approximates modern Israel and the Palestinian territories.

    Division

    After the death of Solomon in about 931 BCE, all the Israelite tribes except for Judah and Benjamin (called the ten northern tribes) refused to accept Rehoboam, the son and successor of Solomon, as their king. The rebellion against Rehoboam arose after he refused to lighten the burden of taxation and services that his father had imposed on his subjects.

    Jeroboam, who was not of the Davidic line, was sent for from Egypt by the malcontents. The Tribe of Ephraim and all Israel raised the old cry, "Every man to his tents, O Israel". Rehoboam fled to Jerusalem, and in 930 BCE (some date it in 920 BCE), Jeroboam was proclaimed king over all Israel at Shechem. After the revolt at Shechem at first only the tribe of Judah remained loyal to the house of David. But very soon after the tribe of Benjamin joined Judah. The northern kingdom continued to be called the Kingdom of Israel or Israel, while the southern kingdom was called the kingdom of Judah. 2 Chronicles 15:9 also says that members of the tribes of Ephraim, Manasseh and Simeon fled to Judah during the reign of Asa of Judah.

    Both Eusebius and Josephus place the division in 997 BCE - lunar dates of Venus can be mistaken as 64 years later (c. 930 BCE). (Crossing of sun over Mars as Tamuz would be 10 July 997 BCE.)

    Shechem was the first capital of the Kingdom of Israel. Afterwards it was Tirzah. King Omri built his capital in Samaria (1 Kings 16:24), which continued as such until the destruction of the Kingdom by the Assyrians (2 Kings 17:5). During the three-year siege of Samaria by the Assyrians, Shalmaneser V died and was succeeded by Sargon II of Assyria, who himself records the capture of that city thus: "Samaria I looked at, I captured; 27,280 men who dwelt in it I carried away" into Assyria. Thus, around 720 BCE, after two centuries, the kingdom of the ten tribes came to an end.

    Today, among archaeologists, Samaria is one of the most universally accepted archaeological sites from the biblical period At around 850 BCE, the Mesha Stele, written in Old Hebrew alphabet, records a victory of King Mesha of Moab against king Omri of Israel and his son Ahab.

    Relations between the kingdoms

    For the first sixty years, the kings of Judah tried to re-establish their authority over the northern kingdom, and there was perpetual war between them. For the following eighty years, there was no open war between them, and, for the most part, they were in friendly alliance, co-operating against their common enemies, especially against Damascus.

    The conflict between Israel and Judah was resolved when Jehoshaphat, King of Judah, allied himself with the house of Ahab through marriage. Later, Jehosophat's son and successor, Jehoram of Judah, married Ahab's daughter Athaliah, cementing the alliance. However, the sons of Ahab were slaughtered by Jehu following his coup d'état around 840 BCE.

    Destruction of the kingdom

    Deportation of the Northern Kingdom by the Assyrian Empire
    Main article: Assyrian captivity of Israel

    In c. 732 BCE, Pekah of Israel allied with Rezin, king of Aram, threatened Jerusalem, and Ahaz, king of Judah, appealed to Tiglath-Pileser III, the king of Assyria, for help. After Ahaz paid tribute to Tiglath-Pileser Tiglath-Pileser sacked Damascus and Israel, annexing Aram and territory of the tribes of Reuben, Gad and Manasseh in Gilead including the desert outposts of Jetur, Naphish and Nodab. People from these tribes including the Reubenite leader, were taken captive and resettled in the region of the Khabur River system. Tiglath-Pilesar also captured the territory of Naphtali and the city of Janoah in Ephraim and an Assyrian governor was placed over the region of Naphtali. According to 2 Kings 16:9 and 15:29, the population of Aram and the annexed part of Israel was deported to Assyria.

    Israel continued to exist within the reduced territory as an independent kingdom until around 720 BCE, when it was again invaded by Assyria and the rest of the population deported. The Bible relates that the population of Israel was exiled, becoming known as The Ten Lost Tribes, leaving only the Tribe of Judah, the Tribe of Simeon (that was "absorbed" into Judah), the Tribe of Benjamin and the people of the Tribe of Levi who lived among them of the original Israelites nation in the southern Kingdom of Judah. However, in their book The Bible Unearthed, authors Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman estimate that only a fifth of the population (about 40,000) were actually resettled out of the area during the two deportation periods under Tiglath-Pileser III and Sargon II. Many also fled south to Jerusalem, which appears to have expanded in size fivefold during this period, requiring a new wall to be built, and a new source of water (Siloam) to be provided by King Hezekiah.

    The remainder of the northern kingdom was conquered by Sargon II, who captured the capital city Samaria in the territory of Ephraim. He took 27,290 people captive from the city of Samaria resettling some with the Israelites in the Khabur region and the rest in the land of the Medes thus establishing Hebrew communities in Ecbatana and Rages.

    The Book of Tobit additionally records that Sargon had taken other captives from the northern kingdom to the Assyrian capital of Nineveh, in particular Tobit from the town of Thisbe in Naphtali.

    In medieval Rabbinic fable the concept of the ten tribes who were taken away from the House of David (who continued the rule of the southern kingdom of Judah) becomes confounded with accounts of the Assyrian deportations leading to the myth of the "Ten Lost Tribes". The recorded history differs from this fable: No record exists of the Assyrians having exiled people from Dan, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun or western Manasseh. Descriptions of the deportation of people from Reuben, Gad, Manasseh in Gilead, Ephraim and Naphtali indicate that only a portion of these tribes were deported and the places to which they were deported are known locations given in the accounts. The deported communities are mentioned as still existing at the time of the composition of the books of Kings and Chronicles and did not disappear by assimilation. 2 Chronicles 30:1-11 explicitly mentions northern Israelites who had been spared by the Assyrians in particular people of Ephraim, Manasseh, Asher, Issachar and Zebulun and how members of the latter three returned to worship at the Temple in Jerusalem during the reign of Hezekiah.

    Kingdom of Judah

    Main article: Kingdom of Judah

    The Kingdom of Judah continued to exist as an independent state until 586 BCE, when it was conquered by the Neo-Babylonian Empire.

    Culture

    Religion

    The religious climate of the Kingdom of Israel appears to have followed two major trends. The first, that of YHWH, and the second the cult of Baal as detailed in the Hebrew Bible, and in the Baal cycle discovered at Ugarit.

    It is recorded in the Hebrew Bible that Jeroboam built two places of worship, one at Bethel and one at far northern Dan, to be an alternative to the Temple in Jerusalem. He did not want the people of his kingdom to have religious ties to Jerusalem, the capital city of the rival Kingdom of Judah. He erected golden bulls at the entrance to the Temples to represent the national god. The Hebrew Bible, written from the perspective of scribes in Jerusalem, referred to these acts as the way of Jeroboam or the errors of Jeroboam.(1 Kings 12:26–29)

    Ahab allowed the cult worship of Baal to become an acceptable religion of the kingdom. His wife Jezebel was a devotee to Baal worship. (1 Kings 16:31)

    Prophets

    Royal Houses

    The genealogy of the kings of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judea, the Kingdom of Israel and the kings of the Kingdom of Judah. Most historians follow either of the older chronologies established by William F. Albright or Edwin R. Thiele, or the newer chronologies of Gershon Galil and Kenneth Kitchen, all of which are shown below. All dates are BC/BCE.
    Albright Thiele Galil Kitchen Common/Biblical name Regnal Name and style Notes

    The House of Jeroboam

    922–901 931–910 931–909 931–911 Jeroboam I ירבעם בן-נבט מלך ישראל
    Yerav’am ben Nevat, Melekh Yisra’el     		Led the rebellion and divided the kingdoms. Reigned in Israel (Northern Kingdom) for 22 years. Death: Natural Causes
    901–900 910–909 909–908 911–910 Nadab נדב בן-ירבעם מלך ישראל
    Nadav ben Yerav’am, Melekh Yisra’el     		Reigned in Israel for 2 years. Death: Killed by Baasha, son of Ahijah of the house of Issachar, along with his whole family.

    The House of Baasha

    900–877 909–886 908–885 910–887 Baasha בעשא בן-אחיה מלך ישראל
    Ba’asha ben Achiyah, Melekh Yisra’el     		Reigned over Israel in Tirzah for 24 years. Death: Natural Causes
    877–876 886–885 885–884 887–886 Elah אלה בן-בעשא מלך ישראל
    ’Elah ben Ba’asha, Melekh Yisra’el     		Reigned over Israel in Tirzah for 2 years. Death: Zimri, one of his officials, got him drunk and killed him at his house in Azra.

    The House of Zimri

    876 885 884 886 Zimri זמרי מלך ישראל
    Zimri, Melekh Yisra’el     		Reigned over Israel in Tirzah for 7 days. Death: He set his palace on fire when Omri and all the Israelites with him withdrew from Gibbethon and laid siege to Tirzah.

    The House of Omri

    876–869 885–874 884–873 886–875 Omri עמרי מלך ישראל
    ’Omri, Melekh Yisra’el     		Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 12 years. Death: Natural Causes
    869–850 874–853 873–852 875–853 Ahab אחאב בן-עמרי מלך ישראל
    Ah’av ben ’Omri, Melekh Yisra’el     		Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 22 years. Death: Shot by an archer during the battle at Ramoth Gilead. He died upon his arrival at Samaria.
    850–849 853–852 852–851 853–852 Ahaziah אחזיהו בן-אחאב מלך ישראל
    ’Ahazyahu ben 'Ah’av, Melekh Yisra’el     		Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 2 years. Death: He fell through the lattice of his upper room and injured himself. Elijah the prophet told him he would never leave his bed and would die on it.
    849–842 852–841 851–842 852–841 Joram יורם בן-אחאב מלך ישראל
    Yehoram ben ’Ah’av, Melekh Yisra’el     		Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 12 years. Death: Killed by Jehu, the next king of Israel,

    The House of Jehu

    842–815 841–814 842–815 841–814 Jehu יהוא בן-נמשי מלך ישראל
    Yehu ben Nimshi, Melekh Yisra’el     		Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 28 years. Death: Natural Causes
    815–801 814–798 819–804 814–806 Jehoahaz יהואחז בן-יהוא מלך ישראל
    Yeho’ahaz ben Yehu, Melekh Yisra’el     		Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 17 years. Death: Natural Causes
    801–786 798–782 805–790 806–791 Jehoash
    (Joash)     		יואש בן-יואחז מלך ישראל
    Yeho’ash ben Yeho’ahaz, Melekh Yisra’el     		Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 16 years. Death: Natural Causes
    786–746 782–753 790–750 791–750 Jeroboam II ירבעם בן-יואש מלך ישראל
    Yerav’am ben Yeho’ash, Melekh Yisra’el     		Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 41 years. Death: Natural Causes. The Book of Jonah or Jonah's journey to Nineveh (when he was swallowed by a whale or fish) happened at that time.
    746 753 750–749 750  Zachariah זכריה בן-ירבעם מלך ישראל
    Zekharyah ben Yerav’am, Melekh Yisra’el     		Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 6 months. Death: Shallum son of Jabesh killed him in front of the people and succeeded as king.

    The House of Shallum

    745 752 749 749 Shallum שלם בן-יבש מלך ישראל
    Shallum ben Yavesh, Melekh Yisra’el     		Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 1 month. Death: Menahem son of Gadi attacked Shallum and assassinated him.

    The House of Menahem

    745–738 752–742 749–738 749–739 Menahem מנחם בן-גדי מלך ישראל
    Menahem ben Gadi, Melekh Yisra’el     		Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 10 years. Death: Natural Causes
    738–737 742–740 738–736 739–737 Pekahiah פקחיה בן-מנחם מלך ישראל
    Pekahyah ben Menahem, Melekh Yisra’el     		Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 2 years. Death: Pekah son of Remaliah, one of the chief officers, took 50 men with him and assassinated the king in his palace at Samaria.

    The House of Pekah

    737–732 740–732 736–732 737–732 Pekah פקח בן-רמליהו מלך ישראל
    Pekah ben Remalyahu, Melekh Yisra’el     		Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 20 years. Death: Hoshea son of Elah conspired against him and assassinated him.

    The House of Hoshea

    732–722 732–722 732–722 732–722 Hoshea הושע בן-אלה מלך ישראל
    Hoshe’a ben ’Elah, Melekh Yisra’el     		Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 9 years. Death: King Shalmanser attacked and captured Samaria. He charged Hoshea of treason and he put him in prison, then, he deported the Israelites to Assyria.

    List of proposed Assyrian references to Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)

    The table below lists all the historical references to Samaria in Assyrian records.

    Assyrian King Inscription Year Transliteration Translation
    Shalmaneser III Kurkh Monoliths 853 BCE KUR sir-'i-la-a-a "Israel"
    Shalmaneser III Black Obelisk, Calah Fragment, Kurba'il Stone, Ashur Stone 841 BCE mar Hu-um-ri-i "-Humrite"
    Adad-nirari III Tell al-Rimah Stela 803 BCE KUR Sa-me-ri-na-a-a "land of Samaria"
    Adad-nirari III Nimrud Slab 803 BCE KUR <Bit>-Hu-um-ri-i "the 'land of Bit-Humri"
    Tiglath-Pileser III Layard 45b+ III R 9,1 740 BCE
    Tiglath-Pileser III lran Stela 739–738 BCE KUR sa-m-ri-i-na-a- "land of Samaria"
    Tiglath-Pileser III Layard 50a + 50b + 67a 738–737 BCE URU sa-me-ri-na-a-a "city of Sarnaria"
    Tiglath-Pileser III Layard 66 732–731 BCE URU Sa-me-ri-na "city of Sarnaria")
    Tiglath-Pileser III III R 10,2 731 BCE KUR E Hu-um-ri-a "land of Bit-Humri"
    Tiglath-Pileser III ND 4301 + 4305 730 BCE KUR E Hu-um-ri-a "land of Bit-Humri"
    Shalmaneser V Babylonian Chronicle ABC1 725 BCE URU Sa-ma/ba-ra-'-in "city of Sarnaria"
    Sargon II Nimrud Prism, Great Summary Inscription 720 BCE URU Sa-me-ri-na "city of Samerina"
    Sargon II Palace Door, Small Summary Inscription, Cylinder Inscription, Bull Inscription 720 BCE KUR Bit-Hu-um-ri-a "land of Bit-Humri"

    See also

    Template:Misplaced Pages books

    References

    1. *Zechariah 10:6
    2. *II Samuel 2:10
    3. 1 Kings 22:51 and many subsequent passages
    4. 1 Kings 12:17–22
    5. 1 Kings 12:4, 1 Kings 12:14
    6. 1 Kings 12:2–3
    7. 2Samuel 20:1
    8. 1 Kings 12:1–18
    9. 2 Chronicles 10
    10. 2 Chronicles 15:9
    11. 1 Kings 12:25
    12. 1 Kings 14:17
    13. See Yohanan Aharoni, et al., The Macmillan Bible Atlas, Macmillan Publishing: New York, 1993, p. 94.; and Amihai Mazar, The Archaeology of the Land of the Bible: 10,000 – 586 B.C.E, New York: Doubleday, 1992, p. 404, see Pp. 406-410 for discussion of archaeological significance of Shomron (Samaria) under Omride Dynasty.
    14. 2 Kings 3
    15. 2 Kings 16:7–9
    16. Lester L. Grabbe, Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It? (New York: T&T Clark, 2007): 134
    17. Finkelstein & Silberman 2001, The Bible Unearthed p. 221.
    18. 2 Chronicles 30:1–18
    19. ^ http://teldan.wordpress.com/israelite-temple/
    20. Considered to be a contemporary of the Assyrian King Shalmaneser III (858–824) to whom he paid tribute. This is based on an inscription on The Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III showing "Yaua" son of Omri paying tribute, dated to 841 BCE.
    21. Paid tribute to the Assyrian King Shalmaneser V (727–722 BCE) but rebelled in 725 BCE. Shalmaneser besieged the capital, Samaria, but died shortly before the fall of the city. His brother Sargon II (722–705 BCE) completed the siege with success in 722. Some of the population of the Northern Kingdom was exiled to other parts of the Assyrian Empire and new population groups were resettled in the new Assyrian province of Samaria. A small group of people fled south to take refuge in Judah.
    22. * Kelle, Brad (2002), "What's in a Name? Neo-Assyrian Designations for the Northern Kingdom and Their Implications for Israelite History and Biblical Interpretation", Journal of Biblical Literature, 121 (4): 639–646

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